Questionnaire DevelopmentTo create psychological measuring tools, test developers initially write as many as twice the number of items that will appear in the final draft of their questionnaires. They

Person -Based Questionnaires PSY3700 Multimedia Assessment and Psychometrics ©20 16 South University 2 Person -Based Questionnaires Types of Questionnaires Whereas knowledge -based tests measure ability, achievement, or aptitude, person -based questionnaires measure attitudes, interests, preferences, mood states, and clinical symptoms. Unlike knowledge -based tests, person -based tests are not necessarily hierarc hical and cumulative. In fact, they may be based on the values that people hold regarding attitudes or interests such that a response to any one item does not carry with it a negative or positive valence (Rust & Golombok, 2009). There is no "right" or "wro ng" answer. Test items on person -based questionnaires may be presented in dichotomous or multiple -choice formats. Scores on these measures may fall on points across a continuum running from low to high on a trait or interest. It is also likely that scores may run in the opposite direction such that a low score on a trait or interest may be associated with a high score on the bipolar or opposite trait or interest (Rust & Golombok, 2009). In addition to dimensional approaches to measure personality traits, typological methods offer an alternative style. An example of a typological method for measuring personality traits is the Myers -Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) which sorts respondents into one of sixteen categories based on the bipolar traits of four dimensi ons of personality (Gregory, 2013). Another method of scaling test items is to use a rating scale in which participants are asked to rate their judgments of themselves or others. Ratings may range from "never justified" to "always justified," for example, with final test scores summed across all items. Another type of summative rating scale is the Likert scale generally used to measure attitudes. In this format, a respondent may be presented with an array of choices ranging from "agree" to "disagree" or "a pprove" to "disapprove" across a continuum. Responses may be assigned a value such as "1" or "2" and then summed to indicate a person's overall position on a n interest or trait. PSY3700 Multimedia Assessment and Psychometrics ©20 16 South University 3 Person -Based Questionnaires Types of Questionnaires References Gregory, R. (2013). Psychological testing: History, principles, and applications (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Rust, J., & Golombok, S. (2009). Modern psychometrics: The science of psychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. © 201 6 South University