CHOSEN TOPIC: RISING SEA LEVELSTHE CHOSEN BIBLIOGRAPHY IS IN THE ATTACHMENTTHE SOURCES WITHIN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY MAY BE USED FOR THIS ASSIGNMENTOverview – Introduction A research proposal is a formal

Gustavo Dias

Professor Walsh

ENC1102

28 March 2019

Environmental Annotated Bibliography

Over the past years, there has been a gradual rise in sea level. This has been attributed by changes in climatic factors as well as human factors. The human factors play a major role in the rise of sea level in that they not only case the rise but have been attributed to the change in climate.

Cretaceous sea level rise: down memory lane and the road ahead is a book that illustrates a number of factors that have led to the rise in sea level. One of them being the burning of fossil fuels as the major cause of the rise in sea level. Their burning produces a lot of greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane and the chlorofluorocarbons. The greenhouse gases trap the infrared radiation and reflecting it back to the earth surface. This causes a lot of heat into the earth surface resulting in the expansion of the water due to heating. The rise in temperatures from the greenhouse gasses also does result in the melting of the glaciers. The gases disrupt the natural balance that exists where the glaciers melt during the summer and during winter snow is formed. In that, we are currently experiencing a late onset of winters that is followed by early spring this period is not enough to create a balance between snow formation and its melting (Ramkumar 87)

Ramkumar, Mu. Cretaceous sea level rise: down memory lane and the road ahead. Amsterdam: Elsevier, (2016). 75-90.

Changes in the salinity of seawater. When the amount of dissolved solute increases this leads to the increase in salinity levels that results in the increase in water density. Dense water is more compact and can surge downwards reducing the sea level. While less solute that is dissolved reduces the salinity of the water level thus, in turn, leads to a decrease in water density. Less dense water expands more and results in high sea levels.

Rangel-Buitrago, Nelson and Giorgio Anfuso. Risk assessment of storms in coastal zones: case studies from Cartagena (Colombia) and Cadiz (Spain). Cham: Springer, (2015). 188-205.

Land subsidence that results in an increase in sea level. Mostly land subsidence in attributed by human factors such as the mining of minerals and the natural gas as well as removal of the natural gas. These results in the sinking of the land surface, the removal of these materials affect the stability of land causing it to crumble. This will eventually destroy the sea basin leading to the flooding of the shores.

Pilkey, Orrin H, Linda Pilkey-Jarvis and Keith C Pilkey. Retreat from a rising sea: hard decisions in an age of climate change. New York: Columbia University Press, (2016). 234-240.

The Land Subsidence and the Relative Sea-Level Rise in the Southern Chesapeake Bay Region is an article that illustrates the effect of land subsidence. These regions consist of the coastal plain of Virginia both to the south and west, Chesapeake Bay Region and the east of Delmarva Peninsula. The region experiences a very high rise in the sea level as compared to other regions along the Atlantic coast. This has been attributed to a lot of pumping of water of the underground water resulting in the compaction of the soil. It reflects on the research that was carried out in Texas, Houston-Galveston and Santa Clara. This research indicated the rise of sea level by 3m due to the land subsidence that resulted from petroleum drilling in Texas and the pumping of underground water. The article further illustrates the possible ways to reclaim the Southern Chesapeake Bay Region (Jack Eaggleston,Jason Pope and Hampton Roads Planning District Commisioner 16)

Jack Eggleston,Jason Pope and Hampton Roads Planning District Commissioner. "Land Subsidence and Relative Sea-level rise in Southern Chesapeake Bay Region." USGS Science for a changing world (2014): 8-29.

Flooding of the shores this results in soil erosion. The fertile soils are carried away by the water making the lands unproductive. The topsoil contains a lot of organic compounds that aid in the retention of nutrients by the soil for crop growth. It does also expose the lower horizon of the soil layer to agricultural activities. These horizons consist of the sediments of minerals and salts that alter the Soil Ph. Soil PH is so crucial in agricultural activities in that it affects nutrients uptake by the plants (Janin and Mandia 107)

Janin, Hunt and Scott A Mandia. Rising sea levels: an introduction to cause and impact. Jefferson: McFarland & Co., Publishers, (2013). 105-116.

The flooding of the water also affects the people living near the sea in a number of ways. It does results in the flooding of the houses making them health hazards and destroying a lot of property that is soaked up in the water. The seepage of this seawater into people’s lands affects the soil structure. A lot of salt leads in the dispersion of the soil that cause the collapse of the soil structure and buildings. These will make such land risky for people to live in necessitating them to move out on such areas. It does also have an impact on the economic activities of the people. As it does affect agricultural activities, tourist activities and many business activities due to the instability caused by flooding.

Wright, Linda L. Sea level rise, coastal engineering, shorelines and tides. New York: Nova Science Publishers, (2015). 346-354

The high sea levels cause very heavy rains. The high sea levels result in less dense water that quickly expands when heated up and evaporates into the air that will rater results into the rain This rain will further increase the sea level and also cause more flooding.

Rangel-Buitrago, Nelson and Giorgio Anfuso. Risk assessment of storms in coastal zones: case studies from Cartagena (Colombia) and Cadiz (Spain). Cham: Springer, (2015). 188-205.

The book titled Sea level rise, coastal engineering, shorelines and tides illustrates the impacts of the rise in the sea level. It has well illustrated the impacts of the tides on both the sea and the shores. Clearly stating the dangers of the periodic tides to human life and their economic activity also causing disruption to natural balance hence affecting the flora and fauna. This books also does illustrate the impact of the rise in sea level on the shoreline (Hine, Chambers and Clayton 234) High sea levels have also resulted in strong winds and storms that occur periodically. These storms and winds destroy structures and buildings causing loss of property that amounts to lots of money and also poses danger to both human and animal life.

Hine, Albert C, et al. Sea level rise in Florida: science, impacts, and options. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, (2016).226-240.

The major cause of the rise in sea levels can be attributed to human activities. If people do not control these activities and reflect on their danger in the future. it will result in a number of islands being submerged by the sea water. The land will be lost and with the increase in population, the land is becoming a limiting factor and a crucial aspect for survival. It is therefore important for all take part in measures to reduce the rise in sea level (Stoutenburg 207)

Stoutenburg, Jenny Grote. The Disappearing Island States in International Law. Brill, (2015). 200-215.

Advances in hurricane engineering: learning from our past: proceedings of the 2012 ATC & SEI Conference on Advances in Hurricane Engineering, October 24-26, 2012, Miami, Florida is a book that reflects on the hurricanes that are attributed by the rise in sea level. It discusses the impact of the hurricanes and measures that can be put in place to avoid their reoccurrence. The construction of walls on the shores and appropriate drainage are among the recommended mechanisms.

Christopher P Jones; Lawrence G Griffis; Applied Technology Council.; Structural Engineering Institute.; American Society of Civil Engineers. Advances in hurricane engineering: learning from our past: proceedings of the 2012 ATC & SEI Conference on Advances in Hurricane Engineering, October 24-26, 2012, Miami, Florida. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers, (2013). 78-89.

Cazenave, Anny, et al. Integrative study of the mean sea level and its components. Switzerland: Springer, (2017). 105-117 .

Christopher P Jones; Lawrence G Griffis; Applied Technology Council.; Structural Engineering Institute.; American Society of Civil Engineers. Advances in hurricane engineering: learning from our past: proceedings of the 2012 ATC & SEI Conference on Advances in Hurricane Engineering, October 24-26, 2012, Miami, Florida. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers, (2013). 78-89.

Hine, Albert C, et al. Sea level rise in Florida: science, impacts, and options. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, (2016).226-240.

Jack Eggleston,Jason Pope and Hampton Roads Planning District Commissioner. "Land Subsidence and Relative Sea-level rise in Southern Chesapeake Bay Region." USGS Science for a changing world (2014): 8-29.

Janin, Hunt and Scott A Mandia. Rising sea levels: an introduction to cause and impact. Jefferson: McFarland & Co., Publishers, (2013). 105-116.

Pilkey, Orrin H, Linda Pilkey-Jarvis and Keith C Pilkey. Retreat from a rising sea: hard decisions in an age of climate change. New York: Columbia University Press, (2016). 234-240.

Ramkumar, Mu. Cretaceous sea level rise: down memory lane and the road ahead. Amsterdam: Elsevier, (2016). 75-90.

Rangel-Buitrago, Nelson and Giorgio Anfuso. Risk assessment of storms in coastal zones: case studies from Cartagena (Colombia) and Cadiz (Spain). Cham: Springer, (2015). 188-205.

Stoutenburg, Jenny Grote. The Disappearing Island States in International Law. Brill, (2015). 200-215.

Wright, Linda L. Sea level rise, coastal engineering, shorelines and tides. New York: Nova Science Publishers, (2015). 346-354