URGENT need by SATURDAY NIGHT 1159 PM so that I can turn in on Sunday. Example at bottom of the concept table. Use the attached ARTICLE TABLE to fill in the Concept Summary Table. When finished, write

Citation (author(s), year, journal) in APA format

Purpose of study

Sample characteristics

Measurement tools (survey, questionnaire, etc.)

Intervention

Summary of results & conclusions

Strengths & limitations

Schoenaker, D. A. J. M., Mishra, G. D., Callaway, L. K., & Soedamah-Muthu, S. S. (2015). The Role of Energy, Nutrients, Foods, and Dietary Patterns in the Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Diabetes Care, 39(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0540

‌ (Schoenaker et al., 2015)

To synthesize evidence from observational studies on the associations between dietary factors and GDM.

21 incidental studies; 10 prospective cohorts, 6 cross-sectional, and five case-control. All included studies were somewhat hetero generous in design, exposure, and outcome measures.

A meta-analysis of observational studies in Epidemiology guidelines was used to analyze the included studies.

As this was a meta-analysis of observational studies, no direct intervention was used.

Higher consumption of red meat, processed meat, and eggs was associated with higher GDM risks while a diet high in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish reduced GDM risks

Since this analysis was strictly observational, further study should be conducted to determine the optimal diet concerning GDM risk.

Russo, L. M., Nobles, C., Ertel, K. A., Chasan-Taber, L., & Whitcomb, B. W. (2015). Physical Activity Interventions in Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 125(3), 576–582. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000000691

‌(Russo et al., 2015)

To use meta-analysis to synthesize existing randomized controlled studies of physical activity Angie DM, to determine if there is a correlation between increased physical activity and a reduced risk of GDM.

From a total of 469 studies; 10 Met the inclusion criteria and were used for analysis. The total number of participants was 3,401.

Fixed effects models were used to estimate summary relative risk and 95% confidence interval to assess heterogeneity.

Various levels of physical activity were introduced, and rates of GDM analyzed.

The results suggest that physical activity during pregnancy provides a slight protective effect against the development of GDM.

while the study tells us that physical activity can reduce the risks of GDM it does not identify the type, timing, or duration of optimal physical activity. Further study is required to determine the ideal length and type of physical activity to reduce the risk.

‌Gao, L., Lin, L., Shan, N., Ren, C.-Y., Long, X., Sun, Y.-H., & Wang, L. (2018). The impact of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in patients with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 33(10), 1767–1773. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1526916

‌(Gao et al., 2018)

To investigate the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for glycemic control in patients with gestational diabetes.

This study draws from PubMed, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library, among others, to find RCTs regarding the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids versus a placebo.

The meta-analysis included Seven RCTs and used standard sub statistical analysis to evaluate omega-3 efficacy.

Study participants were given either a measured dose of omega-3 fatty acids or a placebo.

Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation can provide substantial beneficial effects on glycemic control and inflammatory response for gestational diabetes.

Where other meta-analysis tends to focus on many variables this analysis narrowed its search to just omega-3 fatty acids, which provides more conclusive evidential support of using omega-3’s as a preventative measure against GDM

Guo, W., Zhang, B., & Wang, X. (2017). Lifestyle interventions for gestational diabetes mellitus to control blood glucose: a meta-analysis of randomized studies. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 38(1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-017-0553-6

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(Guo et al., 2017)

To study the effect of lifestyle intention on the blood glucose control of women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

7 Randomized control traits. 3685 women were drawn from a pool of 776 studies.

A meta-analysis conducted by including randomized control traits to compare any form of lifestyle intervention with the usual care; a search of journals rendered relevant studies; the methodological quality of the studies was assessed according to the judicial scale. random effort models were used to analyze the weighted mean difference and it's 95% CI.

Lifestyle, dietary, and activity interventions.

The evidence suggests that lifestyle, dietary, and activity interventions for women with GDM lowers the FPG and two hour PG. The reduction in FPG was observed to be statistically significant as was the reduction in two hour PG.

As a meta-analysis, the study was able to access a large amount of data and compare it; it is limited in only including Seven of the available studies when we can assume that a greater sample of studies may have yielded a more accurate analysis.

Zhang, C., Rawal, S., & Chong, Y. S. (2016). Risk factors for gestational diabetes: is prevention possible? Diabetologia, 59(7), 1385–1390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-3979-3

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(Zhang et al., 2016)

To provide an overview of emerging diet, lifestyle, and other factors that may help to prevent GDM, and the challenges associated with prevention.

49 observations and intervention studies

A meta-analysis of studies with variations in study populations, types of intervention timing and duration of intervention, as well as variation in diagnostic criteria.

Increased physical activity before and during pregnancy, as well as changing dietary and lifestyle factors such as red meat consumption and or cigarette use.

Increased physical activity, a diet low in animal proteins and sugar, and no personal or family history of smoking all decrease the likelihood of GDM.

Given the broad pool this analysis draws from, we can assume the results to be widely applicable; However, the results all apply to early or pre-pregnancy interventions and cannot tell us how to manage existing GDM cases.

Plows, J. F., Reynolds, C. M., Vickers, M. H., Baker, P. N., & Stanley, J. L. (2019). Nutritional Supplementation for the Prevention and/or Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Current Diabetes Reports, 19(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1199-1

(Plows et al., 2019)

To determine if nutritional supplements can be used to treat and or prevent GDM.

A wide variety of studies were included in this analysis, examining the effects of vitamins D and B6, magnesium, selenium, zinc, fatty acids, and probiotics.

A comparative analysis of multiple studies was conducted to determine the efficacy of supplements.

Study participants were given various nutritional supplements and their glucose levels were monitored.

There is limited evidence that nutritional supplementation of Myo-inositol, Vitamins D and B6, magnesium, selenium, zinc, fatty acids, and probiotics can improve glycemic control or even prevent GDM.

This analysis is constrained by the small number of studies, the small sample size in most studies, and by lack of consistency across findings. More traits are needed for a more conclusive analysis. However, this broad scope paints future research in the right direction.

Keating, E., Martel, F., & Araújo, J. R. (2017). Folic Acid and Gestational Diabetes: Foundations for Further Studies. Nutrition and Diet in Maternal Diabetes, 465–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56440-1_35

‌

(Keating et al., 2017)

To renew the available evidence of the relationships between alterations in folate metabolism and GDM.

SI studies concerning folate levels and GDM rates were analyzed to determine if a relationship exists.

The specific method used to conduct the analysis is not listed without purchasing the entire book in which the analysis appears.

See measurement tools

no conclusive evidence is available to determine ideal fully levels in regards to GDM likelihood, but does open the door for further study analysis.

As stated in the summary selection this analysis is weak on conclusive evidence for proper folate levels to prevent GDM however it provides guidance for future studies.

Brawerman, G. M., & Dolinsky, V. W. (2018). Therapies for gestational diabetes and their implications for maternal and offspring health: Evidence from human and animal studies. Pharmacological Research, 130, 52–73. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.00

(Brawerman & Dolinsky, 2018)

To identify lifestyle interventions, medications, and natural health products that aid in mitigating cases of GDM.

A review of current literature, including observational and interventional studies.

Observational studies of both human and animal incidents of GDM and related treatments.

Lifestyle interventions such as diet, physical activity, and smoking were used along with medications and natural health products.

The use of preventative interventions improved the health of both mother and offspring, with second-line therapies, (pharmaceutical interventions and natural health products).

Very broad scope: the analysis tells us that all interventions are useful, but not which are most useful or best tolerated by patients.

Giannakou, K., Evangelou, E., Yiallouros, P., Christophi, C. A., Middleton, N., Papatheodorou, E., & Papatheodorou, S. I. (2019). Risk factors for gestational diabetes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. PLOS ONE, 14(4), e0215372. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215372

‌(Giannakou et al., 2019)

To summarize the evidence from meta-analysis Of observational studies on risk factors associated with GDM, evaluate whether there are indications of bias in the existing literature and identify which of the previously reported associations are supported by convincing evidence.

30 meta-analysis was used to provide data on 61 associations.

Standard statistical analysis was used to determine which associations had statistically significant findings.

Diet and lifestyle modifications, such as diets low in animal fats, processed meats, sugar, and pre-packaged foods, and improved physical activity.

Increased BMI and hypothyroidism show the strongest consistent evidence for an Association of GDM.

within this analysis, only four risk factors presented compelling, statistically significant results, all of which revolved around BMI and hypothyroidism. The authors recommended further large randomized trials to confirm their findings.

Rasekaba, T. M., Furler, J., Blackberry, I., Tacey, M., Gray, K., & Lim, K. (2015). Telemedicine interventions for gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 110(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2015.07.007

(Rasekaba et al., 2015)

‌

To evaluate the effect of Telemedicine on GDM surface and maternal, and fetal outcomes

A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT of telemedicine interventions for GDM, including studies conducted by the WHOICR, Pub Med, and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials.

Standardized mean difference and odds ratios were used for the majority of the analysis; Narrative and quantitative Descriptions of findings were implemented where meta-analysis was not possible.

Telemedicine was utilized instead of more traditional doctor's visits.

Telemedicine was associated with significantly fewer unregulated GDM clinic visits well quality of life, glycemic control, and cesarean section rates were comparable between telemedicine and usual care groups

Telemedicine is an exciting tool that can greatly lower the cost of care while simultaneously expanding access to that care. One of the greatest strengths of this study is to illustrate some of the opportunities available to health care professionals in reference to managing patient care. Obviously, some things will always require more in-person attention for patients, but this study shows how telemedicine can be a valuable tool.