A technical seminar report on Mobile Computing & Grid Computing. Two individual reports required for count of 7 to 9 pages. Attached a sample report on some other topic. Need as soon as possible s

2019-2 020 CMR TECHNICAL CAMPUS UGC-AUTONOMOUS, Accredited by NBA,NAAC. Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi Kandlakoya (V), Medchal Road, Hyderabad-5014 01.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled with "HYPERLOOP" is a record of bonafide work carried out by the GAJULA HARISH with bearing hall ticket number( 167R1A0528) during the academic year 2019-20 in partial fulfillment of the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering. Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department N. Sravanthi Dr. K. Srujan Raju ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I wish to express our deep and sincere feeling of gratitude towards our great institution, CMR Technical Campus for providing us with opportunity of fulfillment of our long cherished goal of becoming BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING . I am very much thankful to our Director Dr. A. Rajireddy and our HOD Dr.K. Srujan Raju having provided me an excellent academic atmosphere in the institution.

I also thank all the staff members and friends who assisted me.

G.HARISH (167R1A0528) ABSTRACT The conventional modes of transportation of people consist of four unique types and that are rail, road, water, and air. These modes of tran sport tend to be either relatively slow, expensive or a combination of both. Hyperloop is a new mode of transport that seeks to change this pattern by being both fast and inexpensive for people and goods. Hyperloop is a proposed mode of passenger and freight transportation that p ropels a capsule-like vehicle through a near- vacuum tube at more than airline speed. The pods wo uld accelerate to cruising speed gradually using a linear electric motor and glide above their track using passive magnetic levitation or air bearings. Hyperloop consists of a low pressure tube with capsules that are transported at both low and high speeds throughout the length of the tu be. The capsules are supported on a cushion of air, featuring pressurized air and aerodynamic l ift. Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube length. It quickly becomes apparent just how dramatically the Hyperloo p could change transportation, road congestion and minimize the carbon footprint global ly. With the Hyperloop, extremely fast, inexpensive intercity travel would be widely access ible. If both people and goods can move more quickly and comparatively cheaply, rapid growth is a logical outcome. i LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO Fig. A Historical Work 2 Fig. 1 Operatin g principle of hyperloop 4 Fig. 2 Construc tion of tube 5 Fig. 3 Arrangem ent in capsule 5 Fig. 4 Compress or 6 Fig. 5 Schematic of air bearing 6 Fig.6 Propulsion 7 Fig.7 Working of hyperloop system 8 Fig.8 Air through bypass tunnel 9 Fig.9 Map of present work path 12 Fig.10 Hyperloop 13 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No’s ABSTRACT i LIST OF FIGURES ii 1. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 1 2. INTRODUCTION 2 2.1. HISTORICAL REVIEW 2 3. LITERATURE SURVEY 3 4. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYPER LOOP 4 5. CONSTRUCTION 5 5.1. TUBE 5 5.2. CAPSULE 5 5.3. COMPRESSOR 6 5.4. SUSPENSION 6 5.5. PROPULSIONS 7 6. WORKING OF HYPERLOOP SYSTEM 8 7. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF HYPERLOOP 10 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 7.1. MERITS 10 7.2. DEMERITS 10 8. CONCLUSION 11 9. PRESENT WORK 12 10. FUTURE SCOPE 13 11. REFERENCES 14 HYPERLOOP CMRTC 1 1. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION As we know that there are four modes of conventiona l transportation. First is rail which is relatively slow and expensive another is road and water which is relatively slow and next is air which is too expensive. Road t ravel is particularly problematic, given carbon emissions and the fluctuating price of oil. As the environmental dangers of energy consumption continue to worsen, mass tran sit will be crucial in the years to come. Developments in high-speed rail have historic ally been impeded by the difficulties in managing friction and air resistanc e, both of which become substantial when vehicles approach high speeds. Rail travel is relatively energy efficient and offers the most environmentally friendly option, but is to o slow and expensive to be massively adopted. At distances less than 900 miles, superson ic travel is unfeasible, as most of the journey would be spent ascending and descending (th e slowest parts of a flight.) Given these issues, the Hyperloop aims to make a cost-eff ective, high speed transportation system for use at moderate distances. The Hyperloop tubes would have solar panels installed on the roof, allowing for a clean and sel f-powering system. HYPERLOOP CMRTC 2 2. INTRODUCTION Hyperloop is a completely new mode of fastest trans portation. Hyperloop is firstly proposed by Elon musk and a team of enginee r from Tesla Motors and the Space Exploration Technologies Corporation in August 2013 . The concept of hyperloop includes travelling people from one place to anothe r place in a capsule which is propelling at a very high speed. We can also called hyperloop as a solar powered transportation system and it is an alternative of h igh speed train. Basically hyperloop is magnetically levitated train which runs inside a lo ng tube or pipe. It consists of low pressure tube with capsule that is transported at b oth low and high speeds. It is driven by linear induction motor and compressor. It includ es 28 passenger pods. For propulsion, magnetic accelerators will be plant ed along the length of the tube, propelling the pods forward. The tubes would house a low pressure environment, surrounding the pod with a cushion of air that perm its the pod to move safely at such high speeds, like a puck gliding over an air hockey table. Given the tight quarters in the tube, pressure buildup in front of the pod could be a problem. The tube needs a system to keep air from building up in this way. Musk’s de sign recommends an air compressor on the front of the pod that will move air from the front to the tail, keeping it aloft and preventing pressure building up due to air displace ment. A one way trip on the Hyperloop is projected to take about 35 minutes (fo r comparison, traveling the same distance by car takes roughly six hours.) Passenger s may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube length. 2.1 HISTORICAL REVIEW Fig-A: Historical Work Hyperloop concept was invented and designed in 1812 by the British Mechanical Engineer George Wenger and later on poli shed by various people like George Medhurs in 1827 and Alferd ely beach in 1869 .Concepts for high-speed trains in vacuum or evacuated tubes can be traced back as far as 1909, when rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard proposed high-speed passenger-car rying pods traveling through evacuated tubes.Bachelet introduced the core idea b ehind magnetically levitating trains as early as 1910. Over the Year’s these ideas have been further renamed, for instance by the Rand Corporation in 1972 with their“ Very Hi gh Speed Transport System ”.The concept of Hyperloop is now developed and redesign ed by the billionaire Elon Musk in 2012. HYPERLOOP CMRTC 3 3. LITERATURE SURVEY Ahmed Hodaib, Samar F. Abdel Fattah (May 2016), dis cussed the design of a hyperloop capsule with linear induction propulsion system which is used to accelerate and decelerate the capsule. They studied that like rotary synchronous motors; linear motors run on 3-phase power and can support very hi gh speeds. However, there are end effects that reduce the motor's thrust force. Linea r induction motors are thus less energy efficient than normal rotary motors for any require d force output. They also discussed about the manufacturing of linear induction motor i n this paper.

Jeffrey C. Chin, Justin S. Gray, Scott M. Jones, Je ffrey J. Berton, They discussed about the Open-Source Conceptual Sizing M odels for the Hyperloop Passenger Pod in this paper. They concluded that th e refined analysis illuminates several interdisciplinary couplings that alter two major aspects of the initial concept.

First, the pod travel speed and the tube cross sect ional area are linked, forcing the tube size to be to be roughly twice the diameter of the original specification, in order for the pod to reach Mach 0.8. Second, the steady-state tub e temperature is dominated by ambient thermal interactions unrelated to the heat generated by the pod compression system. Mark Sakowski (2016) discussed the current maglev t echnology along with the theoretical evacuated tube technology and they conc luded that the hyperloop is feasible and if properly designed, has the potential to be m uch more efficient in terms of energy usage of pods traversing down the tube. N. Kayela, (2014) investigated that the hyperloop i s a fifth mode of transportation alongside trains, planes, automobile s and boats. He discussed about the railway track for the hyperloop, stations for the h yperloop. Also, discussed about the two version of capsule that is one is passenger onl y version and another is passenger plus vehicle version. Mohammed Imran (2016) He focu sed his study element on the hyperloop technology (the passenger transport syste m). He discussed about the two version of hyperloop in that one is passenger only version and another is passenger plus vehicle version. Hyperloop System.

HYPERLOOP CMRTC 4 4. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYPERLOOP Hyperloop is based on a principle of magnetic levit ation. The principle of magnetic levitation is that a vehicle can be suspen ded and propelled on a guidance track made with magnets. The vehicle on top of the track may be propelled with the help of a linear induction motor.

Fig-1 : Operating principle of Hyperloop HYPERLOOP CMRTC 5 5. CONSTRUCTION 5.1 Tube: The tube is made of steel. There are two tubes whic h are welded together side by side configuration to allow the capsules travel in both directions. The tube will be supported by pillars. There is a solar arrays are p rovided on a top of the tubes for the purpose of power to the system.

Fig-2: Construction of tube 5.2 Capsule: The capsule can carry 28 passengers at a time and i t send at a very high speed and it is levitated by a high pressure air cushion. The design of capsule is start with the aerodynamic shape. There are two version of capsule are being considered: a passenger only version and a passenger plus vehicle version.

Fig -3: Arrangement in capsule HYPERLOOP CMRTC 6 5.3 Compressor : The compressor is fitted at the front side of the c apsule. It supplies the air to the air bearings which supports the weight of the capsu le. The compressor allows the capsule to traverse to the low pressure tube withou t choking the air flow that travels between tube walls and capsule. Fig-4: Compressor 5.4 Suspension :

Air bearing suspension offers stability and extreme ly low drag at a feasible cost.

A stiff air bearing suspension is superb for reliab ility and safety. When there is a gap between ski and tube walls is high then it shows th e nonlinear reaction and which results in large restoring pressure.

Fig -5: Schematic of air bearing skis that support the caps ule HYPERLOOP CMRTC 7 5.5 Propulsions : To accelerate and decelerate the capsule the linear induction motor is used in hyperloop system. It provides some advantages over a permanen t magnet motor. To accelerate the capsules there is linear accelerators are construct ed on a length of the tube. Stators are placed on the capsules to transfer momentum to the capsules via the linear accelerators.

Fig-6 : Propulsion HYPERLOOP CMRTC 8 6. WORKING OF HYPERLOOP SYSTEM Fig-7: Working of hyperloop system Working of hyperloop system is based on magnetic le vitation principle. As we know that the passenger pad travel through low pres sure tube which is pylon-supported tube. In hyper loop system an air compressor fan is fitted on front side of pod which sucks the air. It transfer high pressure air front side to the rear side of capsule (pod) and it propel the pod. It creates the air cushion around the pod, so that the pod is suspended in air within the tube.On the basis of magnetic levitation principle the pod will be propelled by the linear induction motor. By the linear induct ion motor the capsule send from one place to another place to a subsonic velocity that is slower than the speed of sound. The pod will be self-powered. There is solar panel fitted on top of the tube. By this solar panel there is enough energy is stored i n battery packs to operate at night and in cloudy weather for some periods. The energy is a lso is stored in the form of compressed air. The air between the capsule acts as a cushions to p revent two capsules from colliding within the tube. HYPERLOOP CMRTC 9 Fig -8: Air through bypass tunnel In above figure it shown that the air through the c ompressor is send to a bypass nozzle at the rear end of the capsule. If capsule c over too much area of the tube then, the air is not flow around the capsule and ultimate ly the entire column of air in the tube is being pushed ahead of the capsule and because of this there is friction between the air and tube walls is increases tremendously. Therefore to avoid this problem the compressor is fitted at the front of the capsule th rough which the air is flow which will not flow around the capsule and send it to bypass n ozzle.

HYPERLOOP CMRTC 10 7. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 7.1 Merits: 1. It saves the travelling time. 2. There is no problem of traffic. 3. It is powered by the solar panel. 4. It can travel in any kind of weather. 5. Cost of hyperloop is low. 6. Not disruptive to those along the route. 7. More convenient. 8. Resistance to earthquake. 7.2 Demerits: 1. Turning will be critical. 2. Less movable space for passenger. 3. High speed might cause dizziness in some passeng er. 4. Punctured tunnel could cause shockwaves. HYPERLOOP CMRTC 11 8. CONCLUSION The Train of future is reviewed in this paper. Hype rloop has two versions namely passenger only and passenger plus vehicle hy perloop. This technology can reduce travel time between Los Angeles and San Fran cisco up till 35 minutes. The price of one way trip would be as less as $20. Hyperloop is much cheaper compared to railway between Los Angeles and San Francisco .On o ther hand passenger plus vehicle version would just cost more 25%. This version woul d be capable of transporting passengers, vehicles, freight, etc. this version is 11% more cheaper than proposed by rail system between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Furthermore the hyperloop is at development stage in future the price will be much lower than present price. A high speed transportation system known as Hyperloop has been developed in this report.

Hyperloop transportation system can be used over th e conventional modes of transportation that are rail, road, water and air. At very high speed it provides better comfort and cost is also low. By reducing the press ure of the air in the tube which reduces simple air drag and enables the 8capsule to move faster than through a tube at atmospheric pressure. As it has number of advantage s it will very help full for transport public as well as goods in a very short period of time (at a top speed of 1220 kmph) and also in lowe r cost.

It is a new concept so there is some future work wi ll be required for development of this project. Conventional means of transportation (road, water, air, and rail) tend to be some mix-off expensive, slow, and environmentally harmful. Road travel is particularly problematic, given carbon em issions and the fluctuating price of oil. As the environmental dangers of energy consump tion continue to worsen, mass transit. Rail travel is relatively energy efficient and offe rs the most environmentally friendly option, but is too slow and expensive to b e massively adopted. An additional passenger plus transport version of the Hyperloop h as been created that is only 25% higher in cost than the passenger only version. Thi s version would be capable of transporting passengers, vehicles, freight, etc. Th e passenger plus vehicle version of the Hyperloop is less than 11% of the cost of the propo sed passenger only high speed rail system between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Addit ional technological developments and further optimization could likely reduce this price.

HYPERLOOP CMRTC 12 9. PRESENT WORK Presently the idea of hyperloop was proposed for ro ute between San Francisco, California and Los Angeles in 35 minutes. This requ irement tends to size other portions of the system. Given the performance specification of the Hyperloop, a route has been devised to satisfy this design requirement. The Hyperloop route should be based on several cons iderations, including:

1. Maintaining the tube as closely as possible to e xisting rights of way.

2. Limiting the maximum capsule speed to 760 mph (1 ,220 kmph) for aerodynamic consideration.

3. Limiting accelerations on the passengers to 0.5g .

4. Optimizing locations of the linear motor tube se ctions driving the capsules.

5. Local geographical constraints, including locati on of urban areas, mountain ranges, reservoirs, national parks, roads, railroads, airpo rts, etc. The route must respect existing structures. For aerodynamic efficiency, the speed of a capsule in the Hyperloop is 1220kph.These bend radii have been calculated so th at the passenger does not experience inertial accelerations that exceed 0.5g. This is deemed the maximum inertial acceleration that can be comfortably sustained by h umans for short periods. To further reduce the inertial acceleration experienced by passengers, the capsule and/or tube will incorporate a mechanism that will allow a degr ee of ‘banking’.

The Hyperloop route was created by the authors usin g Google Earth.

Fig.9: Map of present work path HYPERLOOP CMRTC 13 10. FUTURE SCOPE Hyperloop is a newborn technology since it is nothi ng like anything the design for everything inside it is like invented for even a smaller entity. Thus, Technology welcomes further development for inventors. Hyperlo op also conducted a worldwide competition for building it which would award by bu ilding hyperloop in winning nation. Hyperloop is considered an open source transportati on concept. The authors encourage all members of the community to contribut e to the Hyperloop design process. Iteration of the design by various individ uals and groups can help bring Hyperloop from an idea to a reality. The inventors recognize the need for additional wor k, including but not limited to:

1. More expansion on the control mechanism for Hype rloop capsules, including attitude thruster or control moment gyros.

2. Detailed station designs with loading and unload ing of both passenger and passenger plus vehicle versions of the Hyperloop capsules. 3. Trades comparing the costs and benefits of Hyper loop with more conventional magnetic levitation systems.

4. Sub-scale testing based on a further optimized d esign to demonstrate the physics of Hyperloop.

Fig.10: Hyperloop HYPERLOOP CMRTC 14 11. REFERENCES 1. Ahmed Hodaib, Samar, et al, international journal o f mechanical, aerospace, industrial, mechatronics and manufacturing engineer ing Vol:10 No:5, (May 2016) 2. Chin, Jeffrey C.; Gray, Justin S.; Jones, Scott M.; Breton, Jeffrey J. (January 2015).

Open-Source Conceptual Sizing Models for the Hyperl oop Passenger Pod (PDF).

56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynam ics, and Materials Conference. January 5–9, 2015. Kissimmee, Florida. doi:10.2514/6.2015-1587. 3. Paper by Mark Sakowski, “The Next Contender in High Speed Transport Elon Musks Hyperloop”, 2016 4. N. Kayela, editor of scientific and technical depar tment, “Hyperloop: A Fifth Mode of Transportation”, 2014 5. Mohammed Imran, international journal of engineerin g research, 2016 6. Musk, Elon(August 12, 2013). "Hyperloop Alpha"(PDF) . SpaceX. Retrieved August 13, 2013. 7. Compressor:https://patrickenewman.files.wordpress.c o m/2016/03/compressoriso.png 8. Operating principle of hyperloop http://web- japan.org/kidsweb/hitech/maglev/images/004.jpg 9. Tubehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common s/thumb/8/86/Hyperloop.jpg/220px-Hyperloop.jpg