Project Management, Ch. 4: Exercise 1
7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 /3 5 P ag e 1 00 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d .
C H APT ER F O UR D efin in g t h e P ro je ct D efin in g t h e P ro je ct S te p 1 : D efin in g th e P ro je ct S co pe S te p 2 : E sta b lis h in g P ro je ct P rio ritie s S te p 3 : C re atin g th e W ork B re ak dow n S tr u ctu re S te p 4 : I n te g ra tin g th e W BS w ith th e O rg an iz atio n S te p 5 : C odin g th e W BS f o r th e I n fo rm atio n S yste m R esp onsib ility M atr ic es P ro je ct C om munic atio n P la n S um mary 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 /3 5 P ag e 1 01 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . S e le ct a d re a m U s e y o ur d re a m t o s e t a g oal C r e a te a p la n C o nsid er r e so urc es E n hance s k ills a nd a bilitie s S p en d t im e w is e ly S t a rt! G et o rg aniz e d a nd g o … it is o ne o f th ose a cro w hate vers, s a id P ooh. * P ro je ct m an ag ers in c h arg e o f a sin gle sm all p ro je ct c an p la n a n d sc h ed ule th e p ro je ct ta sk s w ith out m uch f o rm al p la n nin g a n d in fo rm atio n. H ow ev er, w hen th e p ro je ct m an ag er m ust m an ag e s e v era l s m all p ro je cts o r a l a rg e c o m ple x p ro je ct, a th re sh old is q uic k ly r e ach ed in w hic h th e p ro je ct m an ag er c an n o lo nger c o pe w ith th e d eta il. T his c h ap te r d esc rib es a d is c ip lin ed , s tr u ctu re d m eth od f o r s e le ctiv ely c o lle ctin g in fo rm atio n to u se th ro ugh a ll p hase s o f t h e p ro je ct l if e c y cle , t o m ee t t h e n eed s o f a ll s ta k eh old ers ( e .g ., c u sto m er, p ro je ct m an ag er), a n d t o m easu re p erfo rm an ce a g ain st th e s tr a te g ic p la n o f th e o rg an iz atio n. T he m eth od s u ggeste d is a s e le ctiv e o utlin e o f th e p ro je ct c alle d th e w ork b re a kd ow n s tr u ctu re . T he e arly s ta g es o f d ev elo pin g th e o utlin e s e rv e to e n su re t h at a ll t a sk s a re i d en tif ie d a n d t h at p artic ip an ts o f t h e p ro je ct h av e a n u nders ta n din g o f w hat i s t o b e d one. O nce t h e o utlin e a n d its d eta il a re d efin ed , a n in te g ra te d in fo rm atio n s y ste m c an b e d ev elo ped to s c h ed ule w ork a n d a llo cate b udgets . T his b ase lin e i n fo rm atio n i s l a te r u se d f o r c o ntr o l. I n a d ditio n, th e c h ap te r p re se n ts a v aria n t o f th e w ork b re ak dow n s tr u ctu re c alle d th e p ro cess b re a kd ow n s tr u ctu re a s w ell a s r e sp onsib ility m atr ic es t h at a re u se d f o r s m alle r, l e ss c o m ple x p ro je cts . W ith t h e w ork o f t h e p ro je ct d efin ed th ro ugh th e w ork b re a kd ow n s tr u ctu re , th e c h ap te r c o nclu des w ith th e p ro cess o f c re atin g a c o m munic atio n p la n u se d t o h elp c o ord in ate p ro je ct a ctiv itie s a n d f o llo w p ro gre ss. T he f iv e g en eric s te p s d esc rib ed h ere in p ro vid e a s tr u ctu re d a p pro ach f o r c o lle ctin g th e p ro je ct in fo rm atio n n ecessa ry fo r d ev elo pin g a w ork b re ak dow n s tr u ctu re . T hese s te p s a n d th e d ev elo pm en t o f p ro je ct n etw ork s f o und in th e n ex t c h ap te rs a ll ta k e p la ce c o ncu rre n tly , a n d s e v era l ite ra tio ns a re ty pic ally re q uir e d to d ev elo p d ate s a n d b udgets th at c an b e u se d to m an ag e th e p ro je ct. T he o ld s a y in g “ W e c an c o ntr o l o nly w hat w e h av e p la n ned ” i s t r u e; t h ere fo re , d efin in g t h e p ro je ct i s t h e f ir s t s te p . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 3 /3 5 P ag e 1 02 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . S te p 1 : D efin in g t h e P ro je ct S co pe D efin in g th e p ro je ct s c o pe s e ts th e s ta g e f o r d ev elo pin g a p ro je ct p la n . P ro je ct s c o pe is a d efin itio n o f th e e n d r e su lt o r m is sio n o f y our p ro je ct— a p ro duct o r se rv ic e fo r y our c lie n t/c u sto m er. T he p rim ary p urp ose is to d efin e a s c le arly a s p ossib le th e d eliv era b le (s ) f o r th e e n d u se r a n d to f o cu s p ro je ct p la n s. A s f u ndam en ta l a n d e sse n tia l a s sc o pe d efin itio n a p pears , it is fre q uen tly o verlo oked b y p ro je ct le ad ers o f w ell m an ag ed , la rg e c o rp ora tio ns. R ese arc h c le arly s h ow s th at a p oorly d efin ed s c o pe o r m is sio n is th e m ost fre q uen tly m en tio ned b arrie r to p ro je ct s u cc ess. I n a s tu dy i n volv in g m ore t h an 1 ,4 00 p ro je ct m an ag ers i n t h e U nite d S ta te s a n d C an ad a, G obeli a n d L ars o n ( 1 986) f o und th at a p pro xim ate ly 5 0 p erc en t o f th e p la n nin g p ro ble m s r e la te to u ncle ar d efin itio n o f s c o pe a n d g oals . T his a n d o th er s tu die s s u ggest a s tr o ng c o rre la tio n b etw een p ro je ct s u ccess a n d c le ar s c o pe d efin itio n ( c f., A sh le y e t a l., 1 987; P in to a n d S le v in , 1 988; S ta n dis h G ro up, 2 009). T he s c o pe d ocu m en t d ir e cts f o cu s o n t h e p ro je ct p urp ose t h ro ughout t h e l if e o f t h e p ro je ct f o r t h e c u sto m er a n d p ro je ct p artic ip an ts . T he s c o pe s h ould b e d ev elo ped u nder th e d ir e ctio n o f th e p ro je ct m an ag er, c u sto m er, a n d o th er s ig nif ic an t s ta k eh old ers . T he p ro je ct m an ag er is re sp onsib le fo r s e ein g th at th ere is a g re em en t w ith th e o w ner o n p ro je ct o bje ctiv es, d eliv era b le s at each sta g e o f th e p ro je ct, te ch nic al re q uir e m en ts , an d so fo rth . F or ex am ple , a d eliv era b le in th e e arly s ta g e m ig ht b e s p ecif ic atio ns; f o r th e s e co nd s ta g e, th re e p ro to ty pes f o r p ro ductio n; f o r t h e t h ir d , a s u ff ic ie n t q uan tity t o i n tr o duce t o m ark et; a n d f in ally , m ark etin g p ro m otio n a n d t r a in in g. Y our p ro je ct s c o pe d efin itio n is a d ocu m en t th at w ill b e p ublis h ed a n d u se d b y th e p ro je ct o w ner a n d p ro je ct p artic ip an ts fo r p la n nin g a n d m easu rin g p ro je ct s u ccess. S co pe d esc rib es w hat y ou e x pect to d eliv er to y our c u sto m er w hen th e p ro je ct is c o m ple te . Y our p ro je ct s c o pe s h ould d efin e th e r e su lts to b e a ch ie v ed in s p ecif ic , t a n gib le , a n d m easu ra b le t e rm s.
E m plo yin g a P ro je ct S co p e C heck lis t C le arly , p ro je ct s c o pe i s t h e k ey sto ne i n te rlo ck in g a ll e le m en ts o f a p ro je ct p la n . T o e n su re t h at s c o pe d efin itio n i s c o m ple te , y ou m ay w is h t o u se t h e f o llo w in g c h eck lis t: 1 . P ro je ct o b je ctiv e. T he f ir s t s te p o f p ro je ct s c o pe d efin itio n i s t o d efin e t h e o vera ll o bje ctiv e t o m eet y our c u sto m er's n eed (s ). F or e x am ple , a s a r e su lt o f e x te n siv e m ark et r e se arc h a c o m pute r s o ftw are c o m pan y d ecid es t o d ev elo p a p ro gra m t h at a u to m atic ally t r a n sla te s v erb al s e n te n ces i n E nglis h t o R ussia n . T he p ro je ct s h ould b e c o m ple te d w ith in t h re e y ears a t a c o st n ot t o e x ceed 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 4 /3 5 P ag e 1 03 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . $ 1.5 m illio n. A noth er e x am ple i s t o d esig n a n d p ro duce a c o m ple te ly p orta b le , h azard ous w aste , t h erm al t r e atm en t s y ste m i n 1 3 m onth s a t a c o st n ot t o e x ceed $ 13 m illio n. T he p ro je ct o bje ctiv e a n sw ers t h e q uestio ns o f w hat, w hen , a n d h ow m uch . 2 . D eliv era b le s. T he n ex t s te p i s t o d efin e m ajo r d eliv era b le s— th e e x pecte d , m easu ra b le o utp uts o ver t h e l if e o f t h e p ro je ct. F or e x am ple , d eliv era b le s i n t h e e arly d esig n p hase o f a p ro je ct m ig ht b e a l is t o f s p ecif ic atio ns. I n t h e s e co nd p hase d eliv era b le s c o uld b e s o ftw are c o din g a n d a t e ch nic al m an ual. T he n ex t p hase c o uld b e t h e p ro to ty pe. T he f in al p hase c o uld b e f in al t e sts a n d a p pro ved s o ftw are . N ote :
D eliv era b le s a n d r e q uir e m en ts a re o fte n u se d i n te rc h an geab ly . 3 . M ile sto n es. A m ile sto ne i s a s ig nif ic an t e v en t i n a p ro je ct t h at o ccu rs a t a p oin t i n t im e. T he m ile sto ne s c h ed ule s h ow s o nly m ajo r s e g m en ts o f w ork ; i t r e p re se n ts f ir s t, r o ughc u t e stim ate s o f t im e, c o st, a n d r e so urc es f o r t h e p ro je ct. T he m ile sto ne s c h ed ule i s b uilt u sin g t h e d eliv era b le s a s a p la tf o rm t o i d en tif y m ajo r s e g m en ts o f w ork a n d a n e n d d ate — fo r e x am ple , t e stin g c o m ple te a n d f in is h ed b y J u ly 1 o f t h e s a m e y ear. M ile sto nes s h ould b e n atu ra l, i m porta n t c o ntr o l p oin ts i n t h e p ro je ct. M ile sto nes s h ould b e e asy f o r a ll p ro je ct p artic ip an ts t o r e co gniz e. 4 . T ech nic a l r e q uir e m en ts . M ore f re q uen tly t h an n ot, a p ro duct o r s e rv ic e w ill h av e t e ch nic al r e q uir e m en ts t o e n su re p ro per p erfo rm an ce. T ech nic al r e q uir e m en ts t y pic ally c la rif y e ith er t h e d eliv era b le s o r d efin e t h e p erfo rm an ce s p ecif ic atio ns. F or e x am ple , a t e ch nic al r e q uir e m en t f o r a p ers o nal c o m pute r m ig ht b e t h e a b ility t o a ccep t 1 20v olt a lte rn atin g c u rre n t o r 2 40v olt d ir e ct c u rre n t w ith out a n y a d ap te rs o r u se r s w itc h es. A noth er w ell k now n e x am ple i s t h e a b ility o f 9 11 e m erg en cy s y ste m s t o i d en tif y t h e c alle r's p hone n um ber a n d l o catio n o f t h e p hone. E xam ple s f ro m i n fo rm atio n s y ste m s p ro je cts i n clu de s p eed a n d c ap acity o f d ata b ase s y ste m s a n d c o nnectiv ity w ith a lte rn ativ e s y ste m s. F or u nders ta n din g t h e i m porta n ce o f k ey r e q uir e m en ts , s e e S nap sh ot f ro m P ra ctic e: B ig B erth a. 5 . L im it s a n d e x clu sio n s. T he l im its o f s c o pe s h ould b e d efin ed . F ailu re t o d o s o c an l e ad t o f a ls e e x pecta tio ns a n d t o e x pen din g r e so urc es a n d t im e o n t h e w ro ng p ro ble m . E xam ple s o f l im its a re : l o cal a ir t r a n sp orta tio n t o a n d f ro m b ase c am ps w ill b e o uts o urc ed ; s y ste m m ain te n an ce a n d r e p air w ill b e d one o nly u p t o o ne m onth a fte r f in al i n sp ectio n; c lie n t w ill b e b ille d f o r a d ditio nal t r a in in g b ey ond t h at p re sc rib ed i n t h e c o ntr a ct. E xclu sio ns f u rth er d efin e t h e b oundary o f t h e p ro je ct b y s ta tin g w hat i s n ot i n clu ded . E xam ple s i n clu de: d ata w ill b e c o lle cte d b y t h e c lie n t, n ot t h e c o ntr a cto r; a h ouse w ill b e b uilt, b ut n o l a n dsc ap in g o r s e cu rity d ev ic es a d ded ; s o ftw are w ill b e i n sta lle d , b ut n o t r a in in g g iv en . 6 . R ev ie w s w it h c u sto m er. C om ple tio n o f t h e s c o pe c h eck lis t e n ds w ith a r e v ie w w ith y our c u sto m er— i n te rn al o r e x te rn al. T he m ain c o ncern h ere i s t h e u nders ta n din g a n d a g re em en t o f e x pecta tio ns. I s t h e c u sto m er g ettin g w hat h e o r s h e d esir e s i n d eliv era b le s? D oes t h e p ro je ct d efin itio n i d en tif y k ey a cco m plis h m en ts , b udgets , t im in g, a n d p erfo rm an ce r e q uir e m en ts ? A re q uestio ns o f l im its a n d e x clu sio ns c o vere d ? C le ar c o m munic atio n i n a ll t h ese i s su es i s i m pera tiv e t o a v oid c la im s o r m is u nders ta n din g. S co pe d efin itio n s h o uld b e a s b rie f a s p o ssib le b ut c o m ple te ; o ne o r tw o p ag es a re ty pic al f o r s m all p ro je cts . S ee S nap sh ot f ro m P ra ctic e: S co pe S ta te m en t o n p ag e 1 05 . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 5 /3 5 P ag e 1 04 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . S N APSH OT F R O M P R A CTIC E B ig B erth a I I v ers u s t h e U SG A's C O R R eq uir e m en t * © T im e & L if e P ic tu re s/G etty I m ag es I n 1 991 C alla w ay G olf E quip m en t in tr o duced th eir B ig B erth a d riv er a n d r e v olu tio niz ed th e g olf e q uip m en t b usin ess.
B ig B erth a— nam ed a fte r th e W orld W ar I G erm an lo ngd is ta n ce c an non— was m uch la rg er th an c o nven tio nal w oods a n d la c k ed a h osel ( th e s o ck et in th e h ead o f th e c lu b in to w hic h th e s h aft is in serte d ) s o th at th e w eig ht c o uld b e b ette r d is tr ib ute d th ro ughout th e h ead . T his in novativ e d esig n g av e th e c lu bhead a la rg er s w eet s p ot, w hic h a llo w ed a p la y er t o str ik e th e g olf b all o ff c en te r an d n ot su ff e r m uch lo ss in d is ta n ce o r accu ra cy . C alla w ay h as m ain ta in ed its p re em in en t p ositio n in th e g olf in dustr y b y u tiliz in g s p acea g e te ch nolo gy to e x te n d th e a c cu ra cy a n d d is ta n ce o f g olf e q uip m en t. I n 2 000 C alla w ay in tr o duced th e B ig B erth a E R C I I f o rg ed tita n iu m d riv er. T he d riv er w as te ch nolo gic ally s u perio r t o a n y d riv er o n th e m ark et. H ow ev er, th ere w as o ne b ig p ro ble m . T he n ew v ers io n o f B erth a d id n ot c o nfo rm to th e c o eff ic ie n t o f r e stitu tio n ( C OR) r e q uir e m en t e sta b lis h ed b y th e U nite d S ta te s G olf A sso cia tio n ( U SG A). A s a r e su lt it w as b arre d f ro m u se b y g olf e rs in N orth A m eric a w ho in te n ded to p la y b y U SG A's R ule s o f G olf . T he U SG A b elie v ed th at th e r a p id te ch nolo gic al a d van ces in g olf e q uip m en t m ad e b y C alla w ay G olf a n d o th er g olf m an ufa ctu re rs w ere th re ate n in g th e in te g rity o f th e g am e. P la y ers w ere h ittin g b alls s o m uch f a rth er a n d s tr a ig hte r th at g olf c o urs es a ro und th e w orld w ere b ein g r e d esig ned to m ak e th em lo nger a n d m ore d if f ic u lt. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 6 /3 5 S o in 1998 th e U SG A esta b lis h ed perfo rm an ce th re sh old s fo r all new golf eq uip m en t. In ord er to pre v en t m an ufa ctu re rs f ro m d ev elo pin g m ore p ow erfu l c lu bs, th e U SG A lim ite d th e C OR o f n ew g olf e q uip m en t to 0 .8 3. T he C OR w as c alc u la te d b y f ir in g a g olf b all a t a d riv er o ut o f a c an nonlik e m ach in e a t 1 09 m ile s p er h our. T he s p eed th at t h e b all r e tu rn ed to th e c an non c o uld n ot e x ceed 8 3 p erc en t o f its in itia l s p eed ( 9 0.4 7 m ph). T he U SG A c alle d th e r a tio o f in co m in g to o utg oin g v elo city th e c o eff ic ie n t o f r e stitu tio n ( C OR). T he in te n t o f th e U SG A C OR th re sh old w as to l im it th e d is ta n ce th at g olf b alls c o uld b e h it s in ce s tu die s in dic ate d th at 0 .0 1 in cre ase in C OR re su lte d in tw o e x tr a y ard s o f c arry . T he B ig B erth a E R C I I's C OR w as 0 .8 6. A fte r n um ero us e ff o rts to g et U SG A to c h an ge its te ch nic al re q uir e m en ts , C alla w ay 's e n gin eers w en t b ack to th e d ra w in g b oard a n d in 2 002 in tr o duced G re at B ig B erth a I I, w hic h c o nfo rm ed to U SG A's 0 .8 3 C OR r e str ic tio n.
* J o hn E . G am ble . “ C alla w ay G olf C om pany: S usta in in g A dvanta ge i n a C hangin g I n dustry ,” i n A . A . T hom pso n, J . E . G am ble , a nd A . J . S tric kla nd, S tr a te gy: W in nin g i n t h e M ark etp la ce , B osto n: M cG ra w H ill/Irw in , 2 004, p p. C 204–C 228. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 7 /3 5 P ag e 1 05 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . S N APSH OT F R O M P R A CTIC E S co pe S ta te m en t P R O JE CT O BJE CTIV E T o c o nstr u ct a h ig hq uality , c u sto m h om e w ith in f iv e m onth s a t c o st n ot to e x ceed $ 500,0 00.
D ELIV ERABLES A 2 ,2 00s q uare fo ot, 2 ½ b ath , 3 b ed ro om , f in is h ed h om e.
A f in is h ed g ara g e, in su la te d a n d s h eetr o ck ed .
K itc h en a p plia n ces to in clu de r a n ge, o ven , m ic ro w av e, a n d d is h w ash er.
H ig he ff ic ie n cy g as f u rn ace w ith p ro gra m mab le th erm osta t. M IL EST O NES 1 . P erm its a p pro ved — Marc h 5 2 . F oundatio n p oure d — Marc h 1 4 3 . D ry w all in . F ra m in g, s h eath in g, p lu m bin g, e le ctr ic al, a n d m ech an ic al in sp ectio ns p assed — May 2 5 4 . F in al in sp ectio n— Ju ne 7 T ECH NIC AL R EQ UIR EM ENTS 1 . H om e m ust m eet lo cal b uild in g c o des. 2 . A ll w in dow s a n d d oors m ust p ass N FR C c la ss 4 0 e n erg y r a tin gs. 3 . E xte rio r w all in su la tio n m ust m eet a n “ R ” f a cto r o f 2 1. 4 . C eilin g in su la tio n m ust m eet a n “ R ” f a cto r o f 3 8. 5 . F lo or in su la tio n m ust m eet a n “ R ” f a cto r o f 2 5. 6 . G ara g e w ill a cco m modate tw o la rg es iz e c ars a n d o ne 2 0fo ot W in neb ag o. 7 . S tr u ctu re m ust p ass s eis m ic s ta b ility c o des. L IM IT S A ND E XCLUSIO NS 1 . T he h om e w ill b e b uilt to th e s p ecif ic atio ns a n d d esig n o f th e o rig in al b lu ep rin ts p ro vid ed b y th e c u sto m er. 2 . O wner is r e sp onsib le f o r la n dscap in g. 3 . R efrig era to r is n ot in clu ded a m ong k itc h en a p plia n ces. 4 . A ir c o nditio nin g is n ot in clu ded b ut p re w ir in g is in clu ded . 5 . C ontr a cto r r e serv es th e r ig ht to c o ntr a ct o ut s erv ic es. 6 . C ontr a cto r is r e sp onsib le f o r s u bco ntr a cte d w ork . 7 . S ite w ork lim ite d to M onday th ro ugh F rid ay , 8 :0 0 A .M . to 6 :0 0 P .M . C UST O M ER R EVIE W J o hn a n d J o an S m ith 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 8 /3 5 T he c h eck lis t o n p ag es 1 02 – 1 03 i s g en eric . D if f e re n t i n dustr ie s a n d c o m pan ie s w ill d ev elo p u niq ue c h eck lis ts a n d te m pla te s to fit th eir n eed s a n d s p ecif ic k in ds o f p ro je cts . A fe w c o m pan ie s e n gag ed in c o ntr a cte d w ork r e fe r to sc o pe sta te m en ts a s “ sta te m en ts o f w ork ” (S O W ). O th er o rg an iz atio ns u se th e te rm p ro je ct c h arte r. H ow ev er, t h e t e rm p ro je ct c h arte r h as e m erg ed t o h av e a s p ecia l m ean in g i n t h e w orld o f p ro je ct m an ag em en t. A p ro je ct c h arte r r e fe rs to a d ocu m en t th at a u th oriz es th e p ro je ct m an ag er to in itia te a n d le ad th e p ro je ct. T his d ocu m en t is is su ed b y u pper m an ag em en t an d p ro vid es th e p ro je ct m an ag er w ith w ritte n au th ority to u se o rg an iz atio nal r e so urc es f o r p ro je ct a ctiv itie s. O fte n t h e c h arte r w ill i n clu de a b rie f s c o pe d esc rip tio n a s w ell a s s u ch i te m s a s r is k l im its , c u sto m er n eed s, s p en din g l im its , a n d e v en t e am c o m positio n. M an y p ro je cts s u ff e r f ro m s c o p e c re ep , w hic h is th e te n den cy fo r th e p ro je ct s c o pe to e x pan d o ver tim e— u su ally b y ch an gin g re q uir e m en ts , sp ecif ic atio ns, an d p rio ritie s. S co pe cre ep can b e re d uced b y care fu lly w ritin g y ou r s c o pe s ta te m en t. A s c o pe s ta te m en t th at is to o b ro ad is a n in vita tio n f o r s c o pe c re ep . S co pe c re ep c an h av e a p ositiv e o r n eg ativ e e ff e ct o n th e p ro je ct, b ut in m ost c ase s sc o p e c re ep m ean s a d ded c o sts a n d p ossib le p ro je ct d ela y s. C han ges i n r e q u ir e m en ts , s p ecif ic atio ns, a n d p rio ritie s f re q uen tly r e su lt i n c o st o verru ns a n d d ela y s. E xam ple s a re a b undan t— Den ver a ir p ort b ag gag e h an dlin g s y ste m ; B osto n's n ew fre ew ay s y ste m ( “ T he B ig D ig ”); C hin a's f a st tr a in in S han ghai; a n d th e lis t g oes o n. O n s o ftw are d ev elo pm en t p ro je cts , s c o pe c re ep i s m an if e ste d i n b lo ate d p ro ducts i n w hic h a d ded f u nctio nality u nderm in es e ase o f u se . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 9 /3 5 P ag e 1 06 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . I f th e p ro je ct sc o pe n eed s to c h an ge, it is c ritic al to h av e a so und c h an ge c o ntr o l p ro cess in p la ce th at re co rd s th e ch an ge an d k eep s a lo g o f all p ro je ct ch an ges. T he lo g id en tif ie s th e c h an ge, i m pact, a n d t h ose r e sp onsib le f o r a ccep tin g o r r e je ctin g a p ro pose d c h an ge. C han ge c o ntr o l i s o ne o f t h e t o pic s o f C hap te r 7 . P ro je ct m an ag ers i n t h e f ie ld c o nsta n tly s u ggest t h at d ealin g w ith c h an gin g r e q uir e m en ts i s o ne o f t h eir m ost c h alle n gin g p ro ble m s.
S te p 2 : E sta b lis h in g P ro je ct P rio ritie s Q uality an d th e ultim ate su ccess of a pro je ct are tr a d itio nally defin ed as m eetin g an d/o r ex ceed in g th e e x pecta tio ns of th e cu sto m er an d/o r upper m an ag em en t in te rm s of co st (b udget) , tim e (s c h ed ule ), an d p erfo rm an ce (s c o pe) o f th e p ro je ct (s e e F ig ure 4 .1 ) . T he in te rre la tio nsh ip am ong th ese crite ria v arie s. F or e x am ple , s o m etim es it is n ecessa ry to c o m pro m is e th e p erfo rm an ce a n d s c o pe o f th e p ro je ct to g et th e p ro je ct d one q uic k ly o r le ss e x pen siv ely . O fte n th e lo nger a p ro je ct ta k es, th e m ore e x pen siv e it b eco m es. H ow ev er, a p ositiv e c o rre la tio n b etw een c o st a n d s c h ed ule m ay n ot a lw ay s b e t r u e. O th er t im es p ro je ct c o sts c an b e r e d uced b y u sin g c h eap er, le ss e ff ic ie n t la b or o r e q uip m en t th at e x te n ds th e d ura tio n o f th e p ro je ct. L ik ew is e , a s w ill b e s e en in C hap te r 9 , p ro je ct m an ag ers a re o fte n fo rc ed to e x ped ite o r “ cra sh ” c erta in k ey a ctiv iti e s b y a d din g a d ditio nal l a b or, t h ere b y r a is in g t h e o rig in al c o st o f t h e p ro je ct. O ne o f t h e p rim ary j o bs o f a p ro je ct m an ag er i s t o m an ag e t h e t r a d eo ff s a m ong t im e, c o st, a n d p erfo rm an ce. T o d o s o , p ro je ct m an ag ers m ust d efin e a n d u nders ta n d th e n atu re o f th e p rio ritie s o f th e p ro je ct. T hey n eed to h av e a c an did d is c u ssio n w ith th e p ro je c t c u sto m er a n d u pper m an ag em en t to e sta b lis h th e r e la tiv e im porta n ce o f e ach c rite rio n. F or e x am ple , w hat h ap pen s w hen th e c u sto m er k eep s a d din g re q uir e m en ts ? O r if , m id w ay t h ro ugh t h e p ro je ct, a t r a d eo ff m ust b e m ad e b etw een c o st a n d e x ped itin g, w hic h c rite rio n h as p rio rity ? O ne t e ch niq ue f o und i n p ra ctic e t h at i s u se fu l f o r t h is p urp ose i s c o m ple tin g a p rio rit y m atr ix f o r t h e p ro je ct t o i d en tif y w hic h c rite rio n i s c o nstr a in ed , w hic h s h ould b e e n han ced , a n d w hic h c an b e a ccep te d : C on str a in . T he o rig in al p ara m ete r i s f ix ed . T he p ro je ct m ust m eet t h e c o m ple tio n d ate , s p ecif ic atio ns a n d s c o pe o f t h e p ro je ct, o r b udget.
E nhan ce. G iv en t h e s c o pe o f t h e p ro je ct, w hic h c rite rio n s h ould b e o ptim iz ed ? I n t h e c ase o f t im e a n d c o st, t h is u su ally m ean s t a k in g a d van ta g e o f o pportu nitie s t o e ith er r e d uce c o sts o r s h orte n t h e s c h ed ule .
C onvers e ly , w ith r e g ard t o p erfo rm an ce, e n han cin g m ean s a d din g v alu e t o t h e p ro je ct. F IG URE 4 .1 P ro je ct M an agem en t T ra d eo ffs 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 0/3 5 P ag e 1 07 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F IG URE 4 .2 P ro je ct P rio rit y M atr ix A ccep t. F or w hic h c rite rio n i s i t t o le ra b le n ot t o m eet t h e o rig in al p ara m ete rs ? W hen t r a d eo ff s h av e t o b e m ad e, i s i t p erm is sib le f o r t h e s c h ed ule t o s lip , t o r e d uce t h e s c o pe a n d p erfo rm an ce o f t h e p ro je ct, o r t o g o o ver b udget? F ig ure 4 .2 d is p la y s t h e p rio rity m atr ix f o r t h e d ev elo pm en t o f a n ew w ir e le ss m odem . B ecau se t im e t o m ark et i s i m porta n t to sa le s, th e pro je ct m an ag er is in str u cte d to ta k e ad van ta g e of ev ery opportu nity to re d uce c o m ple tio n tim e. In d oin g so , g oin g o ver b udget is a ccep ta b le th oug h n ot d esir a b le . A t th e sa m e tim e, th e o rig in al p erfo rm ance s p ecif ic atio ns f o r t h e m odem a s w ell a s r e lia b ility s ta n dard s c an not b e c o m pro m is e d . P rio ritie s v ary f ro m p ro je ct t o p ro je ct. F or e x am ple , f o r m an y s o ftw are p ro je cts t im e t o m ark et i s c ritic al, a n d c o m pan ie s lik e M ic ro so ft m ay d efe r o rig in al s c o pe r e q uir e m en ts to la te r v ers io ns in o rd er to g et to th e m ark et f ir s t. A lte rn ativ ely , f o r s p ecia l e v en t p ro je cts ( c o nfe re n ces, p ara d es, to urn am en ts ) tim e is c o nstr a in ed o nce th e d ate h as b een a n nounced , a n d if th e b u dget is tig ht, th e p ro je ct m an ag er w ill c o m pro m is e th e sc o pe o f th e p ro je ct i n o rd er t o c o m ple te t h e p ro je ct o n t im e. S om e w ould a rg ue t h at a ll t h re e c rite ria a re a lw ay s c o nstr a in ed a n d t h at g ood p ro je ct m an ag ers s h ould s e ek t o o ptim iz e each crite rio n. If ev ery th in g goes w ell on a pro je ct an d no m ajo r pro ble m s or se tb ack s are e n co unte re d , t h eir a rg um en t m ay b e v alid . H ow ev er, t h is s itu atio n i s r a re , a n d p ro je ct m an ag ers a re o fte n f o rc ed t o m ak e to ugh d ecis io ns th at b en efit o ne c rite rio n w hile c o m pro m is in g th e o th er tw o. T he p urp ose o f th is e x erc is e i s t o d efin e a n d a g re e o n w hat t h e p rio ritie s a n d c o nstr a in ts o f t h e p ro je ct a re s o t h at w hen “ p ush c o m es t o s h ove,” t h e r ig ht d ecis io ns c an b e m ad e. T here are lik ely to b e n atu ra l lim its to th e ex te n t m an ag ers can co nstr a in , o ptim iz e, o r accep t an y o ne c rite rio n. I t m ay b e a ccep ta b le f o r th e p ro je ct to s lip o ne m onth b eh in d s c h ed ule b ut n o f u rth er o r to e x ceed th e p la n ned b u dget b y a s m uch a s $ 20,0 00. L ik ew is e , i t m ay b e d esir a b le t o f in is h a p ro je ct a m onth e arly , b ut a fte r t h at c o st c o nse rv atio n sh ould b e th e p rim ary g oal. S om e p ro je ct m an ag ers d ocu m en t th ese lim its a s p art o f c re atin g t h e p rio rity m atr ix . I n su m mary , d ev elo pin g a p rio rity m atr ix fo r a p ro je ct b efo re th e p ro je ct b eg in s is a u se fu l ex erc is e . It p ro vid es a f o ru m f o r c le arly e sta b lis h in g p rio ritie s w ith c u sto m ers a n d to p m an ag em en t s o a s to c re ate s h are d e x pecta tio ns a n d a v oid m is u nders ta n din g s. T he p rio rity in fo rm atio n is e sse n tia l to th e p la n nin g p ro cess, w here a d ju stm en ts c an b e m ad e i n t h e s c o pe, s c h ed ule , a n d b udget a llo catio n. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 1 /3 5 P ag e 1 08 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F in ally , th e m atr ix is u se fu l m id w ay in th e p ro je ct fo r ap pro ach in g a p ro ble m th at m ust b e s o lv ed . O ne c av eat m ust b e m en tio ned ; d urin g th e c o urs e o f a p ro je ct, p rio ritie s m ay c h an ge. T he c u sto m er m ay s u dden ly n eed th e p ro je ct c o m ple te d o ne m onth s o oner, o r n ew d ir e ctiv es f ro m to p m an ag em en t m ay e m phasiz e c o st sa v in g in itia tiv es. T he p ro je ct m an ag er n eed s to b e v ig ila n t in o rd er to a n tic ip ate a n d c o nfir m c h an ges i n p rio ritie s a n d m ak e a p pro pria te a d ju stm en ts .
S te p 3 : C re atin g t h e W ork B re ak dow n S tr u ctu re M ajo r G ro u pin gs F ou nd i n a W BS O nce th e s c o pe a n d d eliv era b le s h av e b een id en tif ie d , th e w ork o f th e p ro je ct c an b e s u ccessiv ely s u bdiv id ed i n to sm alle r an d sm alle r w ork ele m en ts . T he outc o m e of th is hie ra rc h ic al pro cess is calle d th e w ork b re a k dow n str u ctu re (W BS). U se o f W BS h elp s to assu re p ro je ct m an ag ers th at all p ro ducts an d w ork e le m en ts a re i d en tif ie d , t o i n te g ra te t h e p ro je ct w ith t h e c u rre n t o rg an iz atio n, a n d t o e sta b lis h a b asis f o r c o ntr o l.
B asic ally , t h e W BS i s a n o utlin e o f t h e p ro je ct w ith d if f e re n t l e v els o f d eta il. F ig ure 4 .3 s h ow s th e m ajo r g ro upin gs c o m monly u se d in th e f ie ld to d ev elo p a h ie ra rc h ic al W BS. T he W BS b eg in s w ith t h e p ro je ct a s t h e f in al d eliv era b le . M ajo r 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 2/3 5 P ag e 1 09 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . p ro je ct w ork deliv era b le s/s y ste m s are id en tif ie d fir s t; th en th e su bdeliv era b le s necessa ry to a cco m plis h th e la rg er d eliv era b le s a re d efin ed . T he p ro cess is re p eate d u ntil th e s u bdeliv era b le d eta il is sm all en o ugh to be m an ag ea b le an d w here one pers o n can be re sp onsib le . T his s u bdeliv era b le is fu rth er div id ed in to w ork pack ag es. B ecau se th e lo w est su bdeliv era b le usu ally in clu des s e v era l w ork p ack ag es, th e w ork p ack ag es a re g ro uped b y ty pe o f w ork — fo r e x am ple , d esig n a n d te stin g.
T hese gro u pin gs w ith in a su bdeliv era b le are calle d co st acco unts . T his gro upin g fa cilita te s a sy ste m fo r m onito rin g p ro je ct p ro gre ss b y w ork , c o st, a n d r e sp onsib ility .
F IG URE 4 .3 H ie ra rc h ic a l B re a k dow n o f t h e W BS H ow W BS H elp s t h e P ro je ct M an ager T he W BS d efin es a ll th e e le m en ts o f th e p ro je ct in a h ie ra rc h ic al f ra m ew ork a n d e sta b lis h es th eir r e la tio nsh ip s t o th e p ro je ct e n d it e m (s ). T hin k o f th e p ro je ct a s a la rg e w ork p ack ag e th at is s u ccessiv ely b ro ken d ow n in to s m alle r w ork p ack ag es; th e to ta l p ro je ct is th e s u m matio n o f a ll th e s m alle r w ork p ack ag es. T his h ie ra rc h ic al s tr u ctu re f a cilita te s e v alu atio n o f c o st, tim e, a n d te ch nic al p erfo rm an ce a t a ll le v els in th e o rg an iz atio n o ver th e l if e o f th e p ro je ct. T he W BS als o p ro vid es m an ag em en t w ith in fo rm atio n ap pro pria te to each le v el. F or e x am ple , t o p m an ag em en t d eals p rim aril y w ith m ajo r d eliv era b le s, w hile f ir s t lin e s u perv is o rs d eal w ith s m alle r s u bdeliv era b le s a n d w ork p ack ag es. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 3/3 5 E ach ite m in th e W BS n eed s a tim e a n d c o st e stim ate . W ith th is in fo rm atio n it is p ossib le to p la n , s c h ed ule , a n d b udget y our p ro je ct. T he W BS a ls o s e rv es a s a f ra m ew ork f o r t r a ck in g c o st a n d w ork p erfo rm an ce. A s t h e W BS i s d ev elo ped , o rg an iz atio nal u nits a n d i n div id uals a re a ssig ned r e sp onsib ility f o r e x ecu tin g w ork p ack ag es. T his in te g ra te s th e w ork an d th e o rg an iz atio n. In p ra ctic e, th is p ro cess is so m etim es calle d th e o rg an iz atio n b re ak dow n s tr u ctu re ( O BS), w hic h w ill b e f u rth er d is c u sse d l a te r i n t h e c h ap te r. U se o f th e W BS p ro v id es th e o pportu nity to “ ro ll u p” ( s u m ) th e b udget a n d a ctu al c o sts o f th e s m alle r w ork p ack ag es in to la rg er w ork e le m en ts so th at p erfo rm an ce c an b e m easu re d b y o rg an iz atio nal u nits a n d w ork a cco m plis h m en t. T he W BS c an a ls o b e u se d to d efin e c o m munic atio n c h an nels a n d a ssis t in u nders ta n din g a n d c o ord in atin g m an y p arts o f th e p ro je ct. T he str u ctu re sh ow s th e w ork a n d o rg an iz atio nal u nits re sp onsib le a n d su ggests w here w ritte n c o m munic atio n s h ould b e d ir e cte d . P ro ble m s c an b e q uic k ly a d dre sse d a n d c o ord in ate d b ecau se t h e s tr u ctu re i n te g ra te s w ork a n d r e sp onsib ility .
A S im ple W BS D ev elo p m en t F ig ure 4 .4 s h ow s a s im plif ie d W BS t o d ev elo p a n ew p ro to ty pe t a b le t c o m pute r. A t t h e t o p o f t h e c h art ( le v el 1 ) i s th e p ro je ct e n d ite m — th e E S lim T ab le t x 1 3 P ro to ty pe. T he su bdeliv era b le s le v els (2 –5) b elo w le v el 1 r e p re se n t f u rth er d eco m positio n o f w ork . T he l e v els o f t h e s tr u ctu re c an a ls o r e p re se n t i n fo rm atio n f o r d if f e re n t l e v els o f m an ag em en t. F or e x am ple , le v el 1 in fo rm atio n re p re se n ts th e to ta l p ro je ct o bje ctiv e a n d is u se fu l to t o p m an ag em en t; l e v els 2 , 3 , a n d 4 a re s u ita b le f o r m id dle m an ag em en t; a n d l e v el 5 i s f o r f ir s t lin e m an ag ers . I n F ig ure 4 .4 le v el 2 in dic ate s th ere a re tw o m ajo r d eliv era b le s— Hard w are a n d C PU , o r c en tr a l p ro cessin g u nit. (T here a re lik ely to b e o th er m ajo r d eliv era b le s su ch a s so ftw are , b ut fo r illu str a tiv e p urp ose s w e a re l im itin g o u r fo cu s to ju st tw o m ajo r d eliv era b le s.) A t le v el 3 , th e C PU is c o nnecte d to th re e d eliv era b le s— P ow er S upp ly , F la sh R O M , a n d I /O C ontr o lle r. T he I /O C ontr o lle r h as th re e s u bdeliv era b le s a t le v el 4 — USB S lo ts , In te rn et, an d T ouch S cre en . T he m an y su bdeliv era b le s fo r U SB S lo ts an d In te rn et hav e not been d eco m pose d . T he T ouch S cre en ( s h ad ed ) h as b een d eco m pose d d ow n t o l e v el 5 a n d t o t h e w ork p ack ag e l e v el. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 4/3 5 P ag e 1 1 0 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F IG URE 4 .4 W ork B re a k dow n S tr u ctu re 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 5/3 5 P ag e 1 11 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . N ote th at le v el 2 , H ard w are , sk ip s le v els 3 an d 4 b ecau se th e fin al su bdeliv era b le s can b e p ush ed dow n to th e lo w est m an ag eab le le v el 5; sk ip pin g le v els 3 an d 4 su ggests little c o ord in atio n is n eed ed a n d s k ille d te am m em bers a re a lr e ad y fa m ilia r w ith th e w ork n eed ed to c o m ple te th e le v el 5 s u bdeliv era b le s. F or e x am ple , H ard w are r e q uir e s f o ur s u b deliv era b le s a t le v el 5 — Fra m e, C am era s, S peak ers , a n d A nte n na. E ach s u bdeliv era b le in clu des w ork p ack ag es th at w ill b e c o m ple te d b y a n a ssig ned o rg an iz atio nal u nit. O bse rv e th at th e C am era s s u bdeliv era b le in clu des f o ur w ork p ack ag es— WPC 1, 2 , 3 , a n d 4 . T he B ack L ig ht, a s u bdeliv era b le o f T ouch S cre en , in clu des th re e w ork p ack ag es— WPL 1 , 2 , a n d 3 . T he lo w est le v el o f th e W BS is c alle d a w ork p ack age. W ork p ack ag es a re s h ort d ura tio n ta sk s th at h av e a d efin ite s ta rt a n d s to p p oin t, c o nsu m e re so urc es, a n d re p re se n t c o st. E ach w ork p ack ag e is a c o ntr o l p oin t. A w ork p ack ag e m an ag er is re sp onsib le fo r se ein g th at th e p ack ag e is c o m ple te d o n tim e, w ith in b udget, a n d a cco rd in g to te ch nic al s p ecif ic atio ns. P ra ctic e s u ggests a w ork p ack ag e s h ould n ot e x ceed 1 0 w ork day s o r o ne r e p ortin g p erio d. If a w ork p ack ag e h as a d ura tio n e x ceed in g 1 0 d ay s, c h eck o r m onito rin g p oin ts s h ould b e e sta b lis h ed w ith in th e d ura tio n, s a y, e v ery th re e to f iv e d ay s, s o p ro gre ss a n d p ro ble m s c an b e id en tif ie d b efo re t o o m uch tim e h as p asse d . E ach w ork p ack ag e o f th e W BS s h ould b e a s in dep en den t o f o th er p ack ag es o f th e p ro je ct a s p ossib le . N o w ork p ack ag e i s d esc rib ed i n m ore t h an o ne s u bdeliv era b le o f t h e W BS. T here is a n im porta n t d if f e re n ce f ro m s ta rt to f in is h b etw een th e la st w ork b re ak dow n s u bdeliv era b le a n d a w ork p ack ag e. T ypic ally , a w ork b re ak dow n su bd eliv era b le in clu des th e o utc o m es o f m ore th an o ne w ork p ack ag e fro m p erh ap s tw o o r th re e d ep artm en ts . T here fo re , th e s u bdeliv era b le d oes n ot h av e a d ura tio n o f its o w n a n d d oes n ot c o nsu m e r e so urc es o r c o st m oney d ir e ctly . ( In a s e n se , o f c o urs e , a d ura tio n f o r a p artic u la r w ork b re ak dow n e le m en t c an b e d eriv ed fro m id en tif y in g w hic h w ork p ack ag e m ust s ta rt fir s t [e arlie st] a n d w hic h p ack ag e w ill b e th e la te st to fin is h ; th e d if f e re n ce fro m sta rt to fin is h b eco m es th e d ura tio n fo r th e s u bdeliv era b le .) T he h ig her e le m en ts a re u se d to id en tif y d eliv era b le s a t d if f e re n t p hase s in th e p ro je ct a n d to d ev elo p s ta tu s r e p orts d urin g th e e x ecu ti o n s ta g e o f th e p ro je ct lif e c y cle . T hus, th e w ork p ack ag e is th e b asic u nit u se d f o r p la n nin g, s c h ed ulin g, a n d c o ntr o llin g t h e p ro je ct. T o r e v ie w , e ach w ork p ack ag e i n t h e W BS 1 . D efin es w ork ( w hat) . 2 . I d en tif ie s t im e t o c o m ple te a w ork p ack ag e ( h ow l o ng). 3 . I d en tif ie s a t im ep hase d b udget t o c o m ple te a w ork p ack ag e ( c o st) . 4 . I d en tif ie s r e so urc es n eed ed t o c o m ple te a w ork p ack ag e ( h ow m uch ). 5 . I d en tif ie s a s in gle p ers o n r e sp onsib le f o r u nits o f w ork ( w ho). 6 . I d en tif ie s m onito rin g p oin ts f o r m easu rin g p ro gre ss ( h ow w ell) . C re atin g a W BS fro m sc ra tc h c an b e a d au ntin g ta sk . P ro je ct m an ag ers sh ould ta k e a d van ta g e o f re le v an t e x am ple s f ro m p re v io us p ro je cts t o b eg in t h e p ro cess. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 6/3 5 P ag e 1 1 2 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . S N APSH OT F R O M P R A CTIC E C re atin g a W BS F ig ure 4 .4 r e p re sen ts th e c la ssic W BS in w hic h th e p ro je ct is b ro ken d ow n to th e lo w est m an ag ea b le d eliv era b le a n d s u bseq uen t w ork p ack ag es. M an y s itu atio ns d o n ot r e q uir e th is le v el o f d eta il. T his b eg s th e q uestio ns o f h ow f a r y ou s h ould b re ak d ow n th e w ork . T here is n o s et a n sw er to th is q uestio n. H ow ev er, h ere a re s o m e tip s g iv en b y p ro je ct m an ag ers :
B re ak d ow n th e w ork u ntil y ou c an d o a n e stim ate th at is a ccu ra te e n ough fo r y our p urp oses. If y ou a re d oin g a b all p ark e stim ate to s ee if th e p ro je ct is w orth y o f s erio us c o nsid era tio n, y ou p ro bab ly d o n ot n eed to b re ak it d ow n b ey ond m ajo r d eliv era b le s. O n th e o th er h an d, if y ou a re p ric in g a p ro je ct to s u bm it a c o m petitiv e b id , th en y ou a re l ik ely to g o d ow n to th e w ork p ack ag e le v el. T he W BS s h ould c o nfo rm to h ow y ou a re g oin g to s ch ed ule w ork . F or e x am ple , if a ssig n m en ts a re m ad e in te rm s o f d ay s, th en ta sk s s h ould b e lim ite d a s b est a s p ossib le to o ne d ay o r m ore to c o m ple te . C onvers ely , if h ours a re th e s m alle st u nit f o r s ch ed ulin g, th en w ork c an b e b ro ken d ow n to o neh our in cre m en ts . F in al activ itie s sh ould h av e cle arly d efin ed sta rt/e n d ev en ts . A void o pen e n ded ta sk s lik e “re searc h ” o r “m ark et a n aly sis .” T ak e it d ow n to th e n ex t le v el in w hic h d eliv era b le s/o utc o m es a re m ore c le arly d efin ed . In ste ad o f e n din g w ith m ark et a n aly sis in clu de ite m s s u ch a s id en tif y m ark et s h are , lis t u ser r e q uir e m en ts , o r w rite a p ro ble m s ta te m en t. I f a cco unta b ility a n d c o ntr o l a re im porta n t, th en b re ak th e w ork d ow n s o th at o ne in div id ual is c le arly r e sp onsib le f o r th e w ork . F or ex am ple , in ste ad o f sto pp in g at p ro duct d esig n, ta k e it to th e n ex t le v el an d id en tif y sp ecif ic c o m ponen ts o f th e d es ig n ( i.e ., e le ctr ic al s ch em atic s, p ow er s o urc e, e tc .) th at d if f e re n t in d iv id uals w ill b e r e sp onsib le f o r c re atin g.
© E rik L arso n 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 7/3 5 T he botto m lin e is th at th e W BS sh ould pro vid e th e le v el of deta il need ed to m an ag e th e sp ecif ic pro je ct s u ccessfu lly .
W BSs a re p ro ducts o f g ro up e ff o rts . I f th e p ro je ct is s m all, th e e n tir e p ro je ct te am m ay b e in volv ed b re ak in g d ow n th e pro je ct in to its co m ponen ts . F or la rg e, co m ple x pro je cts , th e peo ple re sp onsib le fo r th e m ajo r d eliv era b le s a re lik ely to m eet to e sta b lis h th e fir s t tw o le v els o f d eliv era b le s. In tu rn , fu rth er d eta il w ould b e d ele g ate d to th e p eo ple r e sp onsib le f o r th e s p ecif ic w ork . C olle ctiv ely th is in fo rm atio n w ould b e g ath ere d a n d i n te g ra te d in to a fo rm al W BS b y a p ro je ct s u pport p ers o n. T he fin al v ers io n w ould b e re v ie w ed b y th e in ner e ch elo n o f th e p ro je ct te am . R ele v an t s ta k eh old ers (m ost n ota b ly c u sto m ers ) w ould b e c o nsu lte d to c o nfir m a g re em en t a n d r e v is e w hen a p pro pria te . P ro je ct te am s d ev elo pin g th eir fir s t W BS fre q uen tly fo rg et th at th e str u ctu re sh ould b e e n dite m , o utp ut o rie n te d . F ir s t atte m pts o fte n re su lt in a W BS th at fo llo w s th e o rg an iz atio n str u ctu re — desig n, m ark etin g, p ro ductio n, f in an ce. I f a W BS f o llo w s th e o rg an iz atio n s tr u ctu re , th e f o cu s w ill b e o n th e o rg an iz atio n f u nctio n a n d p ro ce sse s ra th er th an th e p ro je ct o utp ut o r d eliv era b le s. In a d ditio n, a W BS w ith a p ro cess fo cu s w ill b eco m e a n a cco untin g to ol th at re co rd s c o sts b y fu nctio n ra th er th an a to ol fo r “ o utp ut” m an ag em en t. E very e ff o rt s h ou ld b e m ad e t o d ev elo p a W BS t h at i s o utp ut o rie n te d i n o rd er t o c o ncen tr a te o n c o ncre te d eliv era b le s.
S ee S nap sh ot f ro m P ra ctic e: C re atin g a W BS. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 8/3 5 P ag e 1 1 3 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . S te p 4 : I n te g ra tin g t h e W BS w ith t h e O rg an iz atio n T he W BS is u se d to lin k th e o rg an iz atio nal u nits r e sp onsib le f o r p erfo rm in g th e w ork . I n p ra ctic e, th e o utc o m e o f t h is p ro cess i s t h e o rg an iz a tio n b re a k dow n s tr u ctu re ( O BS). T he O BS d ep ic ts h ow th e f ir m h as o rg an iz ed t o dis c h arg e w ork re sp onsib ility . T he purp ose s of th e O BS are to pro vid e a fra m ew ork to su m mariz e o rg an iz atio n u nit w ork p erfo rm an ce, id en tif y o rg an iz atio n u nits re sp onsib le fo r w ork p ack ag es, a n d tie th e o rg an iz atio nal u nit to c o st c o ntr o l a cco u nts . R ecall, c o st a cco unts g ro up s im ila r w ork p ack ag es ( u su ally u nder t h e p urv ie w o f a d ep artm en t) . T he O BS d efin es th e o rg an iz atio n s u bdeliv era b le s in a h ie ra rc h ic al p atte rn in s u ccessiv ely s m alle r a n d s m alle r u nits . F re q uen tly , t h e t r a d itio nal o rg an iz atio n s tr u ctu re c an b e u se d . E ven i f t h e p ro je ct is c o m ple te ly p erfo rm ed b y a te am , it is n ecessa ry to b re ak d ow n th e te am str u ctu re fo r a ssig nin g r e sp onsib ility f o r b udgets , t im e, a n d t e ch nic al p erfo rm an ce. A s in th e W BS, th e O BS a ssig ns th e lo w est o rg an iz atio nal u nit th e r e sp onsib ility f o r w ork p ack ag es w ith in a c o st a cco un t. H ere in l ie s o ne m ajo r s tr e n gth o f u sin g W BS a n d O BS; t h ey c an b e i n te g ra te d a s s h ow n i n F ig ure 4 .5 . T he i n te rs e ctio n o f w ork p ack ag es a n d t h e o rg an iz atio nal u nit c re ate s a p ro je ct c o ntr o l p oin t ( c o st a cco u nt) t h at in te g ra te s w ork a n d re sp onsib ility . F or e x am ple , a t le v el 5 T ouch S en so rs h as th re e w ork p ack ag es th at h av e b een a ssig ned to th e D esig n, Q uality C ontr o l T est, a n d P ro ductio n d ep artm en ts . T he in te rs e ctio n o f th e W BS an d O BS re p re se n ts th e se t of w ork pack ag es necessa ry to co m ple te th e su bdeliv era b le lo cate d i m med ia te ly a b ove a n d th e o rg an iz atio nal u nit o n th e le ft re sp onsib le fo r a cco m plis h in g th e p ack ag es a t th e i n te rs e ctio n. N ote th at th e desig n dep artm en t is re sp onsib le fo r fiv e dif f e re n t w ork pack ag es acro ss th e H ard w are a n d T ouch S cre en d eliv era b le s. L ate r w e w ill u se th e in te rs e ctio n a s a c o st a cco unt fo r m an ag em en t c o ntr o l o f p ro je cts . F or e x am ple , th e C am era s e le m en t r e q uir e s c o m ple tio n o f w ork p ack ag es w hose p rim ary r e sp onsib ility w ill in clu de th e d esig n, Q C te st, p ro ductio n, a n d o uts o urc in g d ep artm en ts . C ontr o l c an b e c h eck ed f ro m tw o d ir e ctio ns— outc o m es a n d r e sp onsib ility . I n th e e x ecu tio n p hase o f th e p ro je ct, p ro gre ss c an b e tr a ck ed v ertic ally o n d eliv era b le s ( c lie n t's i n te re st) a n d t r a ck ed h oriz o nta lly b y o rg an iz atio n r e sp onsib ility ( o w ner's i n te re st) .
S te p 5 : C odin g t h e W BS f o r t h e I n fo rm atio n S yste m G ain in g th e m ax im um u se fu ln ess o f a b re ak dow n s tr u ctu re d ep en ds o n a c o din g s y ste m . T he c o des a re u se d to d efin e l e v els a n d e le m en ts i n t h e W BS, o rg an iz atio n e le m en ts , w ork p ack ag es, a n d b udget a n d c o st i n fo rm atio n.
T he c o des a llo w re p orts to b e c o nso lid ate d a t a n y le v el in th e s tr u ctu re . T he m ost c o m monly u se d s c h em e in p ra ctic e i s n um eric i n den tio n. A p ortio n o f t h e E S lim T ab le t x 1 3 P ro to ty pe p ro je ct i s p re se n te d i n E xhib it 4 .1 . N ote th e p ro je ct id en tif ic atio n is 1 .0 . E ach s u ccessiv e in den tio n r e p re se n ts a lo w er e le m en t o r w ork p ack ag e. U ltim ate ly th e n um eric sc h em e re ach es d ow n to th e w ork p ack ag e le v el, a n d a ll ta sk s a n d e le m en ts in th e s tr u ctu re hav e an id en tif ic atio n co de. T he “co st acco unt” is th e fo cal poin t becau se all budgets , w ork a ssig nm en ts , t im e, c o st, a n d t e ch nic al p erfo rm an ce c o m e t o geth er a t t h is p oin t. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 1 9/3 5 P ag e 1 1 4 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F IG URE 4 .5 I n te g ra tio n o f W BS a n d O BS 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 0/3 5 P ag e 1 1 5 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . E X H IB IT 4 .1 C odin g t h e W BS T his c o din g s y ste m c an b e e x te n ded to c o ver la rg e p ro je cts . A dditio nal s c h em es c an b e a d ded fo r s p ecia l r e p orts . F or e x am ple , a d din g a “ 2 3” a fte r th e c o de c o uld in dic ate a site lo catio n, a n e le v atio n, o r a sp ecia l a cco unt su ch a s la b or. S om e le tte rs c an b e u se d a s sp ecia l id en tif ie rs su ch a s “ M ” fo r m ate ria ls o r “ E ” fo r e n gin eers . Y ou a re n ot lim ite d to o nly 1 0 s u bdiv is io ns ( 0 –9); y ou c an e x te n d e ac h s u bdiv is io n to la rg e n um bers — fo r e x am ple , .1 –.9 9 o r .1 –.9 999. I f t h e p ro je ct i s s m all, y ou c an u se w hole n um bers . T he f o llo w in g e x am ple i s f ro m a l a rg e, c o m ple x p ro je ct:
w here 3 R i d en tif ie s t h e f a cility , 2 37A r e p re se n ts e le v atio n a n d t h e a re a, P 2 r e p re se n ts p ip e t w o i n ch es w id e, a n d 3 3.6 r e p re se n ts th e w ork p ack ag e n um ber. I n p ra ctic e m ost o rg an iz atio ns a re c re ativ e in c o m bin in g le tte rs a n d 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 1/3 5 n um bers t o m in im iz e t h e l e n gth o f W BS c o des. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 2/3 5 P ag e 1 1 6 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . O n la rg er p ro je cts , th e W BS is f u rth er s u pporte d w ith a W BS d ic tio n ary th at p ro vid es d eta ile d i n fo rm atio n a b out e ach e le m en t in th e W BS. T he d ic tio nary ty pic ally in clu des th e w ork p ack ag e l e v el (c o de), n am e, a n d fu nctio nal d esc rip tio n. In s o m e c ase s th e d esc rip tio n is s u pporte d w ith s p ecif ic atio ns. T he a v aila b ility o f d eta ile d d esc rip tio ns h as a n a d ded b en efit o f d am pen in g s c o pe c re ep .
P ro cess B re a k dow n S tr u ctu re T he W BS is b est s u ite d f o r d esig n a n d b uild p ro je cts th at h av e ta n gib le o utc o m es s u ch a s a n o ff s h ore m in in g f a cility o r a n ew car p ro to ty pe. T he p ro je ct can b e d eco m pose d o r b ro ken d ow n in to m ajo r d eliv era b le s, s u bdeliv era b le s, f u rth er s u bdeliv era b le s, a n d u ltim ate ly to w ork p ack ag es. I t is m ore d if f ic u lt to a p ply W BS to l e ss ta n gib le , p ro cesso rie n te d p ro je cts in w hic h th e fin al o utc o m e is a p ro duct o f a s e rie s o f s te p s o r p hase s. H ere , th e big dif f e re n ce is th at th e pro je ct ev olv es over tim e w ith each phase aff e ctin g th e nex t phase .
I n fo rm atio n s y ste m s p ro je cts ty pic ally fa ll in th is c ate g ory — fo r e x am ple , c re atin g a n e x tr a n et w eb site o r a n i n te rn al so ftw are data b ase sy ste m . Pro cess pro je cts are driv en by perfo rm an ce re q uir e m en ts , not by p la n s/b lu ep rin ts . S om e p ra ctitio ners c h oose to u tiliz e w hat w e re fe r to a s a p ro cess b re a k dow n str u ctu re ( P B S) i n ste ad o f t h e c la ssic W BS. F ig ure 4 .6 p ro vid es a n e x am ple o f a P B S fo r a s o ftw are d ev elo pm en t p ro je ct. In ste ad o f b ein g o rg an iz ed a ro und d eliv era b le s, th e p ro je ct is o rg an iz ed a ro und p hase s. E ach o f th e f iv e m ajo r p hase s c an b e b ro ken d ow n i n to m ore s p ecif ic a c tiv itie s u ntil a s u ff ic ie n t le v el o f d eta il is a ch ie v ed to c o m munic ate w hat n eed s to b e d one t o c o m ple te th at p hase . P eo ple c an b e a ssig ned to s p ecif ic a ctiv itie s, a n d a c o m ple m en ta ry O BS c an b e c re ate d j u st a s i s d o ne f o r t h e W BS. D eliv era b le s a re n ot i g nore d b ut a re d efin ed a s o utp uts r e q uir e d t o m ove t o t h e n ex t p hase . T he so ftw are in dustr y o fte n re fe rs to P B S a s th e “ w ate rfa ll m eth od” sin ce p ro gre ss flo w s d ow nw ard t h ro ugh e ach p hase . 1 C heck lis ts th at co nta in th e phase ex it re q uir e m en ts are dev elo ped to m an ag e pro je ct pro gre ss. T hese c h eck lis ts p ro vid e th e m ean s to s u pport p hase w alk th ro ughs a n d r e v ie w s. C heck lis ts v ary d ep en din g u pon th e p ro je ct a n d a ctiv itie s i n volv ed b ut t y pic ally i n clu de t h e f o llo w in g d eta ils : D eliv era b le s n eed ed t o e x it a p hase a n d b eg in a n ew o ne.
Q uality c h eck poin ts t o e n su re t h at d eliv era b le s a re c o m ple te a n d a ccu ra te .
S ig no ff s b y a ll r e sp onsib le s ta k eh old ers t o i n dic ate t h at t h e p hase h as b een s u ccessfu lly c o m ple te d a n d t h at t h e p ro je ct s h ould m ove o n t o t h e n ex t p hase . A s lo ng a s e x it r e q u ir e m en ts a re f ir m ly e sta b lis h ed a n d d eliv era b le s f o r e ach p hase a re w ell d efin ed , th e P B S p ro vid es a s u ita b le a lte rn ativ e t o t h e s ta n dard W BS f o r p ro je cts t h at i n volv e e x te n siv e d ev elo pm en t w ork . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 3/3 5 P ag e 1 1 7 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F IG URE 4 .6 P B S f o r S oftw are D ev elo p m en t P ro je ct R esp onsib ility M atr ic es I n m an y c ase s, th e s iz e a n d s c o pe o f th e p ro je ct d o n ot w arra n t a n e la b ora te W BS o r O BS. O ne to ol th at is w id ely u se d b y p ro je ct m an ag ers a n d ta sk fo rc e le ad ers o f s m all p ro je cts is th e r e sp on sib ilit y m atr ix (R M ). T he R M ( s o m etim es c alle d a lin ear r e sp onsib ility c h art) s u m mariz es th e ta sk s to b e a cco m plis h ed a n d w ho is r e sp onsib le f o r w hat o n a p ro je ct. I n its s im ple st f o rm a n R M c o nsis ts o f a c h art lis tin g a ll th e p ro je ct a ctiv itie s a n d th e p artic ip an ts re sp onsib le fo r ea ch activ ity . F or ex am ple , F ig ure 4 .7 ill u str a te s an R M fo r a m ark et r e se arc h stu dy. In th is m atr ix th e R is use d to id en tif y th e co m mitte e m em ber w ho is re sp onsib le fo r c o ord in atin g t h e e ff o rts o f o th er t e am m em bers a ssig ned t o t h e t a sk a n d m ak in g s u re t h at t h e t a sk i s c o m ple te d .
T he S is u se d to id en tif y m em bers o f th e fiv ep ers o n te am w ho w ill su pport an d/o r assis t th e in div id ual r e sp onsib le . S im ple R M s l ik e t h is o ne a re u se fu l n ot o nly f o r o rg an iz in g a n d a ssig nin g r e sp onsib ilitie s f o r s m all p ro je cts b ut a ls o f o r s u bpro je cts o f l a rg e, m ore c o m ple x p ro je cts . M ore c o m ple x R M s n ot o nly id en tif y in div id ual re sp onsib ilitie s b ut a ls o c la rif y c ritic al in te rfa ces b etw een u nits a n d in div id uals th at re q uir e c o ord in atio n. F or e x am ple , F ig ure 4 .8 is a n R M fo r a la rg er, m ore c o m ple x p ro je ct to d ev elo p a n ew p ie ce o f a u to m ate d e q uip m en t. N otic e th at w ith in e ac h c ell a n um eric c o din g s c h em e i s u se d to d efin e th e n atu re o f in volv em en t o n th at sp ecif ic ta sk . S uch a n R M e x te n ds th e W BS/O BS a n d p ro vid es a c le ar a n d c o ncis e m eth od f o r d ep ic tin g r e sp onsib ility , a u th ority , a n d c o m munic atio n c h an nels . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 4/3 5 P ag e 1 1 8 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F IG URE 4 .7 R esp on sib ilit y M atr ix f o r a M ark et R ese a rc h P ro je ct R esp onsib ility m atr ic es p ro vid e a m ean s fo r a ll p artic ip an ts in a p ro je ct to v ie w th eir re sp onsib ilitie s a n d a g re e o n t h eir a ssig nm en ts . T hey a ls o h elp c la rif y t h e e x te n t o r t y pe o f a u th ority e x erc is e d b y e ach p artic ip an t i n p erfo rm in g a n a ctiv ity in w hic h tw o o r m ore p artie s h av e o verla p pin g in volv em en t. B y u sin g a n R M a n d b y d efin in g a u th ority , r e sp onsib ility , a n d c o m munic atio ns w ith in its f ra m ew ork , th e r e la tio nsh ip b etw een d if f e re n t o rg an iz atio nal u nits a n d t h e w ork c o nte n t o f t h e p ro je ct i s m ad e c le ar.
P ro je ct C om munic atio n P la n O nce t h e p ro je ct d eliv era b le s a n d w ork a re c le arly i d en tif ie d , f o llo w in g u p w ith a n i n te rn al c o m munic atio n p la n i s v ita l. S to rie s ab ound o f p oor co m munic atio n as a m ajo r co ntr ib uto r to p ro je ct fa ilu re . H av in g a ro bust c o m munic atio ns p la n c an g o a lo ng w ay to w ard m itig atin g p ro je ct p ro ble m s a n d c an e n su re th at c u sto m ers , t e am m em bers , a n d o th er s ta k eh old ers h av e t h e i n fo rm atio n t o d o t h eir j o bs. T he c o m m unic atio n p la n is u su ally c re ate d b y th e p ro je ct m an ag er a n d/o r th e p ro je ct te am in th e e arly s ta g e o f p ro je ct p la n nin g. C om munic atio n is a k ey c o m ponen t in c o ord in atin g a n d tr a ck in g p ro je ct s c h ed ule s, is su es, a n d a ctio n ite m s. T he p la n m ap s o ut th e f lo w o f in fo rm atio n to d if f e re n t s ta k eh old ers a n d b eco m es a n in te g ra l p art o f th e o vera ll p ro je ct p la n . T he p urp ose o f a p ro je ct c o m munic atio n p la n i s t o e x pre ss w hat, w ho, h ow , a n d w hen i n fo rm atio n w ill b e t r a n sm itte d t o p ro je ct s ta k eh old ers s o s c h ed ule s, i s su es, a n d a ctio n i te m s c an b e t r a ck ed . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 5/3 5 P ag e 1 1 9 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F IG URE 4 .8 R esp on sib ilit y M atr ix f o r t h e C on vey or B elt P ro je ct 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 6/3 5 P ag e 1 20 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F IG URE 4 .9 S ta k eh old er C om munic a tio n s P ro je ct c o m munic atio n p la n s a d dre ss t h e f o llo w in g c o re q uestio ns: W hat i n fo rm atio n n eed s t o b e c o lle cte d a n d w hen ?
W ho w ill r e ceiv e t h e i n fo rm atio n?
W hat m eth ods w ill b e u se d t o g ath er a n d s to re i n fo rm atio n?
W hat a re t h e l im its , i f a n y, o n w ho h as a ccess t o c erta in k in ds o f i n fo rm atio n?
W hen w ill t h e i n fo rm atio n b e c o m munic ate d ?
H ow w ill i t b e c o m munic ate d ? D ev elo pin g a c o m munic atio n p la n t h at a n sw ers t h ese q uestio ns u su ally e n ta ils t h e f o llo w in g b asic s te p s: 1 . S ta k eh old er a n aly sis . I d en tif y t h e t a rg et g ro ups. T ypic al g ro ups c o uld b e t h e c u sto m er, s p onso r, p ro je ct t e am , p ro je ct o ff ic e, o r a n yone w ho n eed s p ro je ct i n fo rm atio n t o m ak e d ecis io ns a n d/o r c o ntr ib ute t o p ro je ct p ro gre ss. A c o m mon t o ol f o und i n p ra ctic e t o i n itia lly i d en tif y a n d a n aly ze m ajo r p ro je ct s ta k eh old ers ' c o m munic atio n n eed s i s p re se n te d i n F ig ure 4 .9 .
2 H ow a n d w hat i s c o m munic ate d i s i n flu en ced b y t h e s ta k eh old er i n te re st a n d p ow er. S om e o f t h ese s ta k eh old ers m ay h av e t h e p ow er e ith er t o b lo ck o r e n han ce y our p ro je ct. B y i d en tif y in g s ta k eh old ers a n d p rio ritiz in g t h em o n t h e “ P ow er/I n te re st” m ap , y ou c an p la n t h e t y pe a n d f re q uen cy o f c o m munic atio ns n eed ed . ( M ore o n s ta k eh old ers w ill b e d is c u sse d i n C hap te r 1 0 . ) F or e x am ple , o n a ty pic al p ro je ct y ou w an t to m an ag e c lo se ly th e p ro fe ssio nals d oin g th e w ork , w hile y ou w an t t o s a tis fy s e n io r m an ag em en t a n d p ro je ct 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 7/3 5 P ag e 1 21 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . s p onso r w ith perio dic update s. U nio ns an d opera tio n m an ag ers in te re ste d in cap acity w ould b e so m eo ne y ou w ould w an t to k eep in fo rm ed , w hile y ou w ould o nly n eed to p ro vid e g en era l i n fo rm atio n t o t h e l e g al, p ublic r e la tio ns, a n d o th er d ep artm en ts . 2 . I n fo rm atio n n eed s. W hat i n fo rm atio n i s p ertin en t t o s ta k eh old ers w ho c o ntr ib ute t o t h e p ro je ct's p ro gre ss? T he s im ple st a n sw er t o t h is q uestio n c an b e o bta in ed b y a sk in g t h e d if f e re n t p eo ple w hat i n fo rm atio n t h ey n eed a n d w hen t h ey n eed i t. F or e x am ple , t o p m an ag em en t n eed s t o k now h ow t h e p ro je ct i s p ro gre ssin g, w heth er i t i s e n co unte rin g c ritic al p ro ble m s, a n d t h e e x te n t t o w hic h p ro je ct g oals a re b ein g r e aliz ed . T his i n fo rm atio n i s r e q uir e d s o t h at t h ey c an m ak e s tr a te g ic d ecis io ns a n d m an ag e t h e p ortf o lio o f p ro je cts . P ro je ct t e am m em bers n eed t o s e e s c h ed ule s, t a sk l is ts , s p ecif ic atio ns, a n d t h e l ik e, s o t h ey k now w hat n eed s t o b e d one n ex t. E xte rn al g ro ups n eed t o k now a n y c h an ges i n t h e s c h ed ule a n d p erfo rm an ce r e q uir e m en ts o f t h e c o m ponen ts t h ey a re p ro vid in g. F re q uen t i n fo rm atio n n eed s f o und i n c o m munic atio n p la n s a re : P ro je ct s ta tu s r e p orts D eliv era b le i s su es C han ges i n s c o pe T eam s ta tu s m eetin gs G atin g d ecis io ns A ccep te d r e q uest c h an ges A ctio n i te m s M ile sto ne r e p orts 3 . S ou rc es o f i n fo rm atio n . W hen t h e i n fo rm atio n n eed s a re i d en tif ie d , t h e n ex t s te p i s t o d ete rm in e t h e s o urc es o f i n fo rm atio n. T hat i s , w here d oes t h e i n fo rm atio n r e sid e? H ow w ill i t b e c o lle cte d ? F or e x am ple , i n fo rm atio n r e la tin g t o t h e m ile sto ne r e p ort, t e am m eetin gs, a n d p ro je ct s ta tu s m eetin gs w ould b e f o und i n t h e m in ute s a n d r e p orts o f v ario us g ro ups. 4 . D is se m in atio n m od es. I n t o day 's w orld , t r a d itio nal s ta tu s r e p ort m eetin gs a re b ein g s u pple m en te d b y e m ail, t e le co nfe re n cin g, S hare P oin t, a n d a v arie ty o f d ata b ase s h arin g p ro gra m s t o c ir c u la te i n fo rm atio n. I n p artic u la r, m an y c o m pan ie s a re u sin g t h e W eb t o c re ate a “ v ir tu al p ro je ct o ff ic e” t o s to re p ro je ct i n fo rm atio n. P ro je ct m an ag em en t s o ftw are f e ed s i n fo rm atio n d ir e ctly t o t h e W eb s ite s o t h at d if f e re n t p eo ple h av e i m med ia te a ccess t o r e le v an t p ro je ct i n fo rm atio n. I n s o m e c ase s, a p pro pria te i n fo rm atio n i s r o ute d a u to m atic ally t o k ey s ta k eh old ers . B ack up p ap er h ard co py t o s p ecif ic s ta k eh old ers i s s till c ritic al f o r m an y p ro je ct c h an ges a n d a ctio n i te m s. 5 . R esp on sib ilit y a n d t im in g. D ete rm in e w ho w ill s e n d o ut t h e i n fo rm atio n. F or e x am ple , a c o m mon p ra ctic e i s t o h av e s e cre ta rie s o f m eetin gs f o rw ard t h e m in ute s o r s p ecif ic i n fo rm atio n t o t h e a p pro pria te s ta k eh old ers . I n s o m e c ase s t h e r e sp onsib ility l ie s w ith t h e p ro je ct m an ag er o r p ro je ct o ff ic e. T im in g a n d f re q uen cy o f d is tr ib utio n a p pro pria te t o t h e i n fo rm atio n n eed t o b e e sta b lis h ed . T he a d van ta g e o f e sta b lis h in g a c o m munic atio n p la n is th at in ste ad o f re sp ondin g to in fo rm atio n re q uests , y ou a re c o ntr o llin g th e flo w o f in fo rm atio n. T his re d uces c o nfu sio n a n d u nnecessa ry in te rru ptio ns, a n d it c an p ro vid e p ro je ct m an ag ers g re ate r a u to nom y. W hy? B y re p ortin g o n a re g ula r b asis h ow th in gs a re g oin g a n d w hat is h ap pen in g, y ou a llo w s e n io r m an ag em en t to f e el m ore c o m fo rta b le a b out le ttin g th e te am c o m ple te th e p ro je ct w ith out i n te rfe re n ce. S ee F ig ure 4 .1 0 f o r a s a m ple S hale O il R ese arc h P ro je ct C om munic atio n P la n . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 8/3 5 P ag e 1 22 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . F IG URE 4 .1 0 S hale O il R ese a rc h P ro je ct C om munic a tio n P la n T he im porta n ce o f e sta b lis h in g u pfro n t a p la n fo r c o m munic atin g im porta n t p ro je ct in fo rm atio n c an not b e o vers ta te d . M an y o f th e p ro ble m s th at p la g ue a p ro je ct c an b e tr a ced b ack to in su ff ic ie n t tim e d ev ote d to e sta b lis h in g a w ell g ro unded i n te rn al c o m munic atio n p la n .
S um mary T he pro je ct sc o pe defin itio n, prio ritie s, an d bre ak dow n str u ctu re are th e key s to nearly ev ery asp ect of m an ag in g th e p ro je ct. T he sc o pe d efin itio n p ro vid es fo cu s a n d e m phasis o n th e e n d ite m (s ) o f th e p ro je ct.
E sta b lis h in g p ro je ct p rio ritie s a llo w s m an ag ers to m ak e a p pro pria te tr a d eo ff d ecis io ns. T he str u ctu re h elp s e n su re a ll t a sk s o f t h e p ro je ct a re i d en tif ie d a n d p ro vid es t w o v ie w s o f t h e p ro je ct— one o n d eliv era b le s a n d o ne o n o rg an iz atio n re sp onsib ility . T he W BS a v oid s h av in g th e p ro je ct d riv en b y o rg an iz atio n fu nctio n o r b y a f in an ce s y ste m . T he s tr u ctu re f o rc es a tte n tio n t o r e alis tic r e q uir e m en ts o f p ers o nnel, h ard w are , a n d b udgets . U se o f t h e s tr u ctu re p ro vid es a p ow erfu l f ra m ew ork f o r p ro je ct c o ntr o l t h at i d en tif ie s d ev ia tio ns f ro m p la n , i d en tif ie s r e sp onsib ility , a n d s p ots a re as f o r im pro ved p erfo rm an ce. N o w ell d ev elo ped p ro je ct p la n o r c o ntr o l s y ste m is p ossib le w ith out a d is c ip lin ed , str u ctu re d ap pro ach . T he W BS, O BS, an d co st acco unt co des p ro vid e th is d is c ip lin e. T he W BS w ill s e rv e a s t h e d ata b ase f o r d ev elo pin g t h e p ro je ct n etw ork w hic h e sta b lis h es t h e t im in g o f w ork , p eo ple , e q uip m en t, a n d c o sts . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 2 9/3 5 P ag e 1 23 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . P B S is o fte n u se d fo r p ro cessb ase d p ro je cts w ith ill d efin ed d eliv era b le s. In sm all p ro je cts r e sp onsib ility m atr ic es m ay b e u se d t o c la rif y i n div id ual r e sp onsib ility . C le arly d efin in g y our p ro je ct i s t h e f ir s t a n d m ost i m porta n t s te p i n p la n nin g. T he a b se n ce o f a c le arly d efin ed p ro je ct p la n c o nsis te n tly s h ow s u p a s th e m ajo r r e aso n f o r p ro je ct f a ilu re s. W heth er y ou u se a W BS, P B S, o r re sp onsib ility m atr ix w ill d ep en d p rim arily o n th e s iz e a n d n atu re o f y our p ro je ct. W hate v er m eth od y ou u se , d efin itio n o f y our p ro je ct s h ould b e a d eq uate to a llo w f o r g ood c o ntr o l a s th e p ro je ct is b ein g i m ple m en te d . F ollo w u p w ith a c le ar c o m munic atio n p la n fo r c o ord in atin g a n d tr a ck in g p ro je ct p ro gre ss w ill h elp k eep i m porta n t s ta k eh old ers i n fo rm ed a n d a v oid s o m e p ote n tia l p ro ble m s. K ey T erm s C ost a cco unt, 1 1 3 M ile sto ne, 1 03 O rg an iz atio n b re ak dow n s tr u ctu re ( O BS), 1 1 3 P rio rity m atr ix , 1 06 P ro cess b re ak dow n s tr u ctu re ( P B S), 1 1 6 P ro je ct c h arte r, 1 05 R esp onsib ility m atr ix , 1 1 7 S co pe c re ep , 1 05 S co pe s ta te m en t, 1 05 W BS d ic tio nary , 1 1 6 W ork b re ak dow n s tr u ctu re ( W BS), 1 08 W ork p ack ag e, 1 11 R ev ie w Q uestio n s 1 . W hat a re t h e s ix e le m en ts o f a t y pic al s c o pe s ta te m en t? 2 . W hat q uestio ns d oes a p ro je ct o bje ctiv e a n sw er? W hat w ould b e a n e x am ple o f a g ood p ro je ct o bje ctiv e? 3 . W hat d oes i t m ean i f t h e p rio ritie s o f a p ro je ct i n clu de: T im ec o nstr a in , S co pea ccep t, a n d C ost e n han ce? 4 . W hat k in ds o f i n fo rm atio n a re i n clu ded i n a w ork p ack ag e? 5 . W hen w ould i t b e a p pro pria te t o c re ate a r e sp onsib ility m atr ix r a th er t h an a f u ll b lo w n W BS? 6 . H ow d oes a c o m munic atio n p la n b en efit m an ag em en t o f p ro je cts ? E xerc is e s 1 . Y ou a re i n c h arg e o f o rg an iz in g a d in ner d an ce c o ncert f o r a l o cal c h arity . Y ou h av e r e se rv ed a h all t h at w ill s e at 3 0 c o uple s a n d h av e h ir e d a j a zz c o m bo. a . D ev elo p a s c o pe s ta te m en t f o r t h is p ro je ct t h at c o nta in s e x am ple s o f a ll t h e e le m en ts .
A ssu m e t h at t h e e v en t w ill o ccu r i n 4 w eek s a n d p ro vid e y our b est g uess e stim ate o f t h e d ate s f o r m ile sto nes. b . W hat w ould t h e p rio ritie s l ik ely b e f o r t h is p ro je ct? 2 . I n s m all g ro ups, i d en tif y r e al l if e e x am ple s o f a p ro je ct t h at w ould f it e ach o f t h e f o llo w in g p rio rity s c en ario s: 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 3 0/3 5 a . T im ec o nstr a in , S co pee n han ce, C ost a ccep t b . T im ea ccep t, S co pec o nstr a in , C ost a ccep t c . T im ec o nstr a in , S co pea ccep t, C ost e n han ce 3 . D ev elo p a W BS f o r a p ro je ct i n w hic h y ou a re g oin g t o b uild a b ic y cle . T ry t o i d en tif y a ll o f t h e m ajo r c o m ponen ts a n d p ro vid e t h re e l e v els o f d eta il. 4 . Y ou a re t h e f a th er o r m oth er o f a f a m ily o f f o ur ( k id s a g es 1 3 a n d 1 5) p la n nin g a w eek en d c am pin g t r ip . D ev elo p a r e sp onsib ility m atr ix f o r t h e w ork t h at n eed s t o b e d one p rio r t o s ta rtin g y our t r ip . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 3 1/3 5 P ag e 1 24 5 . P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . D ev elo p a W BS f o r a l o cal s ta g e p la y. B e s u re t o i d en tif y t h e d eliv era b le s a n d o rg an iz atio nal u nits ( p eo ple ) r e sp onsib le . H ow w ould y ou c o de y our s y ste m ? G iv e a n e x am ple o f t h e w ork p ack ag es i n o ne o f y our c o st a cco unts . D ev elo p a c o rre sp ondin g O BS w hic h i d en tif ie s w ho i s r e sp onsib le f o r w hat. 6 . U se a n e x am ple o f a p ro je ct y ou a re f a m ilia r w ith o r a re i n te re ste d i n . I d en tif y t h e d eliv era b le s a n d o rg an iz atio nal u nits ( p eo ple ) r e sp onsib le . H ow w ould y ou c o de y our s y ste m ? G iv e a n e x am ple o f t h e w ork p ack ag es i n o ne o f y our c o st a cco unts . 7 . D ev elo p a c o m munic atio n p la n f o r a n a ir p ort s e cu rity p ro je ct. T he p ro je ct e n ta ils i n sta llin g t h e h ard w are a n d s o ftw are s y ste m t h at ( 1 ) s c an s a p asse n ger's e y es, ( 2 ) f in gerp rin ts t h e p asse n ger, a n d ( 3 ) t r a n sm its t h e i n fo rm atio n t o a c en tr a l l o catio n f o r e v alu atio n. 8 . G o t o a n I n te rn et s e arc h e n gin e ( e .g ., G oogle ) a n d t y pe i n “ p ro je ct c o m munic atio n p la n .” C heck t h re e o r f o ur t h at h av e “ .g ov” a s t h eir s o urc e. H ow a re t h ey s im ila r o r d is sim ila r? W hat w ould b e y our c o nclu sio n c o ncern in g t h e i m porta n ce o f a n i n te rn al c o m munic atio n p la n ? 9 . Y our r o om mate i s a b out t o s u bm it a s c o pe s ta te m en t f o r a s p rin g c o ncert s p onso re d b y t h e e n te rta in m en t c o uncil a t W este rn E verg re en S ta te U niv ers ity ( W ESU ). W ESU i s a r e sid en tia l u niv ers ity w ith o ver 2 2,0 00 s tu den ts . T his w ill b e t h e f ir s t t im e i n s ix y ears s in ce W ESU s p onso re d a s p rin g c o ncert. T he e n te rta in m en t c o uncil h as b udgete d $ 40,0 00 f o r t h e p ro je ct. T he e v en t i s t o o ccu r o n J u ne 5 th . S in ce y our r o om mate k now s y ou a re t a k in g a c la ss o n p ro je ct m an ag em en t s h e h as a sk ed y ou t o r e v ie w h er s c o pe s ta te m en t a n d m ak e s u ggestio ns f o r i m pro vem en t. S he c o nsid ers t h e c o ncert a r e su m eb uild in g e x perie n ce a n d w an ts t o b e a s p ro fe ssio nal a s p ossib le . B elo w i s a d ra ft o f h er s c o pe s ta te m en t. W hat s u ggestio ns w ould y ou m ak e a n d w hy?
W ESU S prin g M usic C on cert P ro je ct O bje ctiv e T o o rg an iz e a n d d eliv er a 6 h our m usic c o ncert D eliv era b le s C oncert s e cu rity C onta ct l o cal n ew sp ap ers a n d r a d io s ta tio ns S ep ara te b eer g ard en S ix h ours o f m usic al e n te rta in m en t D esig n a c o m mem ora tiv e c o ncert t s h ir t L ocal s p onso rs F ood v en ues E ven t i n su ra n ce S afe e n vir o nm en t M ile sto n es 1 . S ecu re a ll p erm is sio ns a n d a p pro vals 2 . S ig n b ig n am e a rtis t 3 . C onta ct s e co ndary a rtis ts 4 . S ecu re v en dor c o ntr a cts 5 . A dvertis in g c am paig n 6 . P la n s e t u p 7 . C oncert 8 . C le an u p 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 3 2/3 5 P ag e 1 25 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . T ech nic a l R eq uir e m en ts 1 . P ro fe ssio nal s o und s ta g e a n d s y ste m 2 . A t l e ast f iv e p erfo rm in g a cts 3 . R estr o om f a cilitie s 4 . P ark in g 5 . C om plia n ce w ith W ESU a n d c ity r e q uir e m en ts /o rd in an ces L im it s a n d E xclu sio n s S eatin g c ap acity f o r 8 ,0 00 s tu den ts .
P erfo rm ers a re r e sp onsib le f o r t r a v el a rra n gem en t t o a n d f ro m W ESU .
P erfo rm ers m ust p ro vid e o w n l ia b ility i n su ra n ce.
P erfo rm ers a n d s e cu rity p ers o nnel w ill b e p ro vid ed l u nch a n d d in ner o n t h e d ay o f t h e c o ncert.
V en dors c o ntr ib ute 2 5 p erc en t o f s a le s t o c o ncert f u nd.
C oncert m ust b e o ver a t 1 2:1 5 A .M . C usto m er R ev ie w : W ESU R efe re n ces A sh le y, D . B ., e t a l., “ D ete rm in an ts o f C onstr u ctio n P ro je ct S uccess,” P ro je ct M anagem en t J o urn al , 1 8 ( 2 ) J u ne 1 987, p . 7 2.
C hilm era n , A . H ., “ K eep in g C osts o n T ra ck ,” P M N etw ork , 1 9 ( 2 ) 2 004, p p. 4 5–51. G ary , L . “ W ill P ro je ct S co pe C ost Y ou— Or C re ate V alu e?” H arv a rd M anagem en t U pdate , J a n uary 2 005.
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R az, T ., a n d S . G lo bers o n, “ E ff e ctiv e S iz in g a n d C onte n t D efin itio n o f W ork P ack ag es,” P ro je ct M anagem en t J o urn al , 2 9 ( 4 ) 1 998, p p. 1 7–23. T he S ta n dis h G ro up, C H AO S S um mary 2 009 , p p. 1 –4. T ate , K ., a n d K . H en drix , “ C harte rin g I T P ro je cts ,” P ro ceed in gs, 3 0th A nnual, P ro je ct M anagem en t I n stitu te ( P hila d elp hia , P A . 1 999), C D . 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 3 4/3 5 P ag e 1 26 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d . C ase M an ch este r U nit e d S occer C lu b N ic o le tte L ars o n w as lo ad in g th e d is h w ash er w ith h er h usb an d, K ev in , a n d te llin g h im a b out th e f ir s t m eetin g o f th e M an ch este r U nite d T ourn am en t O rg an iz in g C om mitte e. N ic o le tte , a s e lf c o nfe sse d “ so ccer m om ,” h ad b een e le cte d t o urn am en t d ir e cto r a n d w as r e sp onsib le f o r o rg an iz in g t h e c lu b's f ir s t s u m mer t o urn am en t. M an ch este r U nite d S occer C lu b ( M USC ) lo cate d in M an ch este r, N ew H am psh ir e , w as f o rm ed in 1 992 a s a w ay o f b rin gin g r e cre atio nal p la y ers to a h ig her le v el o f c o m petitio n a n d p re p arin g th em f o r th e S ta te O ly m pic D ev elo pm en t P ro gra m a n d/o r h ig h s c h oo l t e am s. T he c lu b c u rre n tly h as 2 4 b oys a n d g ir ls ( ra n gin g i n a g e f ro m u nder 9 to 1 6) o n te am s a ff ilia te d w ith th e H am psh ir e S occer A sso cia tio n a n d th e G ra n ite S ta te G ir ls S occer L eag ue. T he c lu b's b o ard o f d ir e cto rs d ecid ed i n t h e f a ll t o s p onso r a s u m mer i n vita tio nal s o ccer t o urn am en t t o g en era te r e v en ue. G iv en t h e b oom i n y ou th s o ccer, h ostin g s u m mer t o urn am en ts h as b eco m e a p opula r m eth od f o r r a is in g f u nds. M USC t e am s r e g ula rly c o m pete i n t h re e t o f o ur t o urn am en ts e ach s u m mer a t d if f e re n t l o cale s i n N ew E ngla n d. T hese to urn am en ts h av e b een r e p orte d to g en era te b etw een $ 50,0 00 a n d $ 70,0 00 f o r th e h ost c lu b. M USC n eed s a d ditio nal r e v en ue to r e fu rb is h a n d e x pan d th e n um ber o f s o ccer f ie ld s a t th e R ock R im mon s o ccer c o m ple x . F unds w ould a ls o b e u se d t o a u gm en t t h e c lu b's s c h ola rs h ip p ro gra m , w hic h p ro vid es f in an cia l a id t o p la y ers w ho c an not a ff o rd t h e $ 450 a n nual c lu b d ues. N ic o le tte gav e her husb an d a blo w b yb lo w acco unt of w hat tr a n sp ir e d durin g th e fir s t to urn am en t c o m mitte e m eetin g th at n ig ht. S he sta rte d th e m eetin g b y h av in g ev ery one in tr o duce th em se lv es an d b y p ro cla im in g h ow e x cite d s h e w as th at th e c lu b w as g oin g to s p onso r its o w n to urn am en t. S he th en s u ggeste d t h at th e c o m mitte e b ra in sto rm w hat n eed ed to b e d one to p ull o ff th e e v en t; s h e w ould r e co rd th eir id eas o n a f lip ch art. W hat e m erg ed w as a f re efo r a ll o f i d eas a n d s u ggestio ns. O ne m em ber i m med ia te ly s tr e sse d t h e i m porta n ce o f h av in g q ualif ie d r e fe re es a n d s p en t s e v era l m in ute s d esc rib in g in d eta il h ow h is s o n's te am w as r o bbed in a p oorly o ff ic ia te d ch am pio nsh ip g am e. T his w as fo llo w ed b y o th er sto rie s o f in ju stic e o n th e so ccer fie ld .
A noth er m em ber s u ggeste d th at th ey n eed ed to q uic k ly c o nta ct th e lo cal c o lle g es to s e e if th ey c o uld u se th eir f ie ld s. T he c o m mitte e s p en t m ore th an 3 0 m in ute s ta lk in g a b out h ow th ey s h ould s c re en te am s a n d h ow m uch t h ey s h ould c h arg e a s a n e n tr y f e e. A n a rg um en t b ro ke o ut o ver w heth er t h ey s h ould r e w ard t h e w in nin g t e am s i n e a ch a g e b ra ck et w ith m ed als o r tr o phie s. M an y m em bers fe lt th at m ed als w ere to o c h eap , w hile o th ers t h ought th e tr o phie s w ould b e to o e x pen siv e. S om eo ne s u ggeste d th at th ey s e ek lo cal c o rp ora te s p onso rs to h elp f u nd th e to urn am en t. T he p ro pose d s a le o f to urn am en t T s h ir ts a n d s w eats h ir ts w as f o llo w ed b y a g en era l c ritiq ue o f th e d if f e re n t s h ir ts p are n ts h ad a cq uir e d a t d if f e re n t to urn am en ts . O ne m em ber a d vocate d th at th ey r e cru it a n a rtis t h e k new to d ev elo p a u n iq ue s ilk s c re en d esig n f o r th e to urn am en t. T he m eetin g a d jo urn ed 3 0 m in ute s l a te w ith o nly h alf o f t h e m em bers r e m ain in g u ntil t h e e n d. N ic o le tte d ro ve h om e w ith s e v en s h eets o f i d eas a n d a h ead ach e. 7 /1 5/2 017 U niv ers ity o f P hoenix : P ro je ct M anagem ent: T he M anageria l P ro cess h ttp s://p hoenix .v ita ls ourc e.c om /# /b ooks/1 259822338/c fi/6 /3 0!/4 /2 48/2 /2 @ 0:0 3 5/3 5 P ag e 1 27 P R IN TED B Y: lttle m nta te @ em ail.p hoen ix .e d u. P rin tin g is f o r p erso nal, p riv ate u se o nly . N o p art o f th is b ook m ay b e r e p ro duced o r tr a n sm itte d w ith out p ublis h er's p rio r p erm is sio n. V io la to rs w ill b e p ro se cu te d .