- Do a little research and see what scholars or stakeholders are saying about a topic relevant to your field, your major, your community, or an issue covered in the readings for this class.  Keep in

The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$1$Category)MLA)APA)CMS)General)Approach)The$Modern$Language$Association$(MLA)$provides$a$method$for$source$documentation$that$is$used$in$most$humanities$courses.$The$humanities$place$emphasis$on$authorship,$so$most$MLA$citation$involves$recording$the$author’s$name$in$the$physical$text.$The$author’s$name$is$also$the$first$to$appear$in$the$“Works$Cited”$page$at$the$end$of$an$essay.$The$most$recent$MLA$formatting$can$be$found$in$the$seventh$edition$of$the$MLA$manual.$The$American$Psychological$Association$(APA)$provides$a$method$for$source$documentation$that$is$used$in$most$social$sciences$courses.$The$social$sciences$place$emphasis$on$the$date$a$work$was$created,$so$most$APA$citation$involves$recording$the$date$of$a$particular$work$in$the$physical$text.$The$date$is$usually$placed$immediately$after$the$author’s$name$in$the$“References”$page$at$the$end$of$an$essay.$The$most$recent$APA$formatting$can$be$found$in$the$sixth$edition$of$the$APA$manual.$The$Chicago$Manual$of$Style$(CMS)$provides$a$method$for$source$documentation$that$is$used$in$most$history$courses.$History$places$much$emphasis$on$source$origins,$so$footnotes$and$endnotes$are$used$to$demonstrate$onMpage$where$a$particular$piece$of$information$was$derived$from.$In$CMS,$a$number$is$assigned$to$a$particular$fact$in$the$text,$and$a$footnote$or$endnote$will$appear$at$the$bottom$of$the$page$linking$the$source$to$the$text.$The$most$recent$CMS$formatting$can$be$found$in$the$sixteenth$edition$of$the$CMS$manual.$$Citing&Books&Book$citations$in$MLA$generally$require$the$author$name,$work$title,$publication$city,$publisher,$year$published,$and$an$indication$of$the$publication$medium,$such$as$print.$Book$citations$in$APA$generally$require$author$name,$publication$year,$work$title,$publication$city,$and$publisher.$Book$citations$in$CMS$style$generally$require$the$author$name,$work$title,$publication$city,$publisher,$and$publication$year.$General)book)format$Pollan,$Michael.$The&Omnivore’s&Dilemma.$New$York:$Penguin$Group,$2006.$Print.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Pollan,$M.$(2006).$The&omnivore’s&dilemma.$New$York,$NY:$Penguin$Group.$Pollan,$Michael.$The&Omnivore’s&Dilemma.$New$York:$Penguin$Group,$2006.$Single)author$Pollan,$Michael.$Pollan,$M.$(2006).$Pollan,$Michael.$Two)or)three)authors$Bell,$James$K.,$and$Adrian$A.$Cohn.$Bell,$J.K..,$&$Cohn$A.$(1968).$$Bell,$James$K.$and$Adrian$A.$Cohn.$$More)than)three)authors)$Kernis,$Michael.$et$al.$Kernis,$M.$H.,$Cornell,$D.$P.,$Sun,$C.$R.,$Berry,$A.,$Harlow,$T.,$&$Bach,$J.$S.$(1993).$Kernis,$Michael$and$Others,$More)than)seven)authors)$Kernis,$Michael.$et$al.$Kernis,$M.$H.,$Cornell,$D.$P.,$Sun,$C.$R.,$Berry,$A.,$Harlow,$T.,$&$Bach,$J.$S…Last&Author’s&Name$(1993).$Kernis,$Michael$and$Others,$Corporate/)Organization)author$American$Psychiatric$Association.$American$Psychiatric$Association.$(2005).$American$Psychiatric$Association.$ The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$2$Unknown)author)Oxford&Essential&World&Atlas.$Oxford&essential&world&atlas.$(2001).$Oxford$Essential$World$Atlas.$Two)or)more)works)by)the)same)author)No$change$to$name$format;$change$noted$by$title.$Slechty,$P.$C.$(1997).$$Slechty,$P.$C.$(2001).$No$change$to$name$format.$Two)or)more)works)by)the)same)author)in)the)same)year.$No$change$to$name$format;$change$noted$by$title.$Slechty,$P.$C.$(1997a).$$Slechty,$P.$C.$(1997b).$No$change$to$name$format.$Author)with)an)editor$Poston,$Ted.$A&Draft&of&History.$Ed.$Kathleen$A.$Hauke.$Poston,$T.$(2000).$A&draft&of&history$K.A.$Hauke,$(Ed.).$$Poston,$Ted.$A&Draft&of&History.$Edited$by$Kathleen$A.$Hauke.$Author)with)a)translator$Laplace,$P.S.$A&Philosophical&Essay&on&Probabilities.$Trans.$F.$W.$Truscott$and$F.$L.$Emory.$Laplace,$P.$S.$(1951).$A&philosophical&essay&on&probabilities.$(F.$W.$Truscott$&$F.$L.$Emory,$Trans.).$$P.S.$Laplace.$A$Philosophical$Essay$on$Probabilities.$Translated$by$F.$W.$Truscott$and$F.$L.$Emory.$Editor)with)no)author$Consequences&of&Growing&Up&Poor.$Eds.$G.J.$Duncan$and$J.$BrooksMGunn.$Duncan,$G.$J.,$&$BrooksMGunn,$J.$(Eds.).$(1997).$Consequences&of&growing&up&poor.$$Duncan,$G.J.$and$J.$BrooksMGunn,$eds.$Work)in)an)anthology$Harris,$Muriel.$"Talk$to$Me:$Engaging$Reluctant$Writers."$A&Tutor's&Guide:&Helping&Writers&One&to&One.$Ed.$Ben$Rafoth.$Portsmouth,$NH:$Heinemann,$2000.$24M34.$Print.$Harris,$Muriel.$(2000).$Talk$to$me:$Engaging$reluctant$writers.$In$Ben$Rafoth$(Ed.),$A&tutor’s&guide:&Helping&writers&one&to&one$(pp.$24M34).$Portsmouth,$NH:$Heinemann.$Harris,$Muriel.$"Talk$to$Me:$Engaging$Reluctant$Writers."$In&A&Tutor's&Guide:&Helping&Writers&One&to&One,$edited$by$Ben$Rafoth,$24M34.$Portsmouth,$NH:$Heinemann,$2000.$Edition)other)than)first$Helfer,$M.S.,$R.S.$Keme,$and$R.D.$Drugman.$The&Battered&Child.$5th$ed.$Helfer,$M.$S.,$Keme,$R.$S.,$&$Drugman,$R.$D.$(1997).$The&battered&child$(5th$ed.).$Helfer,$M.S.,$R.S.$Keme,$and$R.D.$Drugman.$The&Battered&Child.$5th$ed.$Multivolume)work$Dictionary&of&the&History&of&Ideas.&Ed.$P.&Wiener.&4$Vols.$Wiener,$P.$(Ed.).$(1973).$Dictionary&of&the&history&of&ideas$(Vols.$1M4).$Weiner,$P.,$ed.$Dictionary&of&the&History&of&Ideas.$4$vols.$Encyclopedia/Dictionary$Posner,$Rebecca.$“Romance$Languages.”$The&Encyclopedia&Britannica:$Macropedia.$15th$ed.$1987.$Print.$Posner,$R.$(1987).$Romance$Languages.$In$The&encyclopedia&Britannica:$macropedia&(15th$ed.).$Cited)in)endnotes)only.)1.&The&Encyclopedia&Britannica:&Macropedia,$15th$ed.,$s.v.$“Romance$Languages.”$Foreword,)introduction,)Duncan,$Hugh$Dalziel.$Introduction.$Permanence&and&Change:&An&Duncan,$H.$D.$Introduction.$In$K.$Burke,$Permanence&and&Change:&An&Duncan,$Hugh$Dalziel.$Introduction$to$Permanence&and&Change:&An&Anatomy&of& The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$3$preface,)or)afterword$Anatomy&of&Purpose.$$Anatomy&of&Purpose&(xiiiMxliv).$United$States:$The$BobbsMMerrill$Company,$Inc.$$Purpose.$Articles&in&Periodicals&Although$periodicals$are$cited$similarly$to$most$book$sources,$MLA’s$seventh$edition$makes$some$distinctions$specific$to$periodicals.$In$APA$periodical$citation,$authors$are$named$by$their$last$name$followed$by$initials;$the$publication$year$goes$between$parentheses$and$is$followed$by$a$period.$The$title$of$the$article$is$written$in$sentenceMcase,$in$which$only$the$first$word$and$proper$nouns$are$capitalized.$The$periodical$title$is$written$in$title$case$and$is$followed$by$the$volume$number,$which,$with$the$title,$is$also$italicized$or$underlined.$CMS$periodical$citations$include$author$name,$article$title,$publication$title,$publication$date,$and$issue$information.$CMS$also$requires$citation$of$a$URL$if$the$journal$was$accessed$online.$Magazine)Poniewozik,$James.$"TV$Makes$a$TooMClose$Call."$Time$20$Nov.$2000:$70M71.$Print.$Poniewozik,$J.$(2000,$November).$TV$makes$a$tooMclose$call.$Time,$20,$70M71.$Poniewozik,$James.$"TV$Makes$a$TooMClose$Call."$Time,$November$20,$2000.$Journal)paginated)by)issue)Bagchi,$Alaknanda.$"Conflicting$Nationalisms:$The$Voice$of$the$Subaltern$in$Mahasweta$Devi's$Bashai&Tudu."$Tulsa&Studies&in&Women's&Literature$15.1$(1996):$41M50.$Print.$Bagchi,$A.$(1996).$Conflicting$nationalisms:$The$voice$of$the$subaltern$in$Mahasweta$Devi’s$Bashai&Tudu.$Tulsa&Studies&in&Women’s&Literature$(15.1),$41M50.$Bagchi,$Alaknanda.$"Conflicting$Nationalisms:$The$Voice$of$the$Subaltern$in$Mahasweta$Devi's$Bashai&Tudu."$Tulsa&Studies&in&Women’s&Literature$15.1$(1996):$41M50.$Daily)newspaper)Krugman,$Andrew.$"Fear$of$Eating."$New&York&Times$21$May$2007.$A1.$Print.$Krugman,$A.$(2007,$May$21).$Fear$of$eating.$New&York&Times,$pp.$A1.$Krugman,$Andrew.$"Fear$of$Eating."$New$York$Times,$May$2007.$Editorial)in)newspaper$"Of$Mines$and$Men."$Editorial.$Wall&Street&Journal$east.$ed.$24$Oct.$2003:$A14.$Print.$Of$mines$and$men$(2003,$Oct$24).$[Editorial]$The&Wall&Street&Journal&east,$p.$A14.$Cited)in)notes)only.)1.$Editorial,$Wall&Street&Journal,$October$24,$2003.$Letter)to)the)editor)Hamer,$John.$Letter.$American&Journalism&Review$Dec.$2006/Jan.$2007:$7.$Print.$$Hamer,$J.$(2006/2007,$December/January).$[Letter$to$the$editor].$American&Journalism&Review,$7.$Cited)in)notes)only.)1.$John$Hamer,$letter$to$the$editor,$American&Journalism&Review,$December$2006/January$2007.$Book)or)film)review)Seitz,$Matt$Zoller.$"Life$in$the$Sprawling$Suburbs,$If$You$Can$Really$Call$It$Seitz,$M.$Z.$(2007,$May$30).$Life$in$the$sprawling$suburbs,$if$you$can$really$call$Sietz,$Matt$Zoller.$Review$of$Radiant&City,$Directed$by$Gary$Burns$and$Jim$Brown.$ The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$4$Living."$Rev.$of$Radiant&City,$dir.$Gary$Burns$and$Jim$Brown.$New&York&Times$30$May$2007$late$ed.:$E1.$Print.$it$living$[Review$of$the$film$Radiant&City,$directed$by$Gary$Burns$and$Jim$Brown].$New&York&Times,$late$ed.:$E1.$New&York&Times,$May$30,$2007,$Late$edition.$Online&Sources&MLA$guidelines$for$most$online$sources$were$developed$under$the$assumption$that$content$can$be$found$online$as$long$as$information,$such$as$author$and$title,$were$included.$Therefore,$MLA$does$not$require$a$URL$listing.$MLA$citation$of$online$sources$does,$however,$ask$for$a$publisher$or$sponsor$of$the$webpage.$Authors$for$websites$are$often$corporations,$or$governments$(Hacker).$In$APA$citation,$online$sources$often$include$what$are$known$as$DOIs,$or$digital$object$identifiers.$If$a$DOI$is$available,$it$is$used$in$place$of$a$URL.$The$DOI$is$a$serial$number$that$identifies$the$source$regardless$of$URL$changes,$and$it$can$often$be$found$on$the$first$page$of$an$online$source.$Beyond$the$DOI,$APA$generally$cites$author,$date,$page$title,$site$title,$available$page$numbers,$and$a$URL$or$DOI.$CMS$citation$requires$the$URL$to$be$listed$at$the$end$of$the$citation$but$not$the$date$the$contented$was$accessed.$If$the$internet$source$is$time$sensitive,$include$the$date$of$access$after$the$URL$listing$in$parenthesis.$CMS$documentation$often$includes$the$use$of$DOIs.$General)format)Author.$Title&of&Site.$Sponsor,$Date$created$(use$n.d.$if$not$given).$Medium.$Date$accessed.$Author.$(Year$[use$n.d.$if$not$given]).$Article$or$page$title.$Larger&Publication&Title,$volume$or$issue$number.$Retrieved$from$http://url$address$Author.$Document$Title.$URL$or$DOI.$Entire)Website)United$States$Environmental$Protection$Agency.$Drinking&Water&Standards.$EPA,$8$July$2004.$Web.$24$Jan.$2006$United$States$Environmental$Protection$Agency.$(2004,$July).$Drinking&water&standards.$Retrieved$from$US$EPA$website$http://water.epa.gov/drink$United$States$Environmental$Protection$Agency.$Drinking&Water&Standards.$http://water.epa.gov/drink.$Page)from)Website)Shiva,$Vandana.$“Bioethics:$A$Third$World$Issue.”$Nativeweb.$Nativeweb,$n.d.$Web.$22$Feb.$2006.$Shiva,$V.$(2006,$February).$Bioethics:$A$third$world$issue.$Nativeweb.$Retrieved$from$http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html$$Shiva,$Vandana.$“Bioethics:$A$Third$World$Issue.”$Nativeweb.$http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html.$Page)from)Website)with)unknown)author)“Media$Giants.”$Frontline:&The&Merchants&of&Cool.$PBS$Online,$2001.$Web.$7$Feb.$2006.$Media$giants.$(2001).$Frontline:&The&Merchants&of&Cool.$Retrieved$from$PBS$Online$http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants/$$“Media$Giants.”$Frontline:&The&Merchants&of&Cool.$http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants.$Image)from)a)Goya,$Francisco.$The&Family&of&Charles&Goya,$F.$(1800).$The$family$of$Charles$IV.$Goya,$Francisco.$The&Family&of&Charles&IV.$ The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$5$Website)IV.$1800.$Museo$Nacional$del$Prado,$Madrid.$Museo&National&del&Prado.$Web.$22$May$2006.$$Museo&National&del&Prado.$Retrieved$from$http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/hd_goya.htm$Museo$Nacional$del$Prado,$Madrid,$1800.$Painting.$http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/hd_goya.htm$Online)book)Milton,$John.$Paradise&Lost:&Book&I.&Poetryfoundation.org.$Poetry$Foundation,$2008.$Web.$14$Dec.$2008.$Milton,$J.$(1667).$Paradise$lost:$Book$I.$Poetry&Foundation.$Retrieved$from$http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=174002$Milton,$John.$Paradise&Lost.$City$and$Date$of$Original$Publication.$http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=174002$Portion)of)an)online)book)Adams,$Henry.$“Diplomacy.”$The&Education&of&Henry&Adams.$By$Adams.$Boston:$Houghton,$1918.$N.$pag.$Bartleby.com:&Great&Books&Online.$Web.$8$Jan$2007.$Adams,$H.$(1918).$“Diplomacy.”$The$education$of$henry$adams.$Bartleby.com:&Great&Books&Online.$Retrieved$from$http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html$Adams,$Henry.$“Diplomacy.”$The&Education&of&Henry&Adams.$Reprint$of$the$1918$edition,$Bartleby.com:$Great$Books$Online.$http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html$Article)in)an)online)journal)Bent,$Henry$E.$"Professionalization$of$the$Ph.D.$Degree.”$The&Journal&of&Higher&Education&30.3$(1959):$140M145.$Web.$5$Dec.$2008.$Bent,$H.$(1959).$Professionalization$of$the$Ph.D.$degree.$The&Journal&of&Higher&Education,$30.3,$140M145.$http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286.$Bent,$Henry$E.$"Professionalization$of$the$Ph.D.$Degree.”$The$Journal$of$Higher$Education$30,$no.$3$(1959):$140M145.$Accessed$December$5,$2008.$http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.$Article)in)an)online)magazine/)newspaper)Bernstein,$Mark.$"10$Tips$on$Writing$the$Living$Web."$A&List&Apart:&For&People&Who&Make&Websites.$A$List$Apart$Mag.,$16$Aug.$2002.$Web.$4$May$2009.$Bernstein,$M.$(2002).$10$tips$on$writing$the$living$web.$A&List&Apart:&For&People&Who&Make&Websites.$Retrieved$from$http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving$Bernstein,$M.$“10$Tips$on$Writing$the$Living$Web.”$A&List&Apart&Magazine.$August$16,$2002.$http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving$Entire)blog)Mayer,$Caroline.$The&Checkout.$Washington$Post,$10$Jan.$2007.$Web.$19$Jan.$2007.$Mayer,$C.$(2007,$January$10).$The$checkout.$[Web$log$post].$Retrieved$from$http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheckout/$Mayer,$Caroline.$The&Checkout$(blog).$http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheckout/$Response)in)a)blog)Editor,$screen$name,$author,$or$compiler$name$(if$available).$“Posting$Title.”$Name&of&Site.$Version$number$(if$available).$Name$of$institution/organization$affiliated$with$the$site$(sponsor$or$publisher).$Writer’s$name.$(Date$of$post).$Subject$of$post.$[Web$log$comment].$Retrieved$from:$URL$or$DOI$Blog$Name;$“Entry$Title,”$blog$entry$by$Writer’s$Name,$Date$of$post.$ The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$6$Medium$of$publication.$Date$of$access.$CDOROM)“Pimpernel.”$The&American&Heritage&Dictionary&of&the&English&Language.$4th$ed.$Boston;$Houghton,$2000.$CDMROM.$Pimpernel.$(2000).$[CDMROM].The&American&Heritage&Dictionary$of&the&English&Language.&$4th$ed.$$“Pimpernel.”$The&American&Heritage&Dictionary&of&the&English&Language.$4th$ed.$Boston;$Houghton,$2000.$CDMROM.$EOmail)Kunka,$Andrew.$"Re:$Modernist$Literature."$Message$to$the$author.$15$Nov.$2000.$EMmail.$Not)included)in)references.)Cited)in)notes)only.$1.$Andrew$Kunka,$eMmail$message$to$author,$November$15,$2000.$Multimedia&Sources&MLA$format$for$multimedia$sources$requires$a$medium$description$at$the$end$of$the$citation.$Film,$DVD,$radio,$Web,$a$performance,$and$other$descriptions$should$be$used$to$indicate$the$type$of$multimedia$that$is$being$referenced.$Electronic$sources$in$APA$format$may$include$a$digital$object$identifier$(DOI)$number.$When$a$DOI$is$evident,$it$may$be$used$in$place$of$a$URL$address.$An$online$source$should$include$either$a$DOI$or$a$URL.$When$citing$an$internet$source$in$CMS$format,$include$as$much$information$as$is$available$regarding$author,$site$title,$site$sponsor,$and$any$available$URL.$An$access$date$is$not$needed$in$CMS$formatting.$$Video)or)film)An&Inconvenient&Truth.$Dir.$David$Guggenheim.$Narr.$Al$Gore.$$Paramount,$2006.$DVD.$Guggenheim,$D.$(Director),$&$Bender,$L.$(Producer).$(2006).$An&inconvenient&truth&[DVD].$United$States:$Paramount$Home$Entertainment.$An&Inconvenient&Truth.$United$States:$Paramount$Home$Education,$2006.$DVD,$94$min.)Podcast/)YouTube)Murphy,$Beth.$“Tips$for$a$Good$Profile$Piece.”$Project:&Report.$YouTube,$7$Sept.$2008.$Web.$19$Sept.$2008.$Murphy,$B.$(2008,$September$19).$Tips$for$a$good$profile$piece.”$[YouTube].&Project:&Report.$Retrieved$from$http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2VcdqB9k/$Murphy,$Beth.$“Tips$for$a$Good$Profile$Piece.”$Project:&Report.$YouTube.$http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2VcdqB9k/$Lecture/)Public)address)Teplin,$Linda$A.$et.$al.$“Early$Violent$Death$in$Delinquent$Youth:$A$Prospective$Longitudinal$Study.”$Annual$Meeting$of$the$American$PsychologyMLawMSociety.$La$Jolla,$California.$March,$2005.$Presentation.$Teplin,$L.$A.,$McClelland,$G.$M.,$Abram,$K.$M.,$&$Washburn,$J.$J.$(2005).$Early$violent$death$in$delinquent$youth:$a$prospective$longitudinal$study.$[Presentation].$Paper&presented&at&the&Annual&Meeting&of&the&American&Psychology[Law[Society.$La$Jolla,$CA.$Teplin,$Linda$A.,$Gary$M.$McClelland,$Karen$M.$Abram,$and$Jason$J.$Washburn.$“Early$Violent$Death$in$Delinquent$Youth:$A$Prospective$Longitudinal$Study.”$Paper$presented$at$the$Annual$Meeting$of$the$American$PsychologyMLawMSociety,$La$Jolla,$CA,$March$2005.$Other&Sources&$$$The)Purdue)Brizee,$Allen,$and$Elyssa$Tardiff.$“Four$Brizee,$A.,$&$Tardiff,$E.$(2010,$April$7).$Brizee,$Allen,$and$Elyssa$Tardiff.$“Four$Main$ The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$7$OWL)Main$Components$for$Effective$Outlines”.$Purdue&Online&Writing&Lab.&Purdue$University,$7$April,$2010.$Web.$20$Dec.$2010.$Four$main$components$for$effective$outlines.$Purdue&Online&Writing&Lab.$Retrieved$from$http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/$Components$for$Effective$Outlines”.$Purdue&Online&Writing&Lab.$Purdue$University.$http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/$Government)publication)Continental$Congress.$Journals&of&the&Continental&Congress,&1774[1789.$Washington$DC.$1904M1937.$Continental$Congress.$(1774M1789).$Journals$of$the$continental$congress.$Washington,$DC.$1904M1937.$Continental$Congress,$Journals&of&the&Continental&Congress,&1774[1789,$Edited$by$Worthington$C.$Ford$et$al.$34$vols.$Washington,$DC,$1904M37.$Dissertation)Choi,$Mihwa.$“Contesting$Imaginaries$in$Death$Rituals$during$the$Northern$Song$Dynasty.”$Diss.$University$of$Chicago,$2008.$Web.$“Contesting$Imaginaries$in$Death$Rituals$during$the$Northern$Song$Dynasty.”$Choi,$M.$(2008).$Contesting$imaginaries$in$death$rituals$during$the$northern$song$dynasty$(Doctoral$dissertation).$Available$from$ProQuest$database.$(AAT$3300426).$Choi,$Mihwa.$“Contesting$Imaginaries$in$Death$Rituals$during$the$Northern$Song$Dynasty.”$PhD$diss.,$University$of$Chicago,$2008.$ProQuest$(A$AT$3300426).$InOText)Citations)$$$Citing&Books&)Like$most$source$documentation$systems,$MLA$uses$inMtext$citations$to$give$readers$information$and$directs$readers$to$the$more$specific$Works$Cited$page$should$a$reader$want$to$pursue$a$source$further.$Generally,$MLA$inMtext$citation$requires$an$author$name$and$a$page$number$where$the$information$being$cited$can$be$found.$Citations$can$be$formatted$in$a$variety$of$ways.$$APA$adds$to$MLA$style$by$including$an$author$name(s),$page$number(s),$and$date.$The$date$is$generally$provided$parenthetically$whenever$the$author’s(s’)$name(s)$is(are)$given$while$page$numbers$always$appear$at$the$end$of$the$sentence.$The$date$is$important$in$social$science$because$it$helps$demonstrate$the$relevance$(newness)$of$the$work$being$cited.$Footnotes$or$endnotes$are$used$when$citing$within$the$text$of$a$CMS$formatted$document.$These$notes$do$not$take$the$place$of$the$final$bibliography$page;$instead,$endnotes$and$footnotes$work$to$strengthen$a$document’s$credibility$by$providing$specific$source$information$at$the$bottom$of$the$page$or$in$a$separate$notes$section$for$readers$to$review.$Footnotes$in$CMS$style$generally$include$the$author$name,$the$publication$title,$publication$date$and$publisher$information$(if$being$cited$for$the$first$time),$as$well$as$a$page$number.$Author)named)in)a)signal)phrase)Philosopher$Stephen$C.$Pepper$refers$to$this$phenomenon$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(49).$Philosopher$Stephen$C.$Pepper$(1961)$refers$to$this$phenomenon$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(p.$49).$Philosopher$Stephen$C.$Pepper$refers$to$this$phenomenon$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence.”12$$(Match$number$(12)$to$endnote$at$the$bottom$of$the$page)$ The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$8$12.$Stephen$C.$Pepper,$World&Hypotheses$(Los$Angeles:$University$of$California$Press,$1961),$49.$Author)not)named)in)a)signal)phrase)This$phenomenon$is$best$referred$to$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(Pepper$49).$This$phenomenon$is$best$referred$to$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(Pepper,$1961,$p.$$49).$This$phenomenon$is$best$referred$to$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence.”12$$12.$Stephen$C.$Pepper,$World&Hypotheses$(Los$Angeles:$University$of$California$Press,$1961),$49.$Unknown)author))This$phenomenon$is$best$referred$to$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(World&Hypotheses$49).$This$phenomenon$is$best$referred$to$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(World&Hypotheses,$1961,$p.$49).$This$phenomenon$is$best$referred$to$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence.”12$$12.$World&Hypotheses,$(Los$Angeles:$University$of$California$Press,$1961),$49.$Unknown)page)number))This$phenomenon$is$best$referred$to$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(Pepper).$This$phenomenon$is$best$referred$to$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(Pepper,$Evidence$and$Corroboration$section,$para.$22).$This$phenomenon$is$best$referred$to$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence.”12$$12.$Stephen$C.$Pepper,$World&Hypotheses,$(Los$Angeles:$University$of$California$Press,$1961).$More)than)one)work)by)the)same)author)Philosopher$Stephen$C.$Pepper$refers$to$this$phenomenon$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(World&Hypotheses&49),$which$he$hints$toward$in$earlier$work$as$well$(“Emergence”$241).$$Philosopher$Stephen$C.$Pepper$refers$to$this$phenomenon$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence”$(World&Hypotheses,&1961,$p.&49),$which$he$hints$toward$in$earlier$work$as$well$(“Emergence”,$1926,$p.$241).$Philosopher$Stephen$C.$Pepper$refers$to$this$phenomenon$as$a$“cumulative$collaboration$of$evidence,”12$which$he$hints$toward$in$earlier$work$as$well.13$$12.$Stephen$C.$Pepper,$World&Hypotheses,$(Los$Angeles:$University$of$California$Press,$1961),$49.$$13.$$Stephen$C.$Pepper,$“Emergence,”$The$Journal&of&Philosophy&23,$no.$9$(1926).$$Two)or)three)authors)Shirley$K$Rose$and$Irwin$Weiser$note$in$Going&Public$the$importance$of$redefining$expectations$for$faculty$work$Rose$and$Weiser$(2010)$note$the$importance$of$redefining$expectations$for$faculty$work$(p.$3).$Shirley$K$Rose$and$Irwin$Weiser$note$in$Going&Public$the$importance$of$redefining$expectations$for$faculty$work.6$ The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$9$(3).$6.$$Shirley$K$Rose$and$Irwin$Weiser,$Going&Public,$(Utah:$University$Press,$2010).$Four)or)more)authors)Some$studies$that$focus$specifically$on$undergraduate$perspectives$of$academic$writing$found$a$variety$of$approaches$(Anderson$et$al.$11).$In$1990,$Anderson,$Best,$Black,$Hurst,$Miller,$and$Miller$produced$a$study$that$focused$specifically$on$undergraduate$perspectives$of$academic$writing,$and$they$found$a$variety$of$approaches$in$place$(p.$11).$Some$studies$that$focus$specifically$on$undergraduate$perspectives$of$academic$writing$found$a$variety$of$approaches.2$$2.$Worth$Anderson$and$Others,$“CrossMCurricular$Underlife:$A$Collaborative$Report$on$Ways$with$Academic$Words,”$College&Composition&and&Communication$41,$no.$1.$Corporate)author)The$American$Psychological$Association’s$study$demonstrated$the$significant$role$of$prayer$as$a$coping$mechanism$for$health$(67).$This$study$demonstrated$the$significant$role$of$prayer$as$a$coping$mechanism$for$health$(American$Psychological$Association,$2011,$p.$67).$This$study$demonstrated$the$significant$role$of$prayer$as$a$coping$mechanism$for$health.9$$$9.$American$Psychological$Association,$“National$Trends$in$Prayer$Use$as$a$Coping$Mechanism$for$Health$Concerns:$Changes$from$2002$to$2007,”$Psychology&of&Religion&and&Spirituality.$Authors)with)the)same)last)name)Use$the$first$initial$to$differentiate$(A.$Smith$19).$Use$the$first$initial$to$differentiate$(A.$Smith,$2009,$p.$19).$Does$not$apply$because$endnotes$will$differentiate.$Encyclopedia)Romance$languages$have$a$curious$history$(“Romance$Languages”).$Romance$languages$have$a$curious$history$(Posner,$1987).$Use$endnote$only,$does$not$appear$in$bibliography.$$1.&The&Encyclopedia&Britannica:&Macropedia,$15th$ed.,$s.v.$“Romance$Languages.”$Multivolume)work)Use$the$volume$number$followed$by$the$page$number$in$the$citation,$e.g.,$(2:$119).$Use$the$page$number$and$date;$indicate$the$volume$in$the$reference$section$only.$10.$Phillip$P.$Weiner,$Dictionary&of&the&History&of&Ideas,$6$vols,$(Charles$Scribner$and$Sons,$2004).$Two)or)more)works)in)the)same)parentheses)Many$19th$century$American$authors$noted$the$importance$of$religion$in$conceiving$nature$(Emerson$1123;$Thoreau$1994).$Many$19th$century$American$authors$noted$the$importance$of$religion$in$conceiving$nature$(Emerson$1836;$Thoreau,$1862).$Many$19th$century$American$authors$noted$the$importance$of$religion$in$conceiving$nature.22$$ The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$10$22.$Henry$David$Thoreau,$“Walking,”$1862;$Ralph$Waldo$Emerson,$“Nature,”$1836.&An)entire)work)Thoreau’s$“Walking”$demonstrates$a$fascination$with$sauntering.$Thoreau’s$“Walking”$(1862)$demonstrates$a$fascination$with$sauntering.$Thoreau’s$“Walking”$demonstrates$a$fascination$with$sauntering.22$$22.$Henry$David$Thoreau,$“Walking,”$1862.$Work)in)an)anthology)Use$the$selection’s$name$and$page$number,$not$the$editor.$$The$life$of$poverty$in$the$south$is$captured$by$Hurston’s$candid$autobiography,$“From$Dust$Tracks$on$a$Road”$(336).$Cite$the$specific$work$only,$not$the$anthology$or$its$editor.$$The$life$of$poverty$in$the$south$is$captured$by$Hurston’s$candid$autobiography,$“From$Dust$Tracks$on$a$Road”$(1942).$19.$$Zora$Neale$Hurston,$“From$Dust$Tracks$on$a$Road,”$in$The&Norton&Book&of&American&Autobiography,$ed.$Jay$Parini$(New$York:$Norton,$1999),$336.$Multimedia&Sources&$$$Video)or)film)Cite$as$inMtext$document$using$release$date.$$The$role$of$Irish$folklore$is$depicted$in$contemporary$films$such$as$John$Sayles’s,$The&Secret&of&Roan&Inish.$$Cite$as$inMtext$document$using$release$date.$$The$role$of$Irish$folklore$is$depicted$in$contemporary$films$such$as$John$Sayles’s,$The&Secret&of&Roan&Inish&(1993).$45.$The&Secret&of&Roan&Inish,$DVD,$directed$by$John$Sayles$(1993;$Culver$City,$CA:$Columbia$Tristar$Home$Video,$2000).$Podcast/)YouTube)Use$video$author/podcast$name$and$given$title.$$The$quirks$of$spending$become$obvious$when$listening$to$productions$such$as$David$Kesetenbaum’s$podcast,$“A$Big$Bridge$in$the$Wrong$Place,”$on$Planet&Money.$Use$video/podcast$author$name,$if$known,$title,$and$posting$date.$$The$quirks$of$spending$become$obvious$when$listening$to$productions$such$as$David$Kesetenbaum’s$podcast,$“A$Big$Bridge$in$the$Wrong$Place,”$on$Planet&Money$(2011).$Treat$as$a$document$from$a$website.$$$31.$David$Kestenbaum,$“A$Big$Bridge$in$the$Wrong$Place,”$Planet&Money&Podcast,$National$Public$Radio,$http://www.npr.org/blogs/money$Lecture/)Public)address)The$problem$of$violent$death$among$delinquent$youths$was$carefully$documented$by$Teplin$et$al.$in$an$address$delivered$in$2005$at$the$Annual$Meeting$of$the$American$PsychologyMThe$problem$of$violent$death$among$delinquent$youths$was$carefully$documented$by$Teplin$et$al.$in$an$address$delivered$at$the$Annual$Meeting$of$the$American$PsychologyMIf$using$an$unpublished$lecture$or$address,$cite$in$writing$only.$$President$Obama$noted$during$an$address$on$August$1,$2011$that$.$.$.$ The$Purdue$OWL:$Citation$Chart$$$11$LawMSociety.$LawMSociety$(2005).$If$using$a$published$lecture$or$address,$follow$this$example:$$41.$Linda$A.$Teplin$and$Others,$“Early$Violent$Death$in$Delinquent$Youth:$A$Prospective$Longitudinal$Study,”$Paper$presented$at$the$Annual$Meeting$of$the$American$PsychologyMLawMSociety,$La$Jolla,$CA,$March$2005.$Other&Sources&$$$The)Purdue)OWL)Karl$Stolley$and$Allen$Brizee$write$in$the$Online$Writing$Lab$at$Purdue$University,$“ResearchMbased$writing$in$American$institutions,$both$educational$and$corporate,$is$filled$with$rules$that$writers,$particularly$beginners,$aren't$aware$of$or$don't$know$how$to$follow”$(“Avoiding$Plagiarism”).$Karl$Stolley$and$Allen$Brizee$(2011)$write$in$the$Online$Writing$Lab$at$Purdue$University,$“ResearchMbased$writing$in$American$institutions,$both$educational$and$corporate,$is$filled$with$rules$that$writers,$particularly$beginners,$aren't$aware$of$or$don't$know$how$to$follow.”$Karl$Stolley$and$Allen$Brizee$note,$“ResearchMbased$writing$in$American$institutions,$both$educational$and$corporate,$is$filled$with$rules$that$writers,$particularly$beginners,$aren't$aware$of$or$don't$know$how$to$follow.”23$$23.$Karl$Stolley$and$Allen$Brizee,$“Avoiding$Plagiarism,”$Purdue&Online&Writing&Lab,$Purdue$University,$http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/$Government)publication)According$to$the$Pennsylvania$Department$of$Conservation$and$Natural$Resources,$the$Emerald$Ash$Borer$invasion$in$Pennsylvania$has$led$to$dozens$of$county$quarantines$in$recent$years.$The$Emerald$Ash$Borer$invasion$in$Pennsylvania$has$led$to$dozens$of$county$quarantines$in$recent$years$(Pennsylvania$DCNR,$2011).$27.$Pennsylvania$Department$of$Conservation$and$Natural$Resources,$Bureau&of&Forestry&Publications:$Coleoptera:&Buprestidae:&Agrilus&planipennis&Fairmaire,$2011.$$&