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1 Center for Writi ng Excellence © 2014 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved . Writing Style and Mechanics Student Name Course/Number Date Instructor Name An APA running head is not needed for undergraduate or master’s courses per the University Writ ing and Style Guidelines. If you are a student in a doctoral program, or otherwise require a running head in your paper, consult the doctoral APA Sample Paper in the CWE>Tutorials and Guides>Doctoral Writing Resources. Pagination : Use the header feature in Microsoft ® Word to set the page number (s ee Appendix A). The title : Use upper and lower case letters, centered between the left and right margins , and positioned o n the upper half of the page . Use black, 12 - point Times New Roman font throughout. Arial and Courier font types are acceptable . All lines are double -spaced throughout the entire docu ment. Use black, 12 -point Times New Roman font throughout the document. Arial and Courier font types are acceptable. This APA Sample Paper is intended for undergraduate and m aster’s level students. The University of Phoenix APA sample papers represent the consensus of key academic officials within the Unive rsity . This particular sample reflects expectations outlined in the University of Phoenix Writing and Style Gu idelines for undergraduate and m aster’s courses, which correspond with the University’s preferred style guide for most programs: The Publication M anual of the American Psychological Association , Sixth Edition. If your course materials direct you to follow MLA style, please see the MLA Sample Paper in the Center for Writing Excellence (CWE) >Tutorials and Guides>MLA Information. This sample paper is offered as a concise tool to help students with style, but it is not a definitive or binding representation of format for all courses . The CWE provides many tools to help students write and format effective papers ; however, the faculty member determines the assignment grade in the course. Abstract : Typically, an abstract is required only for publication. If your assignment instructions indicate a requirement to use an abstr act, a sample can be found in the CWE>Tutorials and Guides . 2 Indent the first line of each paragraph using the tab key, set at five to seven spaces or one -half inch. Direct quotations require a page number or paragraph number. Writing Style and Mechanics The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA ) began as a journal article in 1929. The APA rep orted results from a meeting of scholars “to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules , that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease o f reading comprehension” (APA , 2010 , p. xi ii). Today , the Publication M anua l is in its sixth edition and the APA style described in it is a widely recognized standard for scholarly or professional writing in the social sciences . Although the style guide is designed to prepare manuscripts for publication, many universities and hea lth care journals have adopted its use as a guide to achieve uniformity and consistency (Cuddy, 2002) . Writing in the s tyle prescribed by the Publication Manual can be a daunting experience for students . A s with any new skill, “practice makes perfect” (S . Proofreader, personal communication, June 28 , 2004) . Points of APA style most often used by undergraduate and graduate students are listed below . However, keep in mind that this sample paper is a guide and should not be considered as a replacement for the Publication Manual . Format Considerations Some commonly used rules and formats from the sixth edition of the Publication Manual are listed below. Please note , however, that some assignments may require unique formatting , and you should consult your syll abus for clarification. Correct Margins Margins are one inch on all sides . Th is rule is broken only to avoid placing a lone heading on the last line of the page or a single line of text on the top of the next page. Use the paper title above your introduction, centered not bolded. Personal communication citation: No need to in clude on the reference page. Use one or two spaces after a period at the end o f a sentence, but b e consistent with usage throughout the document. Level one heading: Centered, bolded, upper and lower case letters. . Level two heading: Left margin, bolded, upper and lower case letters. Margins should be one inch on all sides of t he document. Writers should ensure that a line is not tab indented when centering a heading so as not to appear off center. 3 The place of publication in a reference should include city and state using two letter post al abbreviation for the state. If the location is outside of the U.S., use the city and cou ntry. Examples: New York, NY. London, England. Page Header The page header contains the page number aligned with the right margin . The automatic header function in Microsoft ® Word should be used to place the page numbers consecut ively in the paper (see Appendix A ). Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on ) are u sed to number each page , beginning with 1 on the title page. Document Headings Paragraph h eadings should be used in long documents to organize the essay, to break it up into readable portions, and to make it ea sy for readers to locate information . U sing headings in a short document before every paragraph can make the writing appear choppy, and the paper may not flow smoothly from point to point. Use paragraph headings if your document is longer than three or fou r pages or if the assignment instructions require paragraph headings . Reference Page Hanging indentation is used for the reference page . The proper format can be set in Microsoft ® Word (see Appendix B ). Creating the hangin g indentation by using the tab key or space bar will not protect the formatting if changes are made to the reference page at a later time.

The reference page is alphabetized by author or by title of the work when no author is listed , and each entry contain s the date of publication in parentheses directly after the author’s name. T he title, the place of publication, and the name of the publisher follow the date of publication for a book entry . The proliferation of elect ronic materials has prompted APA to cre ate formats designed specifically for Internet and web -based written material. Visit the APA website at http://www.apastyle.org for additional information about formatting electronic references. You will also find f requently asked questions and helpful free tutorials about using APA style. 4 Citation with a page number: One spac e between the p. and the number. Only references that have been cited in the paper are listed on the reference page. Personal communications are cited in the text but do not appear on the reference pag e because the reader cannot retrieve them . Additional reference examples are available in the Reference and Citation Examples tutorial in the Center for Writing Excellence (CWE) at Tutorials and Guides . In -Text Citations Direct quotations . Direct quotations mus t mirror the original source word for word , even if errors are contained in the original text . To alert the reader that errors are part of the original material, the word [sic ], enclosed in brackets and italicized, must follow the erroneous material. The s ource of the quotation must be cited. The format of direct quotations may vary with the placement of the quoted material in the sentence. The following is an example of how you may use a direct quotation from a website with an author: “Diversity is emerg ing as one of the most serious issues in the workplace today, yet most employers are not prepared to deal with it” (Copeland, 2003, Erroneous Assumptions , para. 1). The author’s last name, the year of publication, the website title or section title , and the paragraph number , when no page number is available , are included in the citation. The f ollowing is an example o f how one may use a direct quot ation from a book with on e author: Venes (2001) stated, “The types of influenza doctors must prepare for fall in to three categories” (p. 106). If the author’s name is stated prior to the quot ation , include the da te of publication (in parenthese s) after the aut hor’s name, and follow the quotation with the page or paragraph number. For a work with two authors, use bot h authors’ last names for every citation. If the so urce has three or more authors but fewer than six authors, list all au thors in the first citation, and use the first au thor’s last name and the words et al. (without italics) for the rest of Level three heading: Indented, bolded, capitalize only the first word, period at the end, continue text same line. Level thre e heading usually only necessary in longer papers, most commonly in m aster’s and doctoral papers. “Erroneous Assumptions ” is the heading of a section within the web -based article, “Managing a Multicultural Workforce.” Using the heading of a section for an online article citation will help your reader quickly locate the content in the original source. 5 the citations. If the source has more than six authors, you may use the first au thor’s last name and the words et al. (without italics) for every citation (APA, 2010, p. 175). The following example from the Publication Manual (2010, p. 42) shows a citation from a work w ith more than six authors using the first author : (Good et al., 2001). Refer to the Reference and Citation Ex amples tutorial in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for more examples of in -text citations. Quotations that contain fewer than 40 words are enclo sed in double quotation marks within the text . Use single quotation marks for quotations contained within a direct quotation. Quotations of 40 words or more are indented in a block format without quotation marks. Use double quo tation marks to indicate a quot ation within the block quotation. The block quotation is started on a new line , and it is indented five to seven spaces or one -half inch. A sample block quotation appears on page 7 of this document . Paraphrased or summarized material. Paraphrasing or su mmarizing allows the wri ter to present someone else’s ideas or intellectual property and to supply proper credit to the original author or authors (Lawton, Cousineau, & Hillard, 2001). When an author is paraphrased or summarized , the source must be cited i n the text. If a source is mentioned more than once in a paragraph, a citation must be included each time. Page or paragraph numbers are not required for paraphrased material, but the Publication Manual recommends that writers include a page or paragraph n umber to help the reader easily locate the information (APA , 2010 , p. 1 71). If a writer were to para phrase information from an article located in an online database , the writer would format the citation as follows : Daniels (2004) included Darden Restaurant s on h er list of the 50 best companies for minorities. Here is an example where the author i s not mentioned within the text : A list of companies has been singled out as best for minority employees (Daniels, 2004). Both examples include the author’s last na me and the date of publication. If the author’s Write out and with authors’ names mentioned within the text. Use an ampersand (&) when they are written within a citation. 6 name is not provided with the paraphrased text, it must be included in the citation. Refer to the Reference and Citation Examples in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for examples of citing paraphras ed material . Deciding to summarize, to paraphrase, or to provide a direct quotation is an important question one must consider when using sources in an academic paper. Summarizing and paraphrasing both consist of sharing a source author’s ideas by phrasing them in on e’s own words. A writer should summarize or paraphrase source material when it is important to capture the basic idea but when the author’s exact words are not essential to the paper. Conversely, a writer should quote directly when the source verbiage is c rucial and stating it any other way would cause it to lose its meaning. Usually writers will quote authors who are experts in their field and whose ideas support their own. However, excessive use of direct quotations should be avoided. Writers are encourag ed to paraphrase when doing so will not change the meaning or the impact of a source (Ede, 2011). Plagiarism. Plagiarism constitutes a serious academic concern. According to Lawton, Cousineau, and Hillard (2001), “A cademic communities demand that writer s credit others for their work and that the sour ce of their material clearly be acknowledged” (para. 6). Internet access has resulted in an increase in plagiarism. McCabe noted (as cited in Sterngold, 2004) , 41% of students said they engaged in cut -and -pas te plagiarism from online sources. The sentences and phrases use d in one’s paper must be original or cited and referenced accordingly. Although it may be easier for a writer to use som eone else’s words, doing so discredit s the writer . When in doubt, cite . See the Plagiarism Guide in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for more information about avoiding plagiarism and about properly citing intellectual property . Secondary Sources : Also called an indirect source. List only primary source in reference list, and cite secondary source author only within the text. Secondary sources are not ideal in academic writing and should be avoided. Electronic source and quotation : If the electronic source does not have page numbers, use the abbreviation para. for the paragraph number. Headings should not appear at the end of a page. For the sake of readability, move the heading to the top of the next page (see Other Format Issues on page 7) . This ensures that the intended content of the following body text is clear. 7 Other Format Issues The p referred typeface for APA style is black , 12 -point Times New Roman (APA, 2010) . However, Arial and Courier font types are acceptable. Avoid using any software settings that reduce spacing between words or letters or that add spacing between paragraphs . Use double - spacing throughout the document. You may use one space or two sp aces after sentence -ending punctuation in the body of your essay , but use consistent spacing at the end of a sentence throughout your essay. Although the Publication Manual (2010 ) requires an abstract to precede the text, an abstract is not used in most student papers. Some assignments may require an abstract if st udents are submitting lengthy papers or project proposals. In those cases, the direction to submit an abstract will be in the assignment guidelines. A sample abstract can be found in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides. Writing Mechanics Correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and sentence str ucture — in addition to formatting — are essential components of scholarly writing . Strunk ( 1918/ 1999 ) emphasized the importance of being succinct: Vigorous writ ing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sen tences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell. (para. 1) Block quotation (40 or more words) : Indent to the tab margin and do not include quotation marks. The in-text citation occurs outside of the punctuation that ends the sentence. 8 Grammar In addition to t he provision of a standardized format for scientific writing, the Publication Manual (2010) emphasizes the impor tance of proper grammar. Important basic grammar principles are listed below. For further information , refer to Step -by -Step Grammar Review in the CWE . The Step -by -Step Grammar Review provides individualized practice with grammar and punctuation . Subject and verb agreement. A singula r noun requires a singular verb and a plural noun requires a plural verb (APA, 2 010). Words that intervene between the noun and the verb do not change th is basic rule. Noun and pronoun agreement . When writers use a singular no un, they must also use a singular pronoun . To avoid using awkward combined forms such as he/she or (s) he , writers may reword the sentence and use a plural noun and a plural pronoun to eliminate the problem of nouns and pronouns that do not agree. F or examp le, the sentence “A student applying for a job must carefully proofread his /her application” may be reworded to read, “ Students applying for jobs must carefully proofread their applications.” Use of plural forms also helps writers reduce bias , avoid stereo types, and refrain from us ing both singular and plural in the same sentence or paragraph. Passive voice. Passive voice obscures the actor in this sentence: “ The house was painted ,” because it omits who applied the paint. In contrast, the same sentence writ ten in active voice would be something such as this: “Our company painted the house. ” The passiv e voice, which is a form of “be” (is, was, were, will be, have been, etc.) and a participle (painted, etc.) , is useful when the actor's identity is not importan t to the sentence or context . Overuse of the passive voice causes the document to read similar ly to an instruction al manual , dry and 9 monotonous . According to Sigel (2009), it weakens the essay’s argument and prevents clear and concise writing . Occasional u se of the passive voice is acceptable , but documents written primarily in the active voice are more enjoyable and more persuasive to read (Sigel, 2009) . Punctuation . Correct punctuation establishes the rhythm and readability of sentences. Use only one spac e after commas, colons, and semicolons. Use one or two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence (be consistent with use). When a hyphen or a dash is used, no space appears befo re or after the hyphen or dash (APA, 20 10). In academic writing, use a com ma to separate all words in a series of three or more, as in the following example: Tasks included reading, writing , and analyzing the information in the text. Correct use of commas and semicolons can be challenging for students. Writers should consider us ing a proofreading tool, such as WritePoint ®, to aid in checking proper comma use. Capitalization . Capitalization is used to design ate a proper noun or trade name as well as major words in titles and in headings. Instances where cap italization is not use d include laws, theories, models, or hypothes es, such as ethical decision -making model s and names of conditions or groups in an experiment, such as experimental or control group s (APA , 201 0). A common error in capitalization is its use with the name of a job title or department . An example is human resources , which is not capitalized, versus the specific title of ACME Human Resources Department , which is capitalized . Seriation (elements written in a series ). Items contained in a list help to clarify the po int being made or help to cl arify components of a subject. Bullets may be used for a list in academic writing acco rding to APA standards (2010). To show seriation of separate paragraphs, however, number each paragraph with an Arabic numeral followed by a p eriod that is not 10 enclosed in or followed by parentheses. To show seriation within a paragraph or a sentence, use lowercase letters in parentheses (see Appendix C). Numbers. Spell out numbers one through nine that appear in the body text. Use Arabic numerals to express numbers 10 and above. Exceptions to this rule are discussed in the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Center for Writing at Tutorials and Guides. Once in the Grammar and Writing Guides, go to Grammar Mechanics and select Number Usage for a list of the exceptions.

If you have the Publication Manual, sixth edition (2010), refer to pages 111-114 for detailed information about number usage. T hird person v ersus first person. Person refers to the point of view or the source of the writer’s opinions. Use third person (he, she, or they) in academic writing. When referring to yourself, however, stating “The writer instructed the patients ” is ambiguous and may give the impression that you did not participate. Instead, use a first person personal pronoun: “I instructed the patients.” For the most part, reference to self in first person should be limited to personal reflection or opinion papers. Conclusion By understanding mechanics and usage requirements and by referencing materials appropriately with in-text citations and reference entries, you will clearly communicate the content of your work. Use the information included in this paper to develop effective academic papers. You are also encouraged to refer to the resources in the CWE and the style information from www.apastyle.org for additional information about academic writing. Always include a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the paper. 11R eference Page : U se a separate page to list the references and double - space the entire page. The word References is upper and lower case, centered, not bolded, at the top of the page. An online jou rnal article . A book with a corporate author and an edition number. A source available on a university program or department website. A source with a digital object identifier (DOI). An electronic ve rsion of a republished book. A print version of a book. Italicize the titles of books and journals (including journal volume numbers). References American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Copeland, L. (2006). Managing a multicultural workforce . California Job Journal. Retrieved from http://www.jobjournal.com Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style.

Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35 -42. Retrieved from http://www.orthopaedicnursing.com Daniels, C. (2004, June 28). 50 Best companies for minorities. Fortune, 149(13), 136 - 146. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune Ede, L. (2001). The academic write r (2 nd ed.) . New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Lawton, K. A., Cousineau, L., & Hillard, V. E. (2001) . Plagiarism: Its nature and consequences .

Retrieved from Duke University Guide to Library Research website :

http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/plagarism.htm Sigel, T. (2009). How passive voice weakens your scholarly argument. Journal of Management Development, 28 (5), 478-4 80. d oi:10.1108/02621710910955994 Sterngold, A. (2004). Confronting plagiarism: How conventional teaching invites cyber- cheating. Change, 36(3), 16. Retrieved from http://www.changemag.org Strunk, W., Jr . (1999 ). Elementary principles of composition: Omit needless words. In The elements of style . Retrieved from http://www.bartelby.com/141/strunk5.html#13 (Original work published 1918) Venes, D. (2001). Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary (19th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A.

Davis. 12 Appe ndix A: Heade r Feature in Microsoft ® Word Identif y each pa ge with the page numbe r placed at the rig ht margin. Do not use your name to identif y each page. Be su re the font typ e and size are the sam e in the he ader as that used throug hout the docume nt. To create a correct header with an automati c page number in Word, use the following guidelines.

Word 2010 and newer1. Select the Insert tab.

2. Select the Header icon.

3. Choose the Blank header tab from the drop-down menu.

4. Tab to the right margin, and select the Page Number icon.

5. Place the cursor over Current Position. A drop-down menu should appear.

6. Select the Plain Number option. A number will appear at the right margin of your document.

7. Choose Close Header and Footer (the red X at the far right on the menu). Your cursor then appears at the beginning of the document, and automatic page numbers should be visible as you type each new page.

Word 2003 1.

Select the View menu on the toolbar.

2. Select Header and Footer.

3. Place the cursor in the Header box and select the right justification button on the toolbar so that the cursor in the Header box moves to the right. 13 4. Use the automatic function for inserting the page number as illustrated in this picture by selecting the first button with the # symbol. 5.

Select Close. The header is complete. 14 Appendix B: Creating a Hanging Indent in Microsoft ® Word To create a hanging indent for your references page in Word, use the following guidelines. Word 2010 and newer 1.

Select the text that requires a hanging indent or create a hanging indent at the top of the references page before typing the text.

2. From the Home menu, select the arrow in the Paragraph group seen below. This will bring up the Indents and Spacing tab.

3. Under Indentation , in the Special box, select on Hanging and select OK. 15 Word 2003 1.

Select the text that requires a hanging indent or create a hanging indent at the top of the references page before typing the text.

2. From the Format menu, select the Paragraph command.

3. In the Special list , under Indentation, select Hanging and select OK. 16 Appendix C: Seriation To show seriation (lists) within a paragraph or sentence, use lowercase letters, not italicized, in parentheses:

Job satisfaction is increased when nurses are provided with (a) therapeutic massage, (b) relaxation therapy, and (c) music therapy.

To show seriation of separate paragraphs, number each paragraph with an Arabic numeral, followed by a period but not enclosed in or followed by parentheses. A numbered list signifies that element 1 is more important than element 2 and so on. See the following examples to create a numbered or bulleted list. Berk (2001) suggests that parents determine suitability of books for children by using the following criteria:

1. Books are made from durable material . . . [paragraph continues] 2. Books are action-oriented . . . [paragraph continue s] If all elements in the list are of equal importance, use bullets instead of numbers as shown below. Berk (2001) suggests that parents determine suitability of books for children by using the following criteria:

 Books are made from durable material . . .

[paragraph continues]  Books are action-oriented . . . [paragraph continues]