is3

6 /2 5/2 017 U sin g M IS 2 014 h ttp s://o nlin e.v it a ls o urc e .c o m /# /b ooks/9 781323290989/c fi/ 6 /4 !/4 /2 /7 2/2 /2 /2 @ 0:0 1 /2 P R IN TED B Y: a l- a li5 0@ hotm ail.c o m . P rin tin g i s f o r p erso n al, p riv ate u se o n ly . N o p art o f t h is b ook m ay b e r e p ro d uced o r t r a n sm it te d w it h ou t p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n . V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F ig u re 4 -1 0 S oftw are S ou rc es a n d T yp es B ecau se o f t h e r is k a n d e x pen se , c u sto m d ev elo pm en t i s t h e l a st- c h oic e a lte rn ativ e, u se d o nly w hen t h ere i s n o o th er o ptio n. F ig ure 4 -1 0 s u m mariz es s o ftw are s o urc es a n d t y pes. W hat I s F ir m ware ?

F ir m ware i s c o m pute r s o ftw are t h at i s i n sta lle d i n to d ev ic es s u ch a s p rin te rs , p rin t s e rv ers , a n d v ario us t y pes o f c o m munic atio n d ev ic es. T he s o ftw are i s c o ded j u st l ik e o th er s o ftw are , b ut i t i s i n sta lle d i n to s p ecia l, r e ad -o nly m em ory o f t h e p rin te r o r o th er d ev ic e. I n t h is w ay, t h e p ro gra m b eco m es p art o f t h e d ev ic e’s m em ory ; i t i s a s i f t h e p ro gra m ’s l o gic i s d esig ned i n to t h e d ev ic e’s c ir c u itr y . T here fo re , u se rs d o n ot n eed t o l o ad f ir m ware i n to t h e d ev ic e’s m em ory .

F ir m ware c an b e c h an ged o r u pgra d ed , b ut t h is i s n orm ally a t a sk f o r I S p ro fe ssio nals . T he t a sk i s e asy , b ut i t r e q uir e s k now le d ge o f s p ecia l p ro gra m s a n d t e ch niq ues t h at m ost b usin ess u se rs c h oose n ot t o l e arn .

Q 3 I s o p en s o u rc e s o ftw are a v ia b le a lt e rn ativ e? T o a n sw er t h is q uestio n, y ou f ir s t n eed t o k now s o m eth in g a b out t h e o pen s o urc e m ovem en t a n d p ro cess. M ost c o m pute r h is to ria n s w ould a g re e t h at R ic h ard M atth ew S ta llm an i s t h e f a th er o f t h e m ovem en t. I n 1 983, h e d ev elo ped a s e t o f t o ols c alle d G NU ( a s e lf -re fe re n tia l a cro nym m ean in g G NU N ot U nix ) f o r c re atin g a f re e U nix -lik e o pera tin g s y ste m . S ta llm an m ad e m an y o th er c o ntr ib utio ns t o o pen s o urc e, i n clu din g t h e G NU g en era l p ublic l ic en se ( G PL ) a gre em en t , o ne o f t h e s ta n dard l ic en se a g re em en ts f o r o pen s o urc e s o ftw are . S ta llm an w as u nab le t o a ttr a ct e n ough d ev elo pers t o f in is h t h e f re e U nix s y ste m , b ut c o ntin ued m ak in g o th er c o ntr ib utio ns t o t h e o pen s o urc e m ovem en t.

I n 1 991, L in us T orv ald s, w ork in g i n H els in ki, b eg an w ork o n a n oth er v ers io n o f U nix , u sin g s o m e o f S ta llm an ’s t o ols .

T hat v ers io n e v en tu ally b ecam e L in ux, t h e h ig h-q uality a n d v ery p opula r o pera tin g s y ste m d is c u sse d p re v io usly .

T he I n te rn et p ro ved t o b e a g re at a sse t f o r o pen s o urc e, a n d m an y o pen s o urc e p ro je cts b ecam e s u ccessfu l, i n clu din g: • O pen O ff ic e ( a M ic ro so ft O ff ic e l o ok-a lik e) • F ir e b ox ( a b ro w se r) • M yS Q L ( a D BM S, s e e C hap te r 5 ) 6 /2 5/2 017 U sin g M IS 2 014 h ttp s://o nlin e.v it a ls o urc e .c o m /# /b ooks/9 781323290989/c fi/ 6 /4 !/4 /2 /7 2/2 /2 /2 @ 0:0 2 /2 • A pach e ( a W eb s e rv er, s e e C hap te r 6 ) • U buntu ( a W in dow s-lik e d esk to p o pera tin g s y ste m ) • A ndro id ( a m obile -d ev ic e o pera tin g s y ste m ) • C assa n dra ( a N oS Q L D BM S, s e e C hap te r 5 ) • H ad oop ( a B ig D ata p ro cessin g s y ste m , s e e C hap te r 9 )