Can someone help me write a 5 page argumentative essay on : The Importance of Exercise The 4 sources I included are 4 Scholarly sources that must be in the essay and then you can add any sources found
Editorial The Importance of Physical Activity Exercise among Older People Birgitta Langhammer ,1Astrid Bergland, 2and Elisabeth Rydwik 3,4 1Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Oslo, Norway2Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo, Norway3Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Huddinge, Sweden4Stockholm County Council, Research and Development Unit for the Elderly, J¨ arf ¨ alla, Sweden Correspondence should be addressed to Birgitta Langhammer; [email protected] Received 22 November 2018; Accepted 22 November 2018; Published 5 December 2018 C o p yright © 2018 Birgitta Langhammer et al. 3is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In this special issue of BioMed Research International, the focus is on lifestyle and in particular physical activity (PA) as a driver for a healthy and long life for older people. As populations continue to extend life expectancy, a central concern is whether the added time comprises years of healthy life and promotes a high health-related quality of life into old age. PAis de4ned as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expendi- ture. PA encompasses exercise, sports, and physical activities performed as part of daily living , occupation, leisure, or active transportation. Exerciseis a subcategory of PA that is planned, structured, and repetitive and that has as a 4nal or intermediate objective for improvement or maintenance of physical 4tness. Physical function is the capacity of an individ- ual to perform the physical activities of daily living. Physical function re\bects motor function and control, physical 4tness, and habitual PA [1]. PA is a protective factor for noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and some typesofcancer[2]andPAisassociatedwithimprovedmental health [6], delay in the onset of dementia [7], and improved quality of life and wellbeing [9, \f]. 3e health bene4ts of PA are well documented with higher levels and greater frequency of PA being associated with reduced risk and improved health in a number of key areas [ ]. 3e dose of PA or exercise is described by the duration, frequency, intensity, and mode [8]. For optimal e ects, the older person must adhere to the prescribed exercise program and follow the overload principle of training, i.e., to exercise near the limit of the maximum capacity to challenge the body systems su ciently, to induce improvements in physiological parameters such as VO2max and muscular strength [1].Improvements in mental health, emotional, psycholog- ical, and social well-being and cognitive function are also associated with regular PA. Despite these health bene4ts, PA levels amongst older adults remain below the recommended 190 min/week [ ]. 3e crude global prevalence of physical inactivity is 21.7% [10]. 3is translates to one in every four to 4ve adults being physically inactive, or with activity levels lower than the current recommendations from WHO [11].
Inactivity and aging increase the risk of chronic disease, and olderpeopleo enhavemultiplechronicconditions(NFH, 2010). 3e exercise recommendations from WHO include both aerobic exercise and strength exercise as well as balance exercises to reduce the risk of falls. If older adults cannot follow the guidelines because of chronic conditions, they should be as active as their ability and conditions allow [12].
It is important to note that the recommended amount of PA is in addition to routine activities of daily living like self-care, cooking , and shopping , to mention a few. Inactivity is associated with alterations in body compo- sition resulting in an increase in percentage of body fat and a concomitant decline in lean body mass. 3us, signi4cant loss in maximal force production takes place with inactivity.
Skeletal muscle atrophy is o en considered a hallmark of aging and physical inactivity. Sarcopenia is de4ned as low muscle mass in combination with low muscle strength and/or low physical performance [16]. Consequently, low physical Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2018, Article ID 7856823, 3 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7856823 2BioMed Research International performance and dependence in activities of daily living is more common among older people [17, 19]. However, strength training has been shown to increase lean body mass [1\f],improvephysicalperformance[1 ,18],andtoalesser extent have a positive e ect on self-reported activities of daily living [18]. 3ese aspects are at focus in the papers of K. Kropielnicka et al. “In\buence of the Physical Training on Muscle Function and Walking Distance in Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease in Elderly” as well as G. Piastra et al. “E ects of Two Types of -Month Adapted Physical Activity Program on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Balance in Moderate Sarcopenic Older Women.” Participation in PA and exercise can contribute to main- taining quality of life, health, and physical function and reducing falls [1 –21] among older people in general and older people with morbidities in particular. 3e increased attention to the relationship between exercise and HRQOL in older adults over the last decade is re\bected in a recent review, which showed that a moderate PA level combining multitasking exercise components had a positive e ect on activities in daily living, highlighting the importance of physical, mental, and social demands [22]. To reduce falls, balance training is also recommended to be included in physical exercise programs for older adults [12]. Exercise has also been shown to reduce falls with 21%, with a greater e ect of exercise programs including challenging balance activities for more than 6 hours/week [26]. 3e gender perspective and motivators for fall prevention are at focus in M. Sandlund et al. qualitative study “Gen- der Perspective on Older People’s Exercise Preferences and Motivators in the Context of Falls Prevention: A Qualitative Study,” in this special issue. Exercise training in older people has been associated with health bene4ts such as decreased cardiovascular mortality [27]. Explanatory mechanism likely to be involved following exercise was a change in the cardiac autonomic balance producing an increase, or a relative dominance, of the vagal component [29]. Furthermore, endurance exercise training in older people decreases resting and submaximal exercise heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and increases stroke volume [2\f]. 3is is especially notable during peak e ort in which stroke volume, cardiac output, contractility, and oxygen uptake are increased, while total peripheral resistance and systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased.
3us lowering a er-load in the heart muscle, which in turn facilitates le ventricular systolic and diastolic function, emphasizes the importance of high intensity training also for the elderly. E. Tamuleviciute-Prasciene et al. focus on the frail elderly individuals and exercise in their contribution “Frailty and Exercise Training: How to Provide Best Care a er Cardiac Surgery or Intervention for Elder Patients with Valvular Heart Disease .” Exercise may also have bene4ts for the brain centers that support executive control. It may be that strong executive functioning in itself may facilitate consistency for this chal- lenging activity. Poor executive control has been associated with lower self-reported PA rates over a 2-year period [2 , 28].
3e executive control's contribution to PA has been found to be 90% greater in magnitude than the contribution of PA to subsequent changes in executive control [2 ]. In the paper of M. A. McCaskey et al. “Making More of IT: Enabling Intensive MOtor Cognitive Rehabilitation Exercises in Geriatrics Using INFORMATION Technology Solutions,” the authors also include new technology to enhance and maintain exercise in cognitive rehabilitation.
In order to attain a high level of cardiorespiratory 4tness, it is recommended to be physically active for \f months or longer. 3ese recommendations may also be applied to balance exercises in order to reduce falls [26]. Many elderly individuals are incapable of sustaining activities for this long on their own. Successful maintenance of PA typically requires substantial support and supervision. Even then, a high percentage of people drop out due to di culties negoti- ating everyday costs of activity participation like scheduling con\bicts and competing sedentary activities or health issues.
3is issue is highlighted in the study of T. Adachi et al.
“Predicting the Future Need of Walking Device or Assistance by Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity: A 2-Year Prospective Study of Women Aged 75 Years and Above.” In addition, reduced bodily functions can make it di cult for elderly persons to maintain exercise under di erent environmental circumstances, which is demonstrated in the contribution of B. N. Balmain et al. “Aging and \bermoreg- ulatory Control: \be Clinical Implications of Exercising under Heat Stress in Older Individuals .” In this special issue, we have included papers that focus on the aging process and PA in a broad perspective, focusing on di erent aspects on PA, exercise, and older people. PA and exercise play an important role in the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, in the management of diseases, to counteract sarcopenia and falls as well as improving physical performance and activities of daily living, as these papers illustrate. Promoting exercise among the older population is an important public health and clinical issue. A core issue is how to get older people with comorbidities to exercise. Conflicts of Interest 3e authors declare that they have no con\bicts of interest.
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