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Analyzing the Elements of a Scientific Method

Read the following story and then answer the questions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBlI1p9q6xc

Scientific investigations usually begin with an observation that points to an interesting question. One famous example of an observation that led to further investigation was made by Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming in the 1920s. One day he returned to his lab and began to clean some glass plates on which he had been growing a certain kind of bacteria. He noticed an odd thing: one of the plates had become contaminated by mold. Curiously, the area around the mold looked free of bacterial growth. His observation indicated that a causal relationship might exist: the mold or a substance produced by the mold might prevent bacterial growth. Fleming's observation led to a series of scientific tests that resulted in new knowledge: Penicillin could be used to treat bacterial infections. He thought “If filtrates from a certain type of mold are introduced to bacteria, the bacteria will die.”

Fleming found that his "mold juice" was capable of killing a wide range of harmful bacteria, such as streptococcus, meningococcus and the diphtheria bacillus (these are different types of bacteria). He then started the difficult task of isolating pure penicillin from the mold juice. In an experiment testing Fleming’s hypothesis, a scientist could introduce filtrates of mold to cultures of bacteria on glass plates. This would be the experimental group. A control group would contain similar cultures of bacteria, but with no addition of mold filtrates. Both groups would be subject to exactly the same conditions otherwise. Any difference between the two groups would result from the variable, or the single difference between them: the introduction of mold filtrate to the bacterial cultures. Fleming discovered the penicillin an antibiotic that saved many lives. Penicillin heralded the dawn of the antibiotic age. Before its introduction there was no effective treatment for infections such as pneumonia or rheumatic fever.

Fleming published his findings in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology in June 1929, with only a passing reference to penicillin's potential therapeutic benefits. Fleming realized that penicillin could treat infection but he couldn't produce enough of the antibiotic agent to be truly effective.

It looked like the end of the road for penicillin until to Oxford scientists took up the challenge Howard Florey was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist working at Oxford University he led a team researching antibacterial agents produced by microorganisms. Ernst Boris Chain had fled Nazi Germany to work as a scientist in England, he was one of Flurry's most talented colleagues and was studying naturally occurring chemicals that could kill bacteria. Together they started looking into Fleming's discovery and decided they had better reinvestigate some of his findings based here at Lincoln College.

An entire team of Oxford based scientists were soon working on penicillin and by late 1940 they had invented a way to mass produce the drug. They had also trialled the drug here at Oxford's Radcliffe infirmary by this time another War World War two had started. Suddenly there was a great need for a drug which could fight infection and the American war production board were willing to spend big money. By 1945 they were able to produce enough penicillin to treat the entire Allied forces that same year.

Fleming, Florey and Chain won the Nobel Prize in medicine and penicillin was being hailed as a wonder drug. Penicillin was the first antibiotic a range of drugs used to treat and prevent infections.

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