In no more than 3-4 sentences, respond to the following: Provide a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis for a research experiment that utilizes the one-tailed test or the two-tailed test. Be

µ ≥ norm one sample t -test (see Week 5, pages 11 & 12 discussion ) identical as above for z test two sample independent t-test (see Week 6, page 12 discussion ) µ1 ≠ µ2 The researcher predicts the sample mean M 1 for Group 1 will be different from the sample mean M2 of Group 2, either larger or smaller. µ1 = µ2 µ1 > µ2 The researcher predicts the sample mean M 1 for Group 1 will be larger than the sample mean M 2 of Group 2 ------------------- or this µ1 < µ 2 The researcher predicts the sample mean M 1 for Group 1 will be smaller than the sample mean M 2 of Group 2 µ1 ≤ µ2 ------------------- pair: µ1 ≥ µ2 two sample dependent t-test * (see Week 6, page 23 discussion ) *or: One may follow the identical format as with the independent t-test above using µ 1 and µ2 labeling. Doing it this way is µ ≠ 0 The researcher predicts that if one subtracted all the pairs of X 1 – X2 that the mean of these difference scores be different from zero. µ = 0 µ > 0 The rese archer predicts that if one subtracted all the pairs of X1 – X2 that on the average, Group 1 1 scores are bigger than Group 2 scores so the mean of these difference scores will be larger than zero. ------------------- µ ≤ 0 ------------------- 2 conceptually easier for many students . two sample dependent t-test [continued] or this µ < 0 The rese archer predicts that if one subtracted all the pairs of X1 – X2 that on the average, Group 1 1 scores are smaller than Group 2 scores so the mean of these difference scores will be smaller than zero. pair: µ ≥ 0 correlation, r (see Week 7, page 12 discussion ) Here, ρ is rho, the correlation of the population ρ ≠ 0 The researcher predicts a correlation r. Specifically, the correlation between the X and Y groups will be different from zero either positive or negative. ρ = 0 ρ > 0 The researcher predicts a positive correlation r. Specifically, the correlation between the X and Y groups will be positive. ------------------- or this ρ < 0 The researcher predicts a negative correlation r. Specifically, the correlation between the X and Y groups will be negative. ρ ≤ 0 ------------------- pair :

ρ ≥ 0 For the one sample z and t tests, what you need to do is put yourself in the shoes of the researcher and determine whether he/she would like the sample mean M to be larger or smaller (one tailed) , or different (two tailed) than the norm. Imagine this using M, and then replace your M with the symbol µ in the symbolic form. For both of the two sample z t tes ts, the independent and dependent, again, put yourself in the shoes of the researcher and determine which sample mean, either M 1 or M 2, ought to be larger than the other (one tailed), or just “different” from each other (two tailed). Imagine this using M1 or M 2, and then replace your M1 or M 2 with the symbol µ1 and µ2 respectively in the symbolic form. For correlation , again put yourself in the shoes of the researcher and determine whether he/she would like the correlation r to be positive or negative (one tailed) , or different (two tailed) than no correlation (zero) . Imagine this using r, and then replace your r with the symbol ρ in the symbolic form.