This is a two parter a bibliogarphy and a 21 page paper to go with the current topic in which you are working on. Everything must be in APA format and cannot exceed 25% of originality (plagerism). Att

Security & Human Trafficking 47

Title Page

Abstract

The intent of this mixed method capstone is to determine how security professionals can successfully combat human trafficking. The issue of human trafficking produces challenges for law enforcement and security professionals worldwide. This capstone will challenge the reader by further defining human trafficking, identifying the scope and magnitude of this phenomenon, and examining the U.S.’s domestic legislative attempts to combat it. After considering all of these factors, there will be an examination of how human trafficking influences, or should influence, vulnerability assessments, risk analysis, and risk exposure strategies in security management.

Problem Statement

The problem this mixed method capstone will seek to address is how security managers can identify and implement proactive anti-human trafficking efforts. From a border security and immigration standpoint, the United States (U.S.) and United Nations (U.N.) have taken productive steps toward defining and combating human trafficking through legislation and traditional law enforcement. The threats associated to human trafficking have the potential to adversely effect corporations. If a company were found to support human trafficking through its human resource practices or if company executives are found to contribute to human trafficking through the hiring of undocumented housekeepers, prostitutes, or other individuals held in captivity, the executive’s personal safety and the company’s overall wellbeing could all be at stake. How are security strategies adjusted to account for human trafficking and the associated security and political concerns?

Purpose Statement

The purpose of this mixed method capstone is first to clearly define human trafficking and identify the steps taken, both nationally and internationally, to address this issue. Finally, there will be an examination of proactive measures being employed, or those that could be taken, by proprietary and contract security professionals to protect their clients from human trafficking concerns. Essentially, the aim is to examine practices employed by security professionals that educate human resources processes in an effort to avoid victims of human trafficking as well as traditional vulnerability and risk management practices aimed at reducing the likelihood of company assets being associated with human trafficking.

Research Questions

Q1. Which industries are at higher risk to be affected by human trafficking?

Q2. How can organizational risk exposure strategies be employed to combat human trafficking?

Q3. How do the private security and traditional law enforcement roles differ concerning human trafficking?

Q4. How can vulnerability assessment processes be used to identify the presence of human trafficking?

Key Points Addressed

P1. Human trafficking is a large problem in the United States and the International community.

P2. Law enforcement agencies have made steps toward better understanding human trafficking but there is still much progress yet to be made.

P3. Human Trafficking is not only a national security concern but also a concern for businesses and their security managers.

P4. Organizational risk exposure can be greatly reduced through a comprehensive human trafficking education program put in place by the security manager.

Methodology/Research Strategy

The research method selected as most appropriate for this study is the mixed method. The qualitative research will focus on gathering data related to the history and evolution of human trafficking both in the United States and abroad. This will provide context for further discussion. The qualitative research method will also be utilized to properly define the terms being utilized, to explore legislation put in place by the United States and the United Nations, and to identify standard security practices designed to combat human trafficking. The quantitative research method will be utilized to gather numerical data supporting the overall impact of human trafficking, to include the estimated number of victims, any adverse financial impacts that can be discovered, and any impact of law enforcement efforts to counter human trafficking.

Assumptions

One assumption is that quantitative data will be difficult to obtain due to the underground nature of human trafficking. Many non-profit organizations may have estimates, but vetted data may be limited. It is also assumed that data regarding private security approaches to human trafficking may be limited and may result in speculative reporting regarding the security industry’s approach to this phenomenon.

Scope

The scope of this capstone will focus on the efforts of security managers and will hopefully identify best practices and areas of improvement for security managers.

Limitations

The only limitation known is the time constraint preventing comprehensive research, which will result in a reduction of comprehensive data for consideration.

Human Trafficking: A Security Manager’s Developing Challenge

Many challenges face corporate interests and for businesses operating in an international environment, the risks are even greater. One issue that faces international law enforcement and private businesses, and has recently gained notoriety in popular culture, is human trafficking. Human trafficking, or trafficking in persons, is a term used to describe the movement of people for use in various industries. According to the U.S. Department of State (2014), the methodology of human trafficking can include “sex trafficking” of adults and children, “forced labor”, “bonded labor or debt bondage”, “involuntary domestic servitude”, “forced child labor”, and “unlawful recruitment and use of child soldiers” (p.19). Human trafficking is gaining traction as a 21st century epidemic, often noted as modern day slavery, and is even among one of the annual training requirements for U.S. military and Department of Defense employees. Human trafficking and forced labor are terms that are often confused. As noted in the aforementioned definition, human trafficking and forced labor are not the same; although, the term human trafficking is often used as a synonym for forced labor and vice-a-versa. It is important to note that human trafficking only describes the actual transportation of victims and does not address the reason for victim transport or type of captivity enforced thereafter. Forced labor, unlike human trafficking, involves the revocation of the freedoms of employees forced to work. Another common methodology of human trafficking is debt bondage. Debt bondage is similar to forced labor, but debt bondage often involves a scenario where a worker is charged a large monetary fee, often under the ruse being a recruiting fee or hiring fee, and they incur a large debt as a result. The employee starts their work already in a large amount of debt and they often find the salary they earn is far less than the salary they were promised when recruited. This scenario often results in the employee, who has large amounts of unpaid debt, continuing to work for a meager salary while trying to pay off the debt. This situation becomes an endless cycle with no resolution as the workers’ low wages prevent them from ever fully repaying the debt and thus, preventing them from being granted their freedom to leave. To further control their victims, the perpetrators of forced labor and debt bondage will often illegally sneak workers into a country and then threaten them with deportation or, in the event of a legal immigrant, they will hold their passport until their debt is paid, thus eliminating their ability to leave. There are several methods in which workers are denied basic freedoms and held in captivity, but regardless of how the act is committed, it is still detrimental. When considering the methodologies used in human trafficking, it is easy to mistakenly assume this is a rare phenomenon, is an uncommon issue, or at least an issue that does not occur within the boundaries of the United States. All of these assumptions would be incorrect. In fact, Miko (2006) reported, “there are an estimated two to four million people victimized by transnational human trafficking each year. Of those two to four million victims, it is estimated that 17,500 of them are smuggled into the United States annually” (para 2). While these statistics show that human trafficking within the United States accounts for less than one percent of global human trafficking, the epidemic still adversely affects American interests even when it occurs abroad. As participants in the global marketplace, corporations and their security managers must be keenly aware of the vulnerabilities and liabilities associated with human trafficking. Corporations are not the only entities that have had to develop systems for combating human trafficking; the issue has especially challenged law enforcement agencies and non-governmental organizations worldwide.

As human trafficking has become more wide spread and publicized, law enforcement agencies at all levels have been challenged with creating effective education programs, agency enforcement policies, and comprehensive mitigation strategies. While modest advances have been made toward creating a more educated police force, the progress has proven to be extremely slow. According to Farrell, McDevitt, and Fahy (2010), a national survey of law enforcement agencies revealed, “Less than one fifth of the agencies responding to the national survey had conducted any type of human trafficking training” (p.222). Farrell et al. (2010) went on to say, of those agencies that did conduct human trafficking training, “most (47%) used brief, in-service training sessions or only offered specialized regional training for a few investigators (43%)” (p.222). The results of this national survey establish a concern that traditional law enforcement is not trained nor equipped to fully combat human trafficking. To put it more plainly, law enforcement personnel are not currently able to combat human trafficking because they have ill-equipped training. A more current national survey could not be found so there is a possibility in more recent years police agencies have increased their focus toward human trafficking, but further research suggests otherwise. More comprehensive examination revealed an additional survey was taken a couple of years after the aforementioned national survey, yet it yielded similar results. In fact, the concern of inadequate training and preparation of police forces was more so substantiated as a result of this survey administered to law enforcement agencies in the State of Georgia. According to Grubb & Bennett (2012), “The Georgia Law Enforcement Survey [determined] that over 75% of all respondents reported that no human trafficking training took place within their agencies in the last four years” (p.496). Additionally, the survey found that in addition to a lack of proper training, most law enforcement agencies failed to establish specific protocols or polices focused on human trafficking. To wit, Grubb & Bennett (2012) reported “Only 6% of the respondents in the current study reported that their departments had such protocols or policies in place” (p.496). These results show that while law enforcement agencies have taken steps toward a better understanding this problem, there is still much progress yet to be made. With only one-fourth of the police population receiving training, it is easy to see how police are still unprepared. More recently, the U.S. Congress passed a bill titled, the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015. This bill directly addressed the inadequate law enforcement training issue by requiring the Department of Justice to provide specific, technical anti-trafficking training to Federal, State, and local law enforcement. The training will include effective methods for investigating covered offenders. Additionally the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 requires an annual report be produced, and provided to the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary. The annual report will show arrest, prosecution, and conviction data for trafficking related crimes. The President has not yet signed this bill, but in the event it is signed, there will presumably be a delay in enacting its requirements. Unfortunately, because of the ill preparedness evident in these surveys and in the need for Congress to formally hold law enforcement accountable, private security managers cannot trust traditional law enforcement alone to protect their businesses from the threats associated with human trafficking. Even when law enforcement personnel have a better understanding of the issue, their approach will be reactive in nature. Their impact would be limited to responding to citizen concerns regarding human trafficking. Certainly city, state, and the federal government will encourage community-policing initiatives, public awareness campaigns, and will encourage police agencies to increase their awareness of human trafficking, but ultimately law enforcement will primarily fulfill a reactive role in combating this issue. Unfortunately, even if they try to be proactive, law enforcement professionals will have a difficult time impacting human trafficking due to the covert nature in which it is conducted. Criminal gangs or other organized criminal groups are often responsible for the human trafficking that occurs internationally and within the United States. These gangs exercise excellent operational security; which makes it difficult for law enforcement to counteract them. Additionally, many corporations’ supply chains originate overseas, outside of the jurisdictional boundaries of U.S. based law enforcement agencies. As a result, even if U.S. law enforcement agencies were competent in battling human trafficking, these corporations would have to depend on foreign police forces to identify issues in the international supply chain locations. It is presumed many foreign governments and their law enforcement entities are replete with corruption and thus can’t be trusted to enforce anti trafficking protocols within their jurisdictions. For these reasons, security managers must develop and rely on their own proactive programs in order to identify human trafficking within their ranks.

At first glance, human trafficking can appear as solely a law enforcement issue, but human trafficking is not only a national security concern but also a concern for businesses and their security managers. In fact, international companies actually benefit from contributing to the fight against human trafficking by collaborating with international government entities, non-governmental agencies, and other private organizations. Security managers can make sure their corporations benefit by maintaining a proactive anti-trafficking program. A few of these benefits include avoiding criminal investigations, sanctions, and fines. An added benefit of a strong anti-trafficking program is the positive public image portrayed by showing proactive measures toward this increasingly well known global and social issue. Because human trafficking is seen as a human rights issue, a company who takes proactive measures to combat it would likely receive positive press, which would influence marketability and hopefully increase sales and profit. According to Fields (2013), “By taking action against human trafficking, companies protect their financial interests and promote themselves as being socially responsible” (para 3). A great example of this comes from a 2007 scandal involving allegations of child labor at a Gap clothing corporation’s sub-contracted facility in India. The incident resulted in poor publicity; but Gap used the media attention as an opportunity to publicly restate their zero tolerance policy regarding child labor and restructure procedures. Fields (2013) said of Gap’s response “This resulted in improved supply chain tracking, enhanced monitoring, and education and awareness-raising…Certainly, Gap was motivated in large part by the need to protect its brand name” (para 7). While globally publicized trafficking scandals can be harmful to business, a proactive, preventative and publicized corporate policy against trafficking and forced labor can benefit a company in the private sector. Until recent years, corporations only addressed human trafficking of their own free will and were not dictated by anyone. Some companies maintained these efforts in order to guard against liability while others truly wanted the positive public relations that would result from contributing to non-governmental organization efforts to combat human trafficking. This structure, since it was completely voluntary, resulted in some companies addressing the concerns while other companies did nothing. In an effort to create consistency in business practices, and force more compliance with emerging industry anti-trafficking standards, some states authored legislation that allowed the state government to begin monitoring corporate anti-trafficking efforts. According to Altschuller (2013):

New statutes, including the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act and the proposed Business Transparency on Trafficking and Slavery Act have focused attention on corporate efforts to address human trafficking risks. The California statute, which went into effect on January 1, 2012, requires companies to make public disclosures of their efforts, if any, to ensure that their supply chains are free from forced labor and human trafficking (para 3).

It is easy to see that creating corporate anti-trafficking efforts is of increasing importance to many executives in the private sector. Consolidating these new anti-trafficking efforts under a corporate social responsibility program is becoming a popular practice. The goal of a corporate social responsibility program is to create and participate in initiatives that benefit society. The hope for these programs would be that by improving society, especially local communities in which the company operates, the company would increase its public image while also contributing to societal improvements likely to reduce risk of loss to the company. The challenge for corporate executives was in aligning the corporate social responsibility program initiatives within existing corporate constructs. Would a new program manager be created, resulting in additional payroll expenses, or could an existing position incorporate corporate social responsibility efforts within their current duties? While the idea of having a corporate social responsibility program is generally a new initiative, there are strong trends emerging that suggest it is becoming an industry standard. According to Kane (2011), “The Security Executive Council has noticed an uptick in the number of security executives being asked to run corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs for their organizations” (p.54). There are many possibilities as to why the corporate social responsibility programs are being delegated to security executives, but one possible reason is due to the implied security benefits of such a program. Kane (2011) explained this when he said, “Security acts as an enabler for CSR programs…The security of an organization really depends on how it is perceived” (p. 54). In other words, if a corporation is seen as being proactive against crime, involved positively in the community, and is perceived as being focused on risk analysis, then they are more likely to have a strong security posture as a result of their efforts. Developing and implementing a corporate social responsibility program could aid in reducing a corporations risk, but in spite of all corporate social responsibility efforts, all businesses still assume some level of risk toward becoming associated with human trafficking. This could occur regardless of whether the company is unwitting or complicit. A previous example discussed human trafficking within the supply chain of the retail-clothing company GAP. This example fits the stereotype often evoked when one thinks of child labor in sweat shops producing products for commercial sale. The retail industry is often viewed as the most susceptible to forced labor or child labor; both of which benefit from human trafficking. A closer examination of several industries shows some industries are at a higher risk of exposure to human trafficking than others. In fact, in 2014, the Interfaith Centre on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR) initiated a campaign focusing on two specific industries: hospitality and food agriculture. The hospitality sector, which includes hotels, food service, retailers, and airlines, assumes great risk due to their extensive, international operations and large employee populations. Of these hospitality industries, hotels are especially at risk. One prominent example of a human trafficking scandal involving a hotel came against the Marriott hotel chain in 2006. According to Biron (2014), in 2006:

“Scandinavian investors began pressuring the Marriott hotel chain over reports of child prostitution rings making use of the some of the company's facilities in Costa Rica. Within a year, Marriott had rolled out a new, pointed policy on the issue, and has since engaged in annual shareholder disclosure” (para 12).

There is a very important lesson learned in this scenario. Marriott International Incorporated was never found to have been knowledgeable or otherwise complicit in the human trafficking and prostitution occurring on their facility. The corporation could have claimed ignorance, publically denounced the practice of child prostitution, and moved past the scandal, but instead they created new policy on the issue and started providing shareholders with information. So, why did Marriot International Incorporated go to such great lengths when they were not found culpable of any wrongdoing in the first place? As Biron (2014) noted, “the lack of stated policy was seen as detrimental to broader anti-trafficking efforts” (para 12). Overall, this goes to support the theory that if a company does not have programs and policies prohibiting and combating human trafficking, they face the likelihood of being viewed as complicit in its perpetration. No longer can companies afford to sit idly by and hope to stay above the fray. Instead, companies must have active anti-trafficking programs, often run by security executives, or they will be viewed as indifferent or even supportive of the crime. Obviously being seen in such a way would be unfavorable for corporate reputation and brand integrity. As mentioned previously, another industry susceptible to human trafficking and forced labor is agriculture. Agriculture workers are often uneducated, come from poverty, and are often isolated from the public as a result of the rural locations they work in or come from. In an example of a particularly egregious agriculture related incident, in 2006 the Justice Department brought, what was at the time, the largest human trafficking case in the history of the U.S. federal government. According to the New York Times (2006), six contractors, who worked for a Los Angeles based company, were indicted for conspiracy after they were accused of holding 400 workers from Thailand on farms in the U.S. The company lured workers to the U.S. utilizing the federal guest worker program and promises of good salaries. Once the workers arrived, they were forced to pay high recruiting fees, had their passports taken and were coerced with threats of deportation if they complained (para 2). In most of these previous examples, the company was not held legally liable for the human trafficking incidents they were associated with; however, their public image and corporate security were adversely affected. While the U.S. and other international governments are attempting to address this issue through legislation and prosecution, it is clear that their efforts are predominately reactive in nature. Only through a proactive approach can security professionals protect their companies from increased risk of human trafficking related incidents.

All companies manage a certain level of risk exposure. Managing the risk of human trafficking related scenarios is no different than managing other risks. A security manager must identify the threat, assess the level of risk, and implement policies to combat the threat. Many highly regarded companies have already begun making human trafficking and forced labor a priority in their overall security posture. According to Meinert (2012), several global businesses, including Microsoft, LexisNexis, Carlson, The Coca-Cola Co., Exxon Mobil, Delta Air Lines, Manpower Group, NXP and Travelport, formed the Global Business Coalition Against Human Trafficking in an effort to join their resources on “eliminating forced labor that may be present in corporate supply chains, as well as sex trafficking that relies on facilities in the travel and tourism industries” (para 2). While forming coalitions may be good for public relation campaigns, the task is worthless if there is no true impact or risk mitigation. The aforementioned law enforcement surveys revealed law enforcement officers are not fully educated on their agency’s human trafficking enforcement policies. This lack of education and awareness is likely present in a larger scale within many corporate employee populations. Organizational risk exposure can be greatly reduced through a comprehensive human trafficking education program put in place by the security executive. The approach has to be multidisciplinary in order to be effective. Security managers must successfully incorporate cyber security, physical security, human resources, law enforcement, government agencies, multilateral organizations, civil society, and non-governmental organizations into their strategy. At the company level, senior level corporate executives must first be shown the corporate liabilities of human trafficking and forced labor. This is important because an effective anti-trafficking program or corporate social responsibility program must be well funded in order to be effective and funding won’t come without buy in from senior corporate leaders. Simply understanding the symptoms of human trafficking can help executives to better understand the problem. In an effort to assist leaders in combating this issue, the International Labour Office (2008) developed the following 10 Principles for Business Leaders to Combat Forced Labour and Trafficking:

Have a clear and transparent company policy, setting out the measures taken to prevent forced labour and trafficking. Clarify that the policy applies to all enterprises involved in a company’s product and supply chains;
Train auditors, human resource and compliance officers in means to identify forced labour in practice, and seek appropriate remedies;
Provide regular information to shareholders a potential investors, attracting them to products and services where there is a clear and sustainable commitment to ethical business practice including prevention of forced labour;
Promote agreements and codes of conduct by industrial sector (as in agriculture, construction and textiles), identifying the areas where there is risk of forced labour, and take appropriate remedial measures;
Treat migrant workers fairly. Monitor carefully the agencies that provide contract labour, especially across borders, blacklisting those known to have used abusive practices and forced labour;
Ensure that all workers have written contracts, in language that they can easily understand, specifying their rights with regard to payment of wages, overtime, retention of identity documents, and other issues related to preventing forced labour;
Encourage national and international events among business actors, identifying potential problem areas and sharing good practice;
Contribute to programmes and projects to assist through vocational training and other appropriate measures, the victims of forced labour and trafficking;
Build bridges between governments, workers, law enforcement agencies and labour inspectorates, promoting cooperation in action against forced labour and trafficking;
Find innovative means to reward good practice, in conjunction with the media.

Once a corporate vision is born and policy is created to support that vision, then security managers must focus on educating human resources professionals. The means by which human trafficking affects businesses is primarily through the hiring processes of sub contracted employment agencies. Security managers should support human resources in vetting contracted hiring companies in order to confirm they are conducting sound hiring practices and are not committing human trafficking violations only to have the parent company unwittingly perpetrate forced labor practices. As previously mentioned, security managers must exercise cyber security in combating human trafficking as well. Security professionals must coordinate with human resources to examine any company job advertisements or descriptions, which may be on the web. Could third party companies use information within legitimate job advertisements to lure in workers only to limit their freedoms upon arrival? Could the company unwittingly be contributing to human trafficking as a result of not exercising information or cyber security? Additionally security managers must focus on corporate hiring practices even when third party agencies are not used. There still exists a threat that a small group of like-minded employees within the company could commit human trafficking and forced labor violations, so it is important for a security professionals to take a holistic approach to risk assessment.

Findings/Conclusions

Human trafficking is a pervasive and developing challenge for corporate security executives. Human trafficking includes the transportation of people for use in criminal schemes such as child labor, prostitution, forced labor, and debt-bondage; just to name a few. Companies in all industries are at some level of risk for liability associated with human trafficking. Corporations operating exclusively within the U.S., to include their supply chain, are exposed to less risk than corporations operating globally. This is not to say that U.S. companies are not at risk of having human trafficking related issues as was evidenced by the aforementioned federal indictment for human trafficking related crimes in Hawaii and the continental U.S. Corporations must establish clear hiring policies and implement checks and balances into their processes in order to flesh out any conspiracies that may be present within the workforce. This challenge is more difficult for corporations with foreign supply chains. These companies must attempt to incorporate their anti-trafficking values to their foreign contractors. Whether a company utilized foreign manufacturing or uses third party hiring agencies, the corporation must take measured actions toward ensuring their direct employees and employees of contracted companies are there of their own free will and have not been subjected to human trafficking. Research has shown several examples of U.S. companies who have fallen victim to human trafficking scandal and how the poor publicity could affect the overall viability of the company. This research proves that corporations not only have to avoid any perception of involvement with human trafficking, but they must also take proactive steps toward creating robust anti-trafficking and corporate social responsibility programs. Casual observers are likely to view a company without an anti-trafficking program as apathetic or even supportive of the crime, so having a well-publicized anti-trafficking campaign is of utmost importance to the protection of the brand and avoidance of liability. Part of developing an anti-trafficking program is to conduct a risk analysis and threat assessment. One factor that increases a company’s risk is the industry in which the company operates. Agriculture and hospitality industries are currently at higher risks of human trafficking. The agriculture industry is at risk primarily due to the fact it often employees poor, unskilled workers from foreign countries. Often a third party hires these workers and if the third party is not trustworthy, he or she could manipulate workers into a position of debt-bondage or other manifestation of human trafficking. The hospitality industry is also at great risk of human trafficking related offenses due primarily to its global exposure and large employee populations. Hospitality companies, such as hotels, could have solid hiring practices and still become involved in human trafficking scandal if their facilities are found to be used to transport or house victims. For these reasons it is very important for corporations to develop sound policies and guidelines denouncing the practice of human trafficking and placing their company in a morally superior position in the event there are allegations of misconduct. Another way corporations can increase their positive public relations regarding human trafficking is by developing a corporate social responsibility program to positively influence the communities in which it works. One of the primary concerns of human trafficking is a lack of training and awareness within the employee population; to include senior level executives. Educating human resource personnel and others in key positions will increase a corporation’s defensive posture and will aid in proactively looking for signs of human trafficking. Additionally, security executives can take a proactive, anti-trafficking stance by hiring an auditor responsible for examining company practices and employee pools for signs of human trafficking. Security executives can create an environment of transparency by sharing audit results with shareholders, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations. By partnering with other industry corporations, international governments, and non-governmental organizations corporations can share experiences, develop best practices in combating human trafficking, and most importantly can build their brand’s reputation as being serious about anti-trafficking efforts.

Corporate security executives must realize the reality of the risk human trafficking presents to their corporate interests. The liability of employing victims of human trafficking go well beyond lost revenue damaged corporate identity, and poor publicity. Becoming involved with human trafficking obviously has civil liability risks but also presents criminal liabilities as well. By creating clear policies and practices and incorporating those into daily business, security executives can decrease their risk and increase positive branding at the same time.

References

Altschuller, S. (2013, January 10). Corporate responsibility for human trafficking & five steps that your company can take right now. Retrieved from http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/215116/Corporate+Commercial+Law/Corporate+Responsibility+For+Human+Trafficking+Five+Steps+That+Your+Company+Can+Take+Right+Now.

Biron, C. L. (2014, January 03). U.S.: Hospitality, industrial farming at risk for human trafficking. Global Information Network. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1474382911?accountid=8289.

Farrell, A, McDevitt, J, and Fahy, S. (2010). Where are all the victims? Understanding the determinants of official identification of human trafficking incidents. Criminology & Public Policy 9(2), 201-233.

Fields, S. (2013). Combating human trafficking: Engaging the private sector. Retrieved from http://www.stimson.org/spotlight/combating-human-trafficking-engaging-the-private-sector/.

Forced Labor. (2010, September 8). The New York Times, p.26. Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/lnacui2api/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=50YT-GV11-DXY4-X0NF&csi=6742&hl=t&hv=t&hnsd=f&hns=t&hgn=t&oc=00240&perma=true.

Grubb, D and Bennett, K. (2012). The readiness of local law enforcement to engage in U.S. anti-trafficking efforts: an assessment of human trafficking training and awareness of local, county, and state law enforcement agencies in the State of Georgia. Police Practice and Research, 13(6), 487-500.

International Labour Office (2008) Combating forced labour: A handbook for employers & business. Geneva: International Labour Organization. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/apus/reader.action?docID=10512144.

Kane, G. (2011). Security's role in corporate social responsibility. Security, 48(3), 54. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/856440817?accountid=8289.

Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015, S. 178, 114th Cong. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/178/text.

Meinert, Dori. (December, 2012). Businesses target human trafficking. HR Magazine, 57(12), 20. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/1243537243?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=8289.

Miko, Francis T. (2006). Trafficking in persons: The U.S. and international response. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service.

U.S. Department of State (2014). Trafficking in persons report. Washington D.C.

Annotated Bibliography

Altschuller, S (2013, January 10). Corporate responsibility for human trafficking & five steps that your company can take right now. Retrieved from http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/215116/Corporate+Commercial+Law/Corporate+Responsibility+For+Human+Trafficking+Five+Steps+That+Your+Company+Can+Take+Right+Now

Sarah Altschuller is a lawyer who has over 10 years experience advising multinational companies how to develop and implement corporate social responsibility strategies and policies. She also gained firsthand exposure to human trafficking during post law studies in Bangladesh, where she conducted research into the working conditions of the garment district. This article, discusses the recent focus on combating human trafficking and the increased efforts of both federal and state governments as well as media entities. After discussing the different anti-trafficking initiatives, the article provides five recommendations for corporations to enact in an effort to combat human trafficking. The specific guidance provided in this article has great value to security managers as it applies directly to security risk exposure and mitigation strategies.

Biron, C. L. (2014, January 03). U.S.: Hospitality, industrial farming at risk for human trafficking. Global Information Network Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1474382911?accountid=8289

Carey Biron is the Washington deputy bureau chief for the Inter Press Service. Biron’s journalism focus is dedicated to reporting on stories of equity and accountability, environmental and corporate regulation, and international development and governance. Carey spent the majority of the last 15 years reporting from South and Southeast Asia as an investigative reporter and editor of both radio and print media. This article reports the Interfaith Centre on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR) brought pressure on 15 U.S. based corporations to take proactive anti-trafficking measures. The ICCR provided a list of principles and recommendations aimed to reduce human trafficking and highlighted the human trafficking vulnerabilities that especially plague hotels, motels, the entertainment industry, and agribusiness. An example is provided of a hotel that was being used to house and sell sex slaves who were victims of human trafficking. The hotel did not participate in the human trafficking, but their ignorance made them liable. While most resources focus on anti-trafficking from a governmental and law enforcement standpoint, this reference focuses on the need for corporations to address the issue within their own supply chains. Additionally, the article shows how negligence (i.e. not having a specific company prohibition of human trafficking) could negatively affect companies in the hospitality industries. These topics all contribute to themes of preventing business loses, non-traditional approaches to loss-prevention, and risk analysis.

Farrell, A, McDevitt, J, and Fahy, S. (2010). Where are all the victims? Understanding the determinants of official identification of human trafficking incidents, Criminology & Public Policy 9(2), 201-233.

Criminology & Public Policy is a quarterly, peer-reviewed publication that focuses on the advancement and increased use of scientific research in criminal justice policy and overall enforcement. Farrell, McDevitt, and Fahy were awarded the research project by the U.S. Department of Justice, through Northeastern University. The article reviews recently passed laws that identify human trafficking as a crime and explain how the new laws have resulted in a more aware and concerned citizen population. Furthermore the article provides analysis of a national law enforcement survey concerning human trafficking enforcement and substantiate the need for more focused law enforcement agency training on human trafficking. The information contained within this article aid in identifying traditional criminal justice functions and how police agencies focus efforts toward human trafficking.

Fields, S. (2013). Combating human trafficking: Engaging the private sector. Retrieved from http://www.stimson.org/spotlight/combating-human-trafficking-engaging-the-private-sector/

Fields is a Doctor of Law candidate at the George Washington University Law School and has fulfilled internships with several legal and law enforcement entities, to include an internship with the Managing Across Boundaries initiative of the Henry L. Stimson Center. The Stimson Center is a nonprofit, nonpartisan entity that conducts research an analysis in order to provide alternative policy solutions for significant transnational issues. This article provides quantitative data to provide context for how significant the human trafficking problem is globally. One provided example was of a Fortune 500 company who found human trafficking within their supply chains and how the companies responded to the problem. Furthermore, the article explains the reactive steps the companies took to address the issue and also the proactive initiatives taken to address human trafficking both within and outside of their own supply chains. The quantitative data provides excellent context for the discussion of human trafficking. Additionally, the case studies presented within the article will aid in explaining the security management principles of mitigation and recovery strategies, as well as distinguishing the differing roles of traditional criminal justice entities and security management personnel.

The New York Times is a nationally circulated, daily-published newspaper. The New York Times is the second most circulated newspaper in the U.S. and has won more Pulitzer Prizes than any other news organization. This editorial article reports on a conspiracy indictment that was brought against a U.S. based company for egregious acts of forced labor. The indictment, which is the largest filed by the federal government to date, alleged 400 Thailand workers were held in abhorrent conditions within Hawaii and the continental U.S. This article shows the current cultural relevance of human trafficking within U.S. boundaries. The article also shows the justice approach to human trafficking beyond the law enforcement efforts but also in the judicial approach. This shows what happens beyond the reactive approach of law enforcement by focusing on the punitive process that occurs after law enforcement response.

Grubb, D and Bennett, K. (2012). The readiness of local law enforcement to engage in US anti-trafficking efforts: an assessment of human trafficking training and awareness of local, county, and state law enforcement agencies in the State of Georgia, Police Practice and Research, 13(6), 487-500.

Deborah Grubb is a former police officer, board member of the non-profit group Savannah Working Against Human Trafficking, and a current associate professor of Criminal Justice at Montgomery College. Katherine Bennett holds a PhD in criminal justice form Sam Houston State University and is a full professor in the Department of Criminal Justice, Social, and Political Science at Armstrong Atlantic State University. This article discusses the significance (or lack thereof) of law enforcement anti trafficking measures. The efforts of law enforcement within the State of Georgia were focused upon and the results of a Georgia specific law enforcement survey were analyzed, to include participant demographics, target audience, and overall survey results. The article found a profound lack of training and overall enforcement of anti-trafficking training and initiatives by Georgia law enforcement agencies. The quantitative data provided in this article shows traditional law enforcement are not adequately educated in human trafficking, and thus will not have a substantial impact on anti-trafficking initiatives. This lack of reactive response by traditional law enforcement substantiates the need for security managers to develop training plans and policies focused on proactive anti-trafficking education within their companies. This information supports identifying trends and the development of a multidisciplinary approach to combating human trafficking.

The International Labour Office is a secretariat of the International Labour Organization; a United Nations agency. The International Labour Office focuses on international labor issues, social work, and equal opportunity efforts. This handbook attempts to refocus business executives toward forced labor awareness and prevention. The handbook contains practical guidance aimed at increasing the awareness of forced labor. Specifically answers to employer commonly asked questions are provided in addition to guiding principles and basic checklists. The data contained in this handbook speaks directly to forced labor, which is often associated to, and is a beneficiary of, human trafficking. The checklists and guidelines simply and clearly apply forced labor and human trafficking to corporate security.

Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015, S. 178, 114th Cong. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/178/text.

This bill was sponsored by U.S. Senator John Cornyn. Cornyn has been a Senator for 53 years and serves on the Senate judiciary committee. The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015, if signed by President Obama, will identify child pornography production as a form of trafficking. Additionally the legislation provides additional tools to law enforcement in order to target sex traffickers and it also creates a fund aimed at assisting victims of trafficking. Specifically this legislation addresses law enforcement training issue by mandating the Department of Justice provide technical anti-trafficking training to Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies and to publish an annual report on the impact law enforcement entities have had against human trafficking. The data within this resource is useful in identifying the role of law enforcement in anti-trafficking efforts.

Kane, G. (2011). Security's role in corporate social responsibility. Security, 48(3), 54. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/856440817?accountid=8289

Greg Kane is the director for product technology for the Security Executive Council; a subsidiary of Tier 1 Security Leaders. Kane primarily works to reduce process risk and increase profitability. The article discusses the increase in companies asking security managers to implement corporate social responsibility programs. It goes on to explain why security managers are the right people to create corporate social responsibility programs and also how implementing these programs would add value to corporations as well as value to those security managers who manage them. Discussing corporate social responsibility is important because much of their focus is on positively effecting the environment in which the company operates. A successful corporate social responsibility program will improve the viability of the supply chain as well as provide a platform for risk analysis toward human trafficking.

Meinert, Dori. (2012, December). Businesses target human trafficking. HR Magazine, 57(12), 20. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/1243537243?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=8289

Dori Meinert is the senior writer for HR magazine and HR news and has over 30 years of journalism experience covering Congress, federal agencies, and the Supreme Court. HR Magazine is a publication of the Society for Human Resource Management; the world’s largest human resource membership organization. This article discusses a recent cooperation initiative between nine international businesses for the purpose of combating human trafficking. The article specifically discusses efforts for the cooperative companies to share best practices in finding forced labor that may be present in supply chains or sex trafficking that may be present in tourism related industries. This article shows great examples of companies conducting vulnerability assessments and risk analysis regarding the threat of human trafficking against their companies.

Miko, Francis T. (2006). Trafficking in persons: The U.S. and international response. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service.

For over 30 years Francis Miko served as a specialist in international relations with the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade division of the Congressional Research Service. This paper was written in order to provide the 109th Congress current information regarding the scope of the trafficking in persons trade. Specifically the article challenges if previous legislation is succeeding and if it had been funded appropriately. Additionally regional trends in human trafficking are discussed to include trends within the United States. Both the quantitative and qualitative data contained in this paper provide relativity and context to human trafficking. The information provided to Congress shows the grand scale on which human trafficking occurs and knowing the emerging trends allows security managers to develop effective policies to combat it.

U.S. Department of State (2014). Trafficking in persons report. Washington D.C. Retrieved from http://go.usa.gov/3YUBA

The Trafficking in Persons Report is published by the U.S. Department of State and is the U.S. Government’s primary tool in engaging foreign governments regarding human trafficking. It is touted as the world’s most comprehensive resource concerning governmental anti-trafficking efforts. This report contains the most up to date information regarding the anti-trafficking efforts of foreign governments, and identifies where resources are needed to further combat human trafficking. Additionally, it provides the number of prosecutions and convictions in human trafficking cases and, most importantly, provides a country profile of key foreign countries and places them within a three tier rating system based on their level of compliance with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s minimum standards. The statistical data provided within this report will aid in providing context regarding the scope of the human trafficking issues within the U.S. and abroad. Additionally, the victim testimonies within the report will explain how many victims are brought into human trafficking and analyzing those scenarios will set the stage for discussion regarding how security managers can proactively address the issue.

Reconciliation of the BA in SCMT Program Objectives/Topic

Program Objective: Identify organizational security risk exposure; identify cost-effective mitigation strategies; and prepare for recovery strategies

Response: Human trafficking victims are exploited in various industries. Knowing the industries vulnerable to human trafficking will allow security managers to better manage risk exposure. Security managers of corporate entities must guard against both the external and internal security threats of human trafficking. Real examples are available of companies who have been adversely affected by human trafficking. Analysis of these company’s responses to human trafficking reveals various mitigation and recovery strategies applicable to situations of varying severity in different industries. Companies facing similar threats of human trafficking can review these lessons learned an easily observe examples of organizational security risk exposure. Any company utilizing a supply chain, especially companies who outsource manufacturing overseas, are at risk of being affected by human trafficking. In an international market place, human trafficking risks cannot be avoided, but sound risk exposure principals can instituted to reduce likelihood of adverse situations. In the event a company is adversely affected by a human trafficking scandal, a swift and effective recovery strategy must be implemented. Recently the GAP retail company fell victim to human trafficking when it was found to have utilized forced labor within its supply chain. Reviewing this example as a case study shows legitimate recovery strategies from a security and public relations aspect. In fact, this situation proves that a fast response followed by mitigation and recovery strategies also results in positive public relations and overall brand rebuilding.

Program Objective: Analyze concepts of information security, personnel security, and physical security, and determine the planning approaches to prevent business losses

Response: The proper implementation of personnel and property security measures undoubtedly impacts the threat of human trafficking against business assets and personnel. Victims of human trafficking often come from a core group of foreign countries and knowing the common nationalities of human trafficking victims is important when planning security measures. This can be utilized by human resources personnel when hiring, not as a disqualifier, but as an indicator of possible human trafficking. A country of origin alone is not a sign in and of itself, but it, combined with other indicators could reveal a larger concern. It is also important to understand the cultural and financial situations that victims often come from. Victims often come from financially desperate situations and this is important to note because as the level of desperation increases, so does the implied threat to a company’s resources. It is also important to note that criminal elements often surround human trafficking and they utilize underground trade routes and organized criminal entities to transport them. The presence of these criminal elements and well-established victim trade routes present a general security risk to corporate operating environments. Being armed with this information, security managers can review successful anti-human trafficking case studies to further develop prevention of losses through personnel and physical security measures taken to reduce risks associated to human trafficking.

Program Objective: Distinguish between traditional criminal justice roles, functions and concepts as a reactive institution to the security roles as a preventive societal institution.

Response: Human trafficking is a developing topic for law enforcement training, but the reactive approach of traditional law enforcement differs from the proactive role of private security managers. Human trafficking violations are almost exclusively referred to the Department of Homeland Security in the form of immigration issues. In fact, surveys show many law enforcement agencies are not properly trained to address human trafficking, so reactive enforcement often is a best-case scenario. Various media reports and annual human trafficking reports by the Department of Homeland Security chronicle the responses and reactions of government and traditional law enforcement entities to human trafficking. While law enforcement address human trafficking when they happen to encounter it, security managers must actively seek it out and prevent it. Some was security managers proactively combat human trafficking include training and education programs, active patrolling, and investigative services. Security managers may also play a critical role in training human resources personnel and vetting contract company employees to ensure victims of human trafficking are not inadvertently employed by the company. By educating hiring professionals, a preventative focus can be employed to increase the likelihood human trafficking is avoided.

Program Objective: Analyze the trends affecting security and loss prevention and determine the approaches to reduce losses facing businesses and institutions

Response: There are numerous threats to business security and loss prevention. Human trafficking is one topic not often considered when discussing these threats, but human trafficking certainly provides security and loss prevention concerns. To simplify the topic, one can reduce the types of business losses to two types of theft: internal and external. Internal theft is theft perpetrated by employees or other trusted personnel. External theft occurs from forces outside of the company, like your common shoplifting scenario. Employing the victims of human trafficking can increase the risk of internal theft. Victims of human trafficking come from various ethnic and national backgrounds, but the one common theme in victims is, regardless of their origins, they come from positions of poverty and desperation. The desperation within these victims could lead them to commit internal threat as a means of supplementing their wages. While most companies do not hire victims directly, there is an increased chance there are victims employed by a contractor somewhere within their supply chain. This means theft of goods could occur before the goods make it to the marketplace. Developing anti trafficking programs within the company is a way corporate security professionals could reduce losses. A proper training program would educate current employees on what human trafficking looks like, which would increase overall awareness within the company. Additionally, security professionals could provide more advanced training to human resources personnel so they could examine current employment records for risk levels of human trafficking. Security personnel could also assist human resources in developing tools aimed at vetting potential employees for human trafficking risk factors. Finally, research could be conducted to identify the amount of internal loss within the company supply chain, analyze the makeup of the employment force at that location where the loss occurred, cross reference that information with the human trafficking risk factors, and possibly substantiate the theory that employing victims of human trafficking, while maybe cost affective from a payroll aspect, presents an increased risk of loss of goods. If substantiated, companies could develop more robust hiring criteria and even reduce human trafficking risks by proactively contributing to anti-trafficking and philanthropy efforts in the most high-risk environments continuing potential employee populations.

Program Objective: Evaluate from a multidisciplinary approach, non-traditional approaches to crime prevention

Response: In many instances, crime prevention techniques, both traditional and non-traditional, have secondary effects that supplement anti-human trafficking efforts. Non-traditional approaches, such as network security, are focused on crime prevention by guarding against external web threats and protecting network users from accessing harmful addresses. If human trafficking victims are employed by customer service call centers, or other areas where network access is available, a robust network security manager could possibly identify a victim if they were found to interact with nefarious third party employment agencies or other handlers. Crime prevention can also be achieved through conducting a thorough crime risk assessment. Crime risk assessments do not historically consider human trafficking threats, but adjusting their focus to include that topic could profoundly impact human trafficking risks facing businesses today. By examining human resource and hiring practices as well as supply chain risks, security professionals could impact human trafficking for the company as well as the external environment in which it operates.

Program Objective: Employ the use of risk analysis and vulnerability assessment processes

Response: Risk analysis and vulnerability assessments can easily be implemented in the furtherance of human trafficking prevention. Risk analysis can begin by examining the industry in which the company is operating. If the company were involved in the hospitality or entertainment sectors, they would be at additional risk. Part of a successful risk analysis program must look at all human resources practices especially the hiring practices. If the company outsources its hiring practices to overseas contractors, it could be vulnerable. Supply chains of overseas origin are especially at risk for human trafficking. Once all risks have been analyzed and identified, it is important to implement a sound vulnerability assessment program as well. This program should attempt to identify primary, secondary, and even tertiary effects expected in the event of a loss involving one of the risks previously identified in the risk analysis phase. The expected losses to any business found to haven participated in human trafficking could be substantial. Loss of brand reputation would result in reduced revenues and could also result in criminal or legal repercussions. A proper vulnerability assessment would assist in identifying all of these possibilities. Once those possible outcomes are identified, security professionals could then focus their limited resources on those areas with the highest combined level of vulnerability, risk, and negative consequences of loss.

Program Objective - Critically examine the variety and extent of losses from criminal acts, natural disasters, and security breaches facing society.

Response: Losses due to natural disasters do not apply to human trafficking; however, human trafficking is almost universally viewed as a criminal act and could also be seen as a type of security breach in certain scenarios. When examining the losses human trafficking may cause, security managers must think of the entire operation and the marketability of the company after a human trafficking scandal. There may be certain tangible losses following publicized human trafficking. These losses could come in the form of funds lost in legal representation, lawsuits, and fines. Other losses may occur when human trafficking is present but not publicized. For example, if human trafficking is present in a supply chain, it is likely the workers are not paid well and live in poor conditions. These desperate workers pose a threat of internal theft and security breeches. These examples lead to an overall increase in societal security awareness and the implementation of physical security measures. Over exposure to these security measures leads to a complacent public population and a likely apathy towards matters of security. Additionally, when a business suffers loss from criminal acts, natural disasters, or security breaches, the losses are passed on to the public in the form of higher prices for goods and services. These increased prices may lead to inflation, which adversely affects the state of the global economy. In a situation when a company is proven to have been involved with human trafficking, there is another societal toll and that is of the job security of the company’s employees. If a company is faced with the financial repercussions discussed previously, they will likely have to reduce the number of employees, resulting in unemployment. The increased unemployment could easily result in increased government assistance and a diminished economic state.