What is equation of?

Example : Whenever you light propane (C 3H8) in a gas barbecue, propane reacts with oxygen gas in a ratio of 1 to 5( # of molecules) to produce carbon dioxide gas and water vapour in a ratio of 3 to 4.

Instead of saying all that, we can write the following equation:

Other symbols and definitions What do the following symbols from chemical equations mean?

a. (+) before the arrow:

b. (+) after the arrow:

c. d. Big numbers in front of formulas:

e. (g) f.

(aq) g. (s) h. (l) i. reactants:

j. products:

k. l. Module 1: Matter: An Introduction to Chemistry 73 B. Characteristics of Chemical Reactions (1) Mass is conserved:

Example 1 If 44 grams of C 3H8 completely react with 160 g of oxygen, how much CO 2 and water will be produced?

Example 2 Find x.

C + O 2 → CO 2 12 g react x 44 g are produced (2) The number of atoms is conserved:

Example 1 C + O 2 → CO 2 Example 2 C 3H8 + 5 O 2 → 3 CO 2 + 4 H 2O Exercises 1. The synthesis of water can be represented by the following equation:

2 H 2(g) + O 2(g) → 2 H 2O(l) a. What are two possible meanings for the 2 in front of H 2O?

b. What does the arrow indicate?

c. What are the reactants?

d. How many molecules of oxygen will react with every 2 molecules of hydrogen?

e. Suppose there were 6 molecules of hydrogen. How many molecules of oxygen would completely react with the hydrogen?

f. The water that is produced is in what physical state? (Solid? Liquid? etc) Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 74 2. One way to analyze the amount of salt in meat is to extract it with boiling water and to use a chemical that indicates when the following reaction is complete:

NaCl (aq) + AgNO 3(aq) → NaNO 3(aq) + AgCl ↓ a. What does the arrow after silver (I) chloride indicate?

b. Is the sodium chloride dissolved in water? How do you know?

c. In all how many nitrogen atoms are on the L.H.S. of the equation?

3. Recopy the following equations and completed charts (that track the number of atoms of each type) on loose leaf:

a. 2 C 4H10 + 13 O 2 → 8 CO 2 + 10 H 2O b. 2 H 2O2 → O2 + 2 H 2O 4. The last step in the synthesis of a poison known as nicotine is given by the following reaction:

C 10H14N2 + CH 3I + NaOH → H2O + C 11H14N2 + NaI 162 g 142 g 40 g 18 g __?__g 150 g How many grams of nicotine were produced if the above amounts reacted to also produce the given amounts of sodium iodide and water?

5. Whereas human females apply Chanel No. 5, the product of this reaction is what female tsetse flies use to attract mates.

How much of it is produced if the given amounts completely react?

C 37H72 + 2 H 2 → C 37H76 516 g 4g __?__g 6. A useful insect repellent (girls are may be asking whether it works as an undesirable male-repellant) can be synthesized according to:

C 7H11ClO 3 + C 4H11N → C 11H21NO 3 + HCl __?__g 73 g 215 g 36.5 g How much C 7H11ClO 3 is needed to produce 215 g of the repellent?

7. Because of propane’s simple chemical structure, it usually burns cleanly. Unlike gasoline, in a well- ventilated area, it will not produce much soot or carbon monoxide. It does however produce the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which has been accumulating in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. Hydrogen would be a more environmentally-friendly fuel. Based on what you know about chemistry, would hydrogen burn to produce ....

a. carbon dioxide? Why? b. carbon monoxide? Why? Module 1: Matter: An Introduction to Chemistry 75 C. Balancing Chemical Equations Equations have to be balanced because in reality chemical reactions cannot destroy atoms; they only ionize or rearrange them.

RULES 1. You may introduce coefficients (big #s in front of formulas or atomic symbols).

Remember the coefficients can be thought of as the number of bound atoms or molecules.

2. You cannot change or add subscripts (small # s that are part of formulas) 3. For each element, the total on the L.H.S. (Left Hand Side)= total on R.H.S. of the equation.

Examples : 1. Balance:

a. H 2 + Cl 2 → HCl (also draw the molecules to understand what is going on) b. Ca(OH) 2 + HF → CaF 2 + H 2O c. C 7H16 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2O d. Na 3PO 4 + CaCl 2 → Ca 3(PO 4)2 + NaCl e. K 2SO 4(aq) + Mg(NO 3)2(aq) → KNO 3(aq) + MgSO 4(s) f. C 6H6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2O g. N 2 + F 2 → NF 3 Example 2 Translate examples 1e and 1g from #1 into word equations.

Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 76 Exercises 1. Balance the following. If the equation is already balanced, indicate that it is.

a. CH 4 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2O b. Cu + O 2 → CuO c. Be + O 2 → BeO d. Fe(NO 3)2 + NaOH → Fe(OH) 2 + NaNO 3 e. NaBr + CuCl 2 → NaCl + CuBr 2 f. Al 2(SO 4)3 + Ca(OH) 2 → Al(OH) 3 + CaSO 4 g. Pb(NO 3)2 + KI → KNO 3 + PbI 2 h. CaCl 2 + BaF 2 → CaF 2 + BaCl 2 i. Na + O 2 → Na 2O j. Li + H 2O → LiOH + H 2 k. PbCrO 4 + HCl + FeSO 4 → PbCl 2 + Cr 2(SO 4)3 + FeCl 3 + H 2O + Fe 2(SO 4)3 l. NO + O 2 → NO 2 m. C + H 2 → C 2H2 n. AlCl 3 + NaOH → NaAlO 2 + NaCl + H 2O o. FeO + O 2 → Fe 2O3 2. Balance the following and translate them into word equations.

Example : H 2(g) + N 2(g) → NH 3(g) Answer: 3 H 2(g) + N 2(g) → 2 NH 3(g) Module 1: Matter: An Introduction to Chemistry 77 3 moles of hydrogen gas react with one mole of nitrogen gas to produce 2 moles of nitrogen trihydride (ammonia) gas.

a. Mg(s) + O 2(g) → MgO (s) b. H 2(g) + O 2(g) → H 2O(l) c. NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → H 2O(l) + NaCl (aq) d. Al (s) + Fe 2O3(s) → Al 2O3 (s) + Fe (l) e. C (s) + H 2O(g) → CO (g) + H 2(g) 3. In #2d, the iron is produced as a liquid. What does that tell you about the energy associated with the reaction?

Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 78 13. *Calculating Atomic Masses(430 only) a. The periodic table lists atomic masses for each element.

b. The atomic mass is not a whole number because it is the weighted average of the masses of the different isotopes of that element.

c. Atomic masses do not always increase directly with relation to atomic number. See the exceptions for Co and Ni; Cu and Te; and Te, I and Xe.

Example 1 An element has two isotopes: one of mass 63 u; the other with a mass of 65 u.

If the relative abundance of the isotopes is 69.1 and 30.9 %, respectively, find the atomic mass of the element.

Example 2 If the relative abundance of a neon isotope was 5.7%, and the rest was only Ne-20, what was the mass number of the minor isotope?

3 Li 6.94 Atomic number ( number of protons) Atomic mass (weighted average) Module 1: Matter: An Introduction to Chemistry 79 Exercises 1. Mark is looking for the atomic mass and the name of an element. The data he has collected so far is recorded in the following table :

Mass number of each of the natural isotopes of this element Relative abundance in nature (%) of each of these isotopes 20 90.92 21 0.26 22 8.82 Given this information, calculate the atomic mass and name the element Mark is looking for.

2. Copper, Cu, whose atomic number is 29, has two stable isotopes. The first isotope has 34 neutrons and the second has 36 neutrons.

If the first isotope accounted for 20% of all copper atoms, what would be the atomic mass of copper?

3. Given that the progression of the values of atomic masses in the periodic table is not perfectly constant, which of the following statements are true?

1- The number of protons varies irregularly from one element to another.

2- The number of neutrons varies irregularly from one element to another.

3- The number of protons and neutrons varies irregularly from one element to another.

4- The atomic number varies irregularly from one element to another.

5- The number of electrons varies irregularly from one element to another.

4. Calculate, to the nearest hundredth, the atomic mass of the element magnesium, given that it is comprised of three different isotopes:

79.00% of magnesium -24, 10.00% of magnesium -25, and the rest is magnesium -26.

5. Two isotopes of Cl exist in nature. Find the missing one from the table.

ISOTOPE MASS NUMBER Relative abundance (%) 35Cl 35 77.35 ??? ??? Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 80 6. Given the following atomic masses, predict what the most common isotope actually is.

H 1.00797 u O 15.9994 u C 12.001 u 7. Assume that 12C accounts for 99% of carbon. If the rest consists of 13C and 14C, then 14C makes up what percent of carbon?

(Hint: there seems to be information missing, but if so, you are forgetting to look something up in the periodic table.) Module 1: Matter: An Introduction to Chemistry 81 14. *The Mole (430 only) A. Introduction Suppose you needed to buy sand to prepare some concrete. Would you ask for it in grains?

Is there a more convenient unit ?

Given: 1 bag of sand = 20 kg Convert the following using the factor label method:

a. 4.5 bags of sand = _?_ kg b. 30 kg = _?_ bags of sand When it comes to chemistry it is also not practical (or reliable) to count grains. It would be even less practical to count molecules. So we use the idea of a bag or a mole which is about 6.02 X 10 23 particles (atoms or molecules) of the substance were talking about. Right now that number is not too important. What we need to focus on is that different atoms come with a different number of protons and neutrons. As a result a bag or mole of carbon will have a greater mass than a mole of lithium. We can look up the mass of individual elements in the periodic table.

Examples Find the molar mass of the following (This is like getting the mass of a bag or of a mole of the following ) a. H c. NO 2 b. Fe d. Ca 3(PO 4)2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 82 Think of the sand bag analogy and find the mass of...

a. 3.0 moles of C b. 0.25 moles of Fe c. 7.1 moles of Ca 3(PO 4)2 Now for the reverse operation, find the number of moles represented by...

d. 6.0 grams of C e. 138 g of NO 2 f. 1.0 g of Ca 3(PO 4)2 The Mole: Glossary of Terms to Remember • Mass: depends on the amount of matter in a substance. Unlike weight it does not depend on gravity. In chemistry we most commonly measure mass in grams.

• Mole: a package of 6.02 X 10 23 items, usually molecules. Technically, it is the number of atoms found in 12.000 grams of 12C. (One way of getting the number is from a mass spectrometer. With a CH 4 sample, the instrument will give, through a graph, a relative measurement of how much heavier a 12C+ fragment is compared to H +. Since the mass of a proton(H + ) is known, this will yield the mass of 12C. dividing 12.000g by the mass of 1 atom will give us the number of atoms in that mole or 6.02 X 10 23.) • Molar Mass: the mass of 1 mole of a substance. Molar mass is expressed in g/mole. It is the sum of the atomic masses (listed in the periodic table) of the elements in a substance’s formula. For example the molar mass of Ne = 20 g/mole. H 2O = [2 *1.0 + 1(16)] = 18 g/mole.

• Avogadro’s Number: a name for 6.02 X 1023, the number of particles in a mole. Remember:

I’m a little furry animal that multiplies. If you have moles multiply by molar mass to get mass in grams. Module 1: Matter: An Introduction to Chemistry 83 g. How many molecules are in a drop of water = 0.1 ml = 0.1 g?

First convert to moles:

Then convert to molecules:

h. What is the mass of a single molecule of H 2?

Exercises 1. Find the molar mass for each of the following:

a. Be b. Al 2O3 c. H 2 d. C 6H6 e. CH 3CO 2H f. Cu(NO 3)2 g. XePtF 6 2. Convert the following:

a. 10 grams of Be = __?__ moles b. 36 g of C = __?__ moles c. 0.105 moles of NaOH = __?__ grams Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 84 d. One gram of water = __?__ moles e. 0.56 g of Cu(NO 3)2 =__?_ moles f. 0.750 kg of N 2 = __?__ moles ( Remember: 1 kg = 1000 g) 3. What is the mass, in grams, of 120 moles of CH 4?

4. a. How many atoms of H are there in one molecule of H 2O?

b. How many moles of H atoms are there in one mole of water molecules ?

c. How many moles of O atoms are there in one mole of water molecules ?

5. Keeping in mind the number of atoms present in a mole (see notes on previous page), how many atoms are found in 0.00010 moles of a monoatomic substance?

6. The atomic masses scale is based on carbon 12 (the isotope of a carbon atom with 6 neutrons). Such an isotope is assigned an atomic mass of exactly 12 units.

Yet the periodic table lists carbons mass as 12.011. Why?

7. How many molecules are contained in a drop of water whose mass is 0.2 g?

8. Find the molar mass for each of the following:

a. He b. Fe 2O3 c. O 3 (ozone) d. C 5H5OH e. (NH 4)2S f. Ca(NO 3)2 g. Na 2SO 4 9. Convert the following:

a. 30 grams of C = __?__ moles b. 56 g of N= __?__ moles c. 0.356 moles of NaNO 3 = __?__ grams d. One gram of H 2O2 = __?__ moles e. 100 g of Ca(NO 3)2 =__?__ moles Module 1: Matter: An Introduction to Chemistry 85 f. 0.750 g of O 2 = __?__ moles g. One mole of copper= ___?___grams.

h. 2.0 moles of sodium phosphate = ___?___ grams i. 2.58 g of potassium chloride = ___?___ moles 10. What is the mass, in grams, of 12.0 moles of C 3H8?

11. What is the mass of a single atom of He? Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 86 B. Stoichiometry Example 1 The enzyme catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide according to :

2 H 2O2 --> 2 H 2O + O 2 a. In an experiment a student adds 0.20 moles of hydrogen peroxide to a test tube containing chopped liver. How many grams of oxygen will be produced?

b. If a student had reacted only 3.4 grams of peroxide, how many moles of oxygen would have escaped into the atmosphere ?

Example 2 If a patients blood is too acidic, doctors often use sodium hydrogen carbonate to raise the pH to a normal level.

Given: NaHCO 3 + H +1 Æ CO 2 +H 2O + Na +1 How many grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate should be administered to eliminate 0.50 grams of excess acid ( H +1 ) ?

Module 1: Matter: An Introduction to Chemistry 87 Example 3 AlCl 3 + 4 NaOH Æ NaAlO 2 + 3 NaCl + 2 H 2O For every 1.0 gram of NaCl that is produced in the above reaction, what mass of water, is also created?

Extra How long is a line of 1 mole of sand grains, each 1 mm in length? ( to make sense of your answer keep in mind that the closest star is about 2 X 10 13 km away from us; the center of the Milky Way galaxy is about 2 X10 17 km away) 6.02 X 10 23 sand grains ( 10 -3 m/sand grain)(10 -3 km/m) = 6.02 X 10 17 km ( Wow!; past the center of the galaxy) Suppose you took a mole of water molecules and divided them into droplets as wide as the sand grains. Using the volume of a sphere = (4/3)(3.14)r 3, the volume of a spherical droplet, 1 mm in diameter, is 5.23 X 10 -4 cm 3, and each gram of water = 1 cm 3. If you lined them up, what would their length be?

1 mole of water = 18 g = 18 ml = 18 cm 3 18 cm 3(droplet/ 5.23 X 10 -4 cm 3) = 34417 droplets 34417 droplets(10 -3 m/droplet) = only 34 meters long!

What is to be learnt from all these calculations?

Molecules are extremely small compared to sand grains. An equal number is considered in both examples, and yet the length between the two is dramatically different. Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 88 Exercises 1. Given: 4 NH 3 (g) + 5 O 2 (g) Æ 4 NO (g) + 6 H 2O (g) a. How many moles of oxygen are needed to completely burn 3.0 moles of ammonia (NH 3?

b. How many grams of NO will form for every 3 moles of oxygen that react?

c. How many moles of water will accompany the formation of 2.8 g of NO?

d. What mass of oxygen reacted if 90 g of water were formed? 2. Given: H 2 + Cu 2O Æ 2 Cu + H 2O a. How many moles of solid copper should be produced if 4 moles of solid Cu 2O react?

b. A similar reaction occurs between hydrogen and Cu 2S. Write a balanced equation to represent such a reaction. Then calculate the mass of copper that will be produced for every gram of hydrogen gas that reacts.

3. Given: C 6H14 + 9.5 O 2 Æ 6 CO 2 + 7 H 2O + 3500 kJ a. How much heat in kJ will be released if only 0.34 moles of C 6H14 react? (treat kJ like moles) b. How many moles of CO 2 will escape if 4.5 moles of oxygen react?

4. As pointed out in a Scientific American article, a match is fascinating because it is a miniature pyrotechnic device. All the effects of fireworks are present on a small scale: heat, smoke, sound, gas and light. Here is the main reaction that occurs:

16 KClO 3 + 3 P 4S3 Æ 6 P 2O5 + 16 KCl + 9 SO 2 a. How many grams of sulfur dioxide escape each time 0.0010 moles of KClO 3 react?

b. If 4.40 g of P 4S3 react, how many moles of SO 2 form?

c. How many grams of potassium chloride will form if 12.2 g of KClO 3 react?

5. The explosion of gunpowder can be represented by the following:

4 KNO 3 + 7 C + S Æ K 2CO 3 + K 2S + 3 CO + 3 CO 2 + 2 N 2 a. How many grams of carbon will completely react with 2.00 moles of KNO 3?

Module 1: Matter: An Introduction to Chemistry 89 b. If 1010 g of KNO 3 explode, what total mass of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide will be created?

c. How many moles of sulfur must react to produce 4.4 g of carbon dioxide?

6. Vodka is 40% alcohol by volume. Ethyl alcohol (C 2H6O)'s density is 0.7893 g/ml. What is the minimum mass of HCl needed to destroy the alcohol in 2.0 L of vodka?

3 C 2H6O + 4 H 2CrO 4 + 12 HCl ÆC 2H4O2 + 4 CrCl 3 + 13 H 2O Summary of Conversions :

mole molecules/ 10 02 . 6 23 × × MOLES of x Ratio from balanced chemical equation Mass of x (grams) Molecules of x Mass (grams) of y Molecules of y mass molar ÷ mole molecules/ 10 02 . 6 23 × ÷ mass molar × MOLES of y Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 90 Extra Stoichiometry Exercises 1. For the reaction: 2K + 0.5 O 2 K2O a. How many moles of O 2 are needed to react with 0.56 moles of K?

b. How many moles of O 2 are needed to make 7.6 g of K 2O?

c. How many grams of K 2O will be produced from 0.50 g of K?

2. For the reaction: Na 2O + H 2O 2 NaOH a. What mass of NaOH could be made from 12.4 g of Na 2O?

b. How many moles of Na 2O are needed to make 1000 g of NaOH?

c. BONUS: What would happen if 18 g of water were mixed with 18 g of sodium oxide?

3. First balance, and answer the questions that follow: C + H 2 CH 4 a. How many moles of CH 4 can be made from 7.0 g of H 2? b. What weight of H 2 is needed to react with 5.0 g of C? c. BONUS: What would happen if 20 g of hydrogen were mixed with 20 g of carbon?