EXCEL AND POWERPOINT RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT : DATA ANALYSIS PLEASE REFER TO PROMPT
Government Government Statistics Sources Debt Clock FED Money Supply CBO OMB Treasury Government Statistics Government Research Issues Budget Deficit Off -budget items can create discrepancies (USPS and GSEs) National Debt May not be analogous to household debt since fiscal policy necessitates spending inverse to the business cycle. Some debt is intra -governmental (SSA & FED) Raw value may be less important than percentage of GDP. Government Statistics Government Research Issues Tax Burden Progressive vs. Regressive with income (sales vs. income tax) Payroll tax is split between employer/employee but the employer may pass burden onto employee in the form of a lower wage. Excise taxes are imposed on businesses but they may be able to pass onto consumers in the form of higher prices. Some groups are better able and more incentivized to avoid (or evade) taxes. Government Statistics Government Research Issues Measuring Money Money Supply: M1 & M2 categories. Monetary Policy By 1990s the FED stopped targeting the money supply. Monetary expansion shows up in FED balance sheet. Inflation Measurements: CPI BLS creates a “Market Basket” to compute CPI monthly. Annualized CPI? CPI -U vs. CPI -W May fail to account for: Qualitative changes in products. Substitution toward cheaper but similar products. Cost of owning a home (post 1983 use rental value ) Government Statistics Government Research Issues Military Expenditures Overstated since it includes “nation building” expenditures. Understated as some “defense” expenditures are excluded . Economics of War Direct costs understate true economic costs. Assessing true cost -benefit of war requires counter -factual computations that are highly unreliable. Wartime deaths estimates have a broad continuum. Welfare Expenditures Budget includes in -kind benefits such as health care, overstating actual money received by recipients. Defining “welfare” is debatable: Means tested transfer payments or benefits to all citizens?
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