exercise in FINANCE

OCC WRITING CENTER APA REFERENCES HANDOUT 1 The Owens Community College Writing Center’s Quick Guide to APA Common Citations Edited March 25 , 2016 Uses APA 6 th edition and The Little Seagull (LS) Handbook In -Text Citation Basics: Your parenthetical (or in -text) citations within your paper link back to the References en tries at the end of your paper by giving enough information to tell your readers  which source from your r efe rence l ist they are looking at  publication date of the source and  where in the source the information can be found . It is usually best t o reference the source in text — usually by the author’s last name , followed by the publication date (in parentheses) and a past tense signal verb . If present in the source, also include a page or paragraph number in parentheses at the end of the sentence . APA also allows writers to include all of these pieces of information together in a parenthetical citation, with a comma and a space between each piece. Examples (I n-text citation models from LS, highlights added for clarity): Model 1: Author named in a signal phrase (using past tense) : Author Quoted Grady (2015 ), a notable dinosaur expert, stated, “Dinosaurs have become popular lately since they have been released into the wild” (p. 5 ). In this example, the author’s last name is mentioned in a signal phrase, the publication date is shown in a parenthetical cita tion directly following the author’s name, and the page number is given in a parenthetical citation as close as possible to the quotation itself. No tice the location of the period. Author Paraphrased or Summarized People have recently be come more interest ed in dinosaurs due to their increased presence , according to Grady (2015 , p. 5 ). In this example, the date in parentheses immediately follows the author’s last name; the page number th en follows the date. Notice the location of the period. Model 2: Author named in parentheses : Author Quoted One notable dinosaur expert (Grady , 2015 ) has stated, “Raptors do not think of people as Alphas, but food ; they don’t make good pets ” (p. 17 ). Author Paraphrased or Summarized Raptors regard humans as prey rathe r than predators ; therefore, raptors would not be easily domesticated (Grady , 2015 , p. 17 ). The first example references the author, publication date, and page number split between two parenthetical citations around the quoted words. The second example references the author, publication date, and page number in one parenthetical citation at the end of the paraphrase. OCC WRITING CENTER APA REFERENCES HANDOUT 2 In -Text Citation Examples (continued): A work with two authors: Grant and Sattler (1993 ) shared the results of their archaeological digs in hopes of bringing dinosaurs to life for everyone, not just scientists ( p. 55 ). -OR - Two experts in the field ( Grant & Sattler , 1993 , p. 55 ) shared the results of their archaeological digs in hopes of bringing dinosaurs to life for everyone, not just sci entists. The names of both authors are required. Use the word “and” between them when you mention the authors in a signal phrase, but use the symbol ampersand (&) between the names in a parenthetical citation. A work with three to five authors: Smith, Doe, and Brown (2014 ) stated, “As a result of recent catastrophic events, parents need to exercise extreme caution when taking their children to visit raptor habitats” ( p. 336 ). In the first citation, name all the authors. After that, just give the first author’s name, followed by et al. (which means “and others”). A work with six or more authors: Hammond et al. (1993 ) had high hopes for the creation of a park where humans could safely watch dinosaurs in their natural habitats ( p. 57 ). Give only the fir st author’s name, followed by et al. Organization or government as author: The Society for the Study of Prehistoric Creatures (2015 ) sternly warned, “Recklessness will ruin the undertaking of this most important area of study” ( p. 22 ). If the organization is commonly known by its abbreviation, give the full name along with the abbreviation the first time you reference the organization, and simply use the abbreviation in later references. If the organization does not have a recognizable abbrevia tion, always use the full name of the organization. Author unknown: An interesting new article explained how the idea of releasing dinosaurs into the wild first came about (“Born Free to Live Free ,” 2016 ). For a work written by an anonymous author or au thors, use the work’s title or a shortened version of the title (for long titles) in the citation. Source quoted in another source (indirect source): Adrian Desmond claimed that Richard Owen “did not simply recognize dinosaurs, giving taxonomic expression to an objective fact, he designed them – invented them” (as cited in Torrens , 2014 , p. 664 ). When you are quoting text that you found quoted in another source, use the words “as cited in” to let your reader know you used an indirect source. OCC WRITING CENTER APA REFERENCES HANDOUT 3 Work without page numbers: Similarities in amino acid sequences provide evidence of the evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds (“Dinosaurs and Chickens Look to Be Linked ,” 2007 , para O). Many online sources do not include page numbers, so you cannot re port them. It is essential to cite the author (or, if the author is anonymous, the title) and date of publication. If the source has paragraph numbers, use them with the abbreviation “para.” If the source has neither page nor paragraph numbers, try to refe r readers to a specific part of the source, such as a heading and the paragraph number under that heading to report the location of the source material you are using. An entire website: One source that has helped to rekindle public interest in dinosaurs i s the website of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, which provides ample information on the habits and habitats of the creatures ( http://naturalhistory.si.edu/ ). When citing an entire website, give the URL in a parenthetical citation. Ple ase note that you should not list the website on your reference l ist. Reference List Citation Models Each of your reference l ist entries in APA should follow a model. Each model has a collection of different elements of information, typically separated by a punctuation mark. Usually, we should follow the models in a writing handbook, though sometimes we need to consult online sources, such as the Purdue OWL website (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ ), for the most up -to-date information. Note : For instru ctions about how to format the r eference l ist in Microsoft Word , see the Writing Center’s APA Formatting Handout. To create a reference l ist entry :  Identify what type of source you have. o Book vs. Newspaper, Magazine, Journal Article, etc. o Mediu m of access (Print vs. Online )  Identify what types of information you have about your source. o Number of authors? o Volume/Issue numbers? o Page numbers available? o Date of publication available? o DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or URL?  Find the model(s) that mos t closely match(es) the information you have for your source.  Follow the formatting (including punctuation!) for each element, according to the model(s). Note : There may be more than one correct way to create an ent ry for certain types of sources. OCC WRITING CENTER APA REFERENCES HANDOUT 4 Reference list e xample (Follows LS reference l ist model 3, highlights added for clarity): Basic F ormat for a Book (P rint) with Two or M ore Authors: Brusatte, S. , & Benton, M. (2010 ). Dinosaurs. New York, NY : Quercus .  Give the authors’ names (Last Name , Initials ) in the order provided on the title page of the book. Since this example has two authors: o Separate the authors’ names with commas and o Insert an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name. Note : When crea ting a reference l ist entry for a source with eight or more authors , name the first six authors (using the guidelines listed in the bullet points above) , followed by thr ee ellipses (…), and the name of the final authorK  Then, give the year of publication in parenth eses. Note : If more than one year is listed, use the most recent one.  Then, give the entire title of the book, including subtitles, in italics . Note : Capitalize only the first word, proper nouns, and proper adje ctives in titles and subtitles in all reference l ist entries.  Then, give the place of publication. Note : Give the city of publication , followed by the state abbreviation or name of the country (if outside the United States). Use the first city listed if more than one is given. If the publisher is a university whose name includes the state or country of publication , do not include that information separat ely in your reference l ist entry.  End your entry with t he name of the publisher . Note : Shorten the publisher’s name, but be sure to keep words like Association, Books, and Press in the name of the publish er. Online Sources Examples (Follow LS reference l ist models , highlights added for clarity): An a rticle in a n online newspaper : Simpson, D. M. (2016, January 4 ). Amateur sleuths on the dinosaur trail. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www .nytimes.com An article in an online magazine : Lewis, D. (2016, January 8). Dinosaurs may have dug trenches to woo mates. Smithsonian. Retrieved from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/ Elements:  author(s),  the date the article was published or most recently updated (Year, Month Day),  title of the article,  title of the newspaper or magazine in italics,  volume (issue) numbers for a magazine when available (not shown in this example) , Note : See LS p. 176 for an example showing volume, issue, and DOI .  and Retrieved from URL of the newspaper or magazine’s home/menu page if no DOI is available. OCC WRITING CENTER APA REFERENCES HANDOUT 5 An article in an online scholarly journal: Langer, M. C. (2014) . The origins of Dinosauria: M uch ado about nothing. Palaeontology , 57 (3), 469 -478 . doi:10.1111/pala.12108 Elements:  author(s) ,  the year of publication in parentheses,  title of the article  title of the journal in italics,  volume (issue) numbers,  the page numbers , without the abbreviation “pp.”  and DOI or Retrieved from URL of the journal’ s home/menu page if no DOI is available. E-books Example s (Based on LS model 24 , highlights added for clarity ): Electronic b ook : Ring, C. B. (2010 ). Dinosaur party. Retrieved from http://www.storyjumper.com/book/index /11210272/Dinosaur -Party# Elements:  author(s),  the year of publication in parentheses,  title of the book in italics ,  and DOI or Retrieved from URL Ebook based on a print v ersion : Grady, O. (2015). Raptors are not pets [Kindle version] . Retrieved from http://www.amazon .com /sub/KindleBooksDinosaurs.html?sec_big_link=1 Elements:  author(s),  the year of publication in parentheses,  title of the book in italics followed by the type of digital format in brackets ,  and DOI or Retrieved from URL OCC WRITING CENTER APA REFERENCES HANDOUT 6 Notes on Working with Online Sources in APA Based on LS’s Online Sources (p. 175) Dates  Use the year of original publication online or the year of the most recent revision.  If you are unable to find either of these years, use the abbreviation “n.d.” (witho ut quotation marks) to mean “no date.”  For content without a date or content that might be frequently updated, include the month, day, and year you retrieved the document. DOI or URL  Include the DOI rather than the URL whenever possible.  When it is not possible to use the DOI, give the URL of the website’s home page or menu pageK  If a URL won’t fit on one line, break it before most punctuation, but do not break up http://. Other Resources for APA Citations For further help with AP A citations , check out the resources listed below. Bullock, S., Brody, M., & Weinberg, F. (2014 ). The Little Seagull handbook with exercises (2nd ed .). New York, NY : Norton . Paiz, J.M., Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, … Keck, R. (2013, March 1). APA formatting and style guide. Purdue Online Writing Lab . Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/