Anthropology Discussion 3

Lecture #10 — Primate Anatomy and Taxonomy Today’s Questions • What are the characteristics that all mammals share? • What characteristics set primates apart from other mammals? • What characteristics define the major primate taxa? • What are the primate locomotor patterns? What Is a Primate? • Primates are mammals – Characteristics of Mammals • Live birth • Nurse young • Endothermic (warm -blooded) • Hair/fur Primates Are Special Mammals • Limbs and Locomotion • Diet and Teeth • Senses and the Brain • Maturation and Learning Limbs and Locomotion • Tendency toward erect posture • Flexible, generalized limb structure Limbs and Locomotion • Tendency toward erect posture • Flexible, generalized limb structure • Grasping hands and feet – Five digits – Opposable thumb – Tactile Pads – Nails instead of claws Diet and Teeth • Generalists — omnivory • Generalized dentition Senses and the Brain • Forward Facing Eyes – Stereoscopic Vision Senses and the Brain • Forward Facing Eyes – Stereoscopic Vision • Color Vision Senses and the Brain • Forward Facing Eyes – Stereoscopic Vision • Color Vision • Decreased Olfaction Senses and the Brain • Forward Facing Eyes – Stereoscopic Vision • Color Vision • Decreased Olfaction • Big, Complex Brains Learning and Maturation • Long Gestation • Reduced Number of Offspring • Flexible, Learned Behavior • Complex Social Groups • Diurnal Primate Taxonomy • KINGDOM Animalia • PHYLUM Chordata • CLASS Mammalia • ORDER Primates • SUBORDER Strepsirhini Haplorhini http://www.greatapetrust.org/images/primates/primates_tree.gif Strepsirhini • Lemurs – Madagascar Strepsirhini • Lemurs – Madagascar • Lorises – SE Asia – Africa Strepsirhini • Lemurs and Lorises – Moist rhinarium Strepsirhini • Lemurs and Lorises – Moist rhinarium – Longer snout – More lateral eyes – Postorbital bar Strepsirhini • Lemurs and Lorises – Moist rhinarium – Longer snout – More lateral eyes – Postorbital bar – Dental comb Strepsirhini • Lemurs and Lorises – Moist rhinarium – Longer snout – More lateral eyes – Postorbital bar – Dental comb – Shorter gestation – Scent marking – Many nocturnal Aye - Aye • Daubentonia madagascariensis • http://www.arkive.org/aye -aye/daubentonia - madagascariensis/video -08b.html • http://www.arkive.org/aye -aye/daubentonia - madagascariensis/video -17.html • Arkive.org has lots of great short videos about primates. Take a look around. Ring - Tailed Lemurs • Lemur catta • http://www.arkive.org/ring -tailed - lemur/lemur -catta/video -00.html • http://www.arkive.org/ring -tailed - lemur/lemur -catta/video -12a.html Haplorhini • Tarsiers • Anthropoidea — Monkeys and Apes Tarsiers • Tarsiers – SE Asian Islands Tarsiers • Spectral Tarsier ( Tarsius tarsier ) • http://www.arkive.org/spectral - tarsier/tarsius -tarsier/video -08.html • Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta ) • http://www.arkive.org/philippine - tarsier/tarsius -syrichta/video -00.html Anthropoids • Characteristics of Anthropoids – Larger body size – Larger brain – Reduced reliance on olfaction – Increased reliance on vision – No postorbital bar — fully bony closure – Fused mandible – More generalized dentition – Longer gestation, dependence – More mutual grooming Anthropoids • Platyrrhini – New World Monkeys • Outward -facing nostrils • 2.1.3.3 dental formula • Catarrhini – Old World Monkeys and Apes • Downward -facing nostrils • 2.1.2.3 dental formula New World v. Old World CATARRHINES — Old World Monkeys and Apes PLATYRRHINES — New World Monkeys NWM Dental Formula = 2.1.33/2.1.33 OWM/Apes Dental Formula = 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3 New World Monkeys • Distribution – Mexico – Central America – South America Callitrichids • Marmosets • Tamarins Cebids • Squirrel Monkeys • Capuchins • Owl Monkeys • Spider Monkeys • Howler Monkeys Old World Monkeys and Apes and Apes http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/images/map_of_Old_World_monkeys.gif Colobinae • Langurs • Proboscis Monkey • Colobus • Snubnosed Monkeys • Douc Langur Cercopithecinae • Baboons • Macaques • Mandrills • Patas Monkeys • Guenons Hominoids • Lesser Apes – Gibbons and Siamangs • Great Apes – Bonobos, Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Orangutans Characteristics of Apes • Larger body size • NO TAIL!!!! • Y -5 molar pattern • Shortened trunk • Fully rotating shoulder • More complex behavior • Larger and more complex brain • Increased infant dependency Hylobatids • Gibbons • Siamangs Orangutans Gorillas Bonobos Chimpanzees Locomotor Patterns • Vertical -Clinging and Leaping • Arboreal Quadruped • Terrestrial Quadruped • Knuckle -Walking • Brachiating • Bipedalism Vertical -Clinging and Leaping Verreaux’s Sifaka Propithecus verreauxi • http://www.arkive.org/verreauxs - sifaka/propithecus -verreauxi/video -06a.html • http://www.arkive.org/verreauxs - sifaka/propithecus -verreauxi/video -17.html Arboreal Quadruped Mantled Howler Monkeys ( Alouatta palliata ) • http://www.arkive.org/mantled -howler - monkey/alouatta -palliata/video -06b.html Terrestrial Quadruped Barbary Macaque Macaca sylvanus • http://www.arkive.org/barbary - macaque/macaca -sylvanus/video -00.html Knuckle -Walking Bonobos Knuckle - Walking Pan paniscus • http://www.arkive.org/bonobo/pan - paniscus/video -08c.html Brachiating Western Hoolock Gibbon Brachiating Hoolock hoolock • http://www.arkive.org/western -hoolock - gibbon/hoolock -hoolock/video -06a.html Bornean Orangutan Locomotion Pongo pygmaeus • http://www.arkive.org/bornean - orangutan/pongo -pygmaeus/video -06c.html Bipedalism Bipedal Bonobos • http://www.arkive.org/bonobo/pan - paniscus/video -06a.html