please explain the answer in detail, thank you.
For the following sentence, write the logical forms in Neo-Davidsonian representation. Use the operator notation instead of the t-variable notation for tenses and aspects (6pt).
The judge was surprised by the new evidence.
Surprised (Judge, New evidence)
We treat individuals as events; therefore, Hobbs notations and terminologies are used.
Therefore, we represent the judge and the new evidence with (b,c) respectively.
(b,c) ∃ a surprised’ (a,b,c)ᴧRexist (a)
The newly introduced variable (a) is eventually if the judge was surprised by the new evidence and Hobbs’ (a) ᴧ actor (a,b) ᴧ patient (a,b)
“Roles of the actiontier”; thus, the actor (a,b) means that a has the role (actor) in the eventuality a.
Ann and Bob understood each other.
Understood (Ann, Bob)
We represent Ann and Bob with (g,h), respectively.
(g,h) ∃ f understood ‘ (f,g,h) ᴧ Rexist(f)
The newly introduced variable (f) is eventually if Anns’ understanding Bob and Hubbs.
Understood’ (f) ᴧ actor (f,g) ᴧ patient (f,h)
For each of the following sentences, identify the Aktionsart of the predicate and briefly explain your answer (6pt).
Ann is my cousin.
The Aktionsart of the predicate in the sentence is “is.”
Aktinosart of a predicate in a sentence connects the subject in the sentence, and nouns or adjectives and describes the subject.
“Is” in this case has been used to connect the noun which is “Ann” and the adjective which is “my cousin”
Another example of Aktinosart of predicate used as “is” in the sentence is “And.”
Bob built two houses.
The Aktionsart of the predicate in the sentence is ‘Built.”
“Built” in the sentence has been used as a Transitive Aktinosart of the predicate to show the action. Its transitive since the noun that receives the action are the houses.
Transitive Aktinosarts affects one or more nouns/ objects through their action.
Analyze the events in the following sentences using the Reichenbachian system (8pt).
For each sentence: (i) Anchor the event, reference and speech time in a timeline, and (ii) explain your answer in part (i) in plain English (i.e. E, R and S should be represented by English sentences, not LF).
| S,R | S - R | R - S | |
| ER | S,R,E SIMULTENEOUS PRESENT (Simple present) | S- E,R SIMULTENEOUS FUTURE (Simple future) | E,R–S SIMULTENEOUS PAST (Simple past) |
| R – E | S,R-E POST PRESENT (Simple future) | S-R-E POST, FUTURE | R-E-S R-S-E POST PAST R-S,E (Conditional) |
| E- R | E-S,R ANT. PRESENT (Present perfect) | E-S-R S-E-R ANT. FUTURE E,S-R (Future perfect) | E-R-S ANT. PAST (Past perfect) |
Ann has been studying French since she was six years old.
Ann had been studying French for the last six years.
Ann had been Anterior Past
E R S past tense.
Bob enjoyed the TV series until his favorite character died.
Bob had been enjoying the TV series until his favorite character died.
Bob had been
E R S
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