Project Management....

ar Perforfiwr: Safeco Field ,Trmmffiq$*ffi w ffiwwwmfuwxffiffi ffiSemffiffiwxrc , :i surprises. ln 2001, the Seoille Moriners won o record{ying I l6 wins in regulor- i-'they were eliminoted during lhe Americon leogue ployoffs, so the winningest rc*:,: ' didn'l mske il to the World Series. Ihd up-ond-down feeling chororterized I :'icfero Field, the Moriners'slole-of-the-ort stodium thot opened in July 1999. The rc: design ond ll-ocre, lhree-piece relroctoble roof mode il on exriling proied for oinl venlure leom Hunt-Kiewit. Bul the biggest chollenge wos lhe orceleroled :98, lhe proiecl wos plunging foruord on o foillrock srhedule when J. C Brummond, ' for lhe new hoseboll complex, took time lo exploin how fie intense xhedule wos ?E :,-: gd.

, disployed in Brummond's offire wos o simple thoil romporing fie normol 50-monfi v : i:,lpork of this size ond lhe fo${rock, 34-monlh schedule for Sofeco Field. "Ihis chort *rrne icry," soid Brummond, o 25-yeor veleron of fie conslruction indudry who hos buih r -:,- :n islond ot Prudhoe Boy h bus lunnels in Seoflle ond freewoy bridges in Howsii. As r:s.*ock projerls, the speed of conslruction come wifi o price. "There ore o lhousond r, -: cosl of ftis proied is dimbing, but lhey oll come bock-in whole or in porl-10 0n r*:rle," sqid Brummond. (See tigure 12.7.) .,',: 'the prodice of beginning tonslrudion before design is tomplele, is inherenlly risky , n'ir-5 Jp lhe posibility of wrong ossumplions ond subsequenl rework. At Sofeco tield, fost- G x 'runy coses where design modificotions ond detoil drowings were releosed the some :r thol port of fie struclure wos poured. Brummond emphosized fie unusuol siluolion: :rowings up unlil fie time o{ pour. I tolled it iust-in-time design." Amozingly, lhe :n srhedule. Bd the relenlles po(e wos bolonred by predichble, bd unovoidoble, cost OVERTIME r:r- ihe men ond women on fie sile worked overlime. Ien-hour doys were common, ond :;inued over weekends. Wth the overoge overlime role ot lime ond o holf (50 percent -r 'egulor woge), il's eosy lo underslond why these tosls inseosed. INEFFI(IENfl OF OVERTIII|IT r ..rerlime is fiol one person (0n occomplish 80 hours of work by working eifier Mo 40- :r ry working l2 hours o doy for seven doys stroight. Ihe reolity is different, porliculorly : !r',:j(01 lobor. "Brkkloyers ore o good exomple," Brummond exploined. "Brkkloying is E- nork. You con'l speed brirkwork with overlime, betouse you weor oul lhe loborers. Ihe ,s; ng morginol returns opplies lo everyone on lhis sile. 5o oll the exlro overlime helps :-t lhe overlime hours qren'l os produrlive." :iri}.L{*..{}x Typical Ballpark ,"i mony (onstrudl: :: tor exomplel , the brum sizes - rl :;r6s," soid Brum-rt -,rdrl.,oll'd to' :,-'l '; lsrnPuler-ussislec :4 : ,he minimum siz: I -:teriols (conaele r'': 1 :ilm sizes, some c'-q ,{l 1.-lBase building design 50 months Tenant program ffi lncorporale tenant design r--, --_l Construction Safeco Field Site selection l- 34 months OPe^ -. grgo I I ttgs lBase building design I E I Mariners'tenant program I w I lncorporate tenant design I Construction I FIGURE L2.7 Fast-tracking a baseball stadium. IATE DESIGN PRODU(ED INORT CON(URRENT WORK "ldeolly, we would hove slorled with lhe mosl complex port of the slrudure, fie oreo behind home plole," exploined Brummond, "ond fien worked both left ond right oround lhe pork, meeling in (enter field." But wilh design slill in progres, ronslrurlion begon in center field insteod. Ihen losl- minule chonges to fte scoreboord design forced conslrudion to begin in right cenler field ond proreed clorkwise oround lhe pork in one diredion only. "There ure limils lo how mony people you ron slork on ony porl of this pork before lhey slort lo gel in eoch ofier's woy. lf we could hove worked two direclions ol lhe some lime, lhere would hove been mony more opporlunilies for efficiency. (oncrele, for instonre. We could hove hod the pouring ond Iinishing oews ohernoling between the two sides of fie slodium, keeping both of them busy ond od of eorh olhert woy." S(HEDUTE PRESSURE (UT TIIVIE TO PI.AN TOR COST SAVINGS Normolly, fie engineers ond orchilecls hove on opporlunity lo scrub lhe design for con$rudibility issues-modificotions lhot moke the slrudure more effidenl lo build. Wilh fte inlense schedule :oving oul the'tin': r -re onchor bolts ui:: I :roblem' Agoin '- t :toduting o desig- { ihe lsg bolB lho' r'r lor the aohsme- 'd become oPPuren' :{ il[:ffi\:\ll:$ over throughou' r :rr1 of keeping li: I ;"rbtonlrudors wr' *d :reu before onol'3'.1 :hey con, lhis lYP: :r1 ,he August 1998 -r hollwuY outside :'tq there hqd been ': I lhe PiPes inlo lF: ! to$'lrutking s rr demonded thr I sPotes, holes 'rd olher servite I trom fie teil -';' iusl one mc': t nolebook he r 246 .:- :0nstrudibilily issues weren'l idenlified until lhey hod olreody become obstocles on . ,,:-Dle:

:-1.':'-ossisled design opllmized every tonrrele beum in lhe slodium, designing eoch one lil tr -'rum size for ils slruclurol requiremenls. While lhd redured lhe lolol omounl of 116lr", r- :ln(rele ond reinforcing sleel) needed to build these beoms, il resuhed in over 900 rurnrrr' ,-:.i some of them only froclions of on inrh in difference. "They should hsve stsndordized fl m :i:r sizes in lhe design sloge, berouse slondord sizes moke il more effirienl to build the rmlrrflT, ::d Brummond. "ln lhis busines you focus on lobor lo (ut (0$s." Agoin, o fosl-lrock imrllrr- ; ::iled for building port of the ilrudure before design for olher purls wos tomplele- Hr, -: : -i the lime neresory lo reevoluole the design for construoihility cosl sovings. '1rlr :- -:: bolts used lo ile lhe slrurlurol sleel lo fie rosl-in-ploce conrrele slrurlure hod o similor nr,r.- lgoin, lhe ronrrele rolumns, beoms, ond sheor wolls were oplimized for molerioh, rrr:- ': 0 design where fte reinforting sleel wos so lightly potked there wos horely room for mr :::lllsthol$irkupfromthetopsof thecolumns,beoms,ondslobs. Ihismodeitimposible nrr -: :roilsmen selling lhe log bolts to pd lhem in exodly the right ploce-o problem thot n,rl:-: rpporenl every lime o crone lifted o piece of slruclurol steel to be otlqrhed ond ils holes r :- i otch the bolts. "So lhen you hove o bunch of sleelworken $onding oround while lhe old r . : ' roh is rut off ond q new one is inslolled in fte righl posilion. We hit fiis prohlem over ond . '-'oughoul lhe ereclion of the steel." NO TIME TO PI.AN FOR ETII(IENCY rrn : ,:eping fie cosls down on o big conslrudion proieel is ihinking through how oll the different uur:--:c1ors will work logelher-for exomple, which subconlroclor needs lo deliver mqleriok lo on m"{: :.'lre onolher puls up lhe wolls. Bul on o fosl-lrock proied, wilh everyone working os fosl us rN :- this type of plonning ohen folls by the woyside, with predktoble resuhs. For inslonce, during nr -.::sl 1998 tour, o number of 20-ond 40-fool copper pipes, four inrhes in diomeler, sol in o rrm ,:, outside of rooms lhol lhey should have been in. When lhey were delivered only doys before, r',,: -:d been no hollwoys or r00ms hersuse fte wqlls hodn'l been built. il rosl exlro lohor lo gel r': : ::s inlo lhe right rooms lo be inslolled. REWORK :r "ocking's most prediooble risk is rework, ond Sofero Field sow plenly. Since the schedule :+-:rded lhol lhe shucture's (on(rele be poured before the commerciol lenonls hod designed their ;,:::s, holes hod to he cd ftrough lhe ronrrele for mony of the droin lines, woler pipes, cobles, ond :-:'service lines. When o huge oir dud wos inslolled ofter the fire sprinkler lines hod been hung -:r the ceiling, lhe dud wos blorked by some of lhe sprinkler lines. Erummond poinled lhis oul os ...- one m0re exomple of the cost of huilding before compleling design, lhen recorded il in o ':':book he rorried wifi him ron$onily. "When lhey inslqlled il, lhere wss no woy the people who T VIORX - : --i_- -e- _- -_ tflrfllfltr[It . ,-. t '-', , -i"r,irrflr , -+'fiotii .a :. - - - ,-....-.-- ;'"mnu11l . _ liilt!ffill - : l- .:

,-.-- --- -irilnl]llfilj tillifll illl [/tc r _ - -t,i]lililtilIlfl j -"r-- .- ,. :rffilftlillt{r 247 ,i.,.ti ;i. ,s.lrr*lrii;i .;i11:-*,.1e, '.si''l t :; ,,iSil t: ilirt iiifl' 9t:.,$...&\{iiri{;ii.:t'lliiiii!, :,i:t r{l:}:ir:r{ll:r,!irii l*r t1i i pdinfiolsprinklerlinecouldknowlholvenlwouldromelhroughhere.Bulnowlheyho',: :,mu,r, lhol line." SPECIAT TOUIPMENT To speed fie schedule, four lorge lower (rones were ploced ol lhe four corners of lhe :,: :i- ollowing the exlerior slrurlure ond the seoling slru(lures lo be roised sl lhe some lime. Ih: ---:-*r rul us much us six monlhs off the srhedule, bul lhe lower (rones were significonily more :,:.*. ! lhon convenlionol lrock-mounted mobile crones. Nol every innovulion wos more expensive. Rolher lhon huilding wooden forms for sor: : ar (qirs ond olher roncrele slrudures in fie slonds, fie conslrudion leom decided lo pour lhe ::-:-:.n over Styrofoom blorks. "The Styrofoom is lighter-weight, won'l rot, ond it tokes 0 guy 0l,:"-' , minules lo cul fie blocks. h's o lol fosler thon plywood." The derision lo fosllrock o proiecl is olwoys o risky one, ond il ulwoys comes dou- ': :,* question: Whkh is more imporlonl, cosl or srhedule? For fie Seoille Moriners, moving to l':' -a stodium immediolely following lhe All-Stqr breok in .l999 wos lhe dominonl fodor. The (on!--.- rl leom, orchilerls, engineen, ond the publir ogency overseeing ronslrudion of the bollpork 0l .i { ".1 inlo this fosl]rock proied wilh fteir eyes open, 0w0re of the risks. ln Augusl 1998, holfwoy'-':-:: the conslruction srhedule, the budgel for the stodium hod heen roised from 54l7 million i: :-: million; this wos due lo mony foclon, induding increosed scope ond undereslimoling lhe origi:: ::" But fiere is no denying lhot o porlion of the budget increose wos due lo lhe pore of fie work :-: -, ineviloble inefficienries lhol come wilh it. When fie stodium opened, on lime, in July 1999, the finol budget hod been revised tc :: million. Sofeco Field hos been filled ever since, wilh fons who love lo wolch bosebqll in fiis be:.--. pork.

Sounes: Inlerview wilh J. (. Brummond, Projed Monoger, Hunl-Kiewit Joinl Venlure, August 25, 1998; "M's /,' -: 0verruns," Sesfllefines, July 21, 1998, Al, All. ;rcllar Perj Frogram I nt*6xee*et Des'ry$wgsil L l,oerng tomPunY of Sai l n:e The chollenge oi :'d rsrds of PeoPle whi : r ngtrl. Io meet these :d rryJion techniques ,ur.'ned in APril .1997 r '-: :LrPlone lo Delto A;' I r -:i. "The Progrom i'!E : :"cgrom Plonning or: r:,:'1m5, lhe Progrom 'e -*. ;er o deliverY dote : .:: : deliverY dole onc ...c onlY if it's bqsed oF nfiEi te(enl models we k m,:ng severol monfis u rr'- the deliverY dole I :c-:m uP. IoP-down x r4raled Producl leat l:-,remenls inlo spect :*::mposed inlo 2,600 --:iules were tied t - :stones tonstont, th L:-lm uP, lhot is, usit - : one lhing lo dele ,:u inlegrole lhe hr rrrribed lhe tomPlt :'edule. "The bqsit 2AA