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WEEK 12

SPORT IN ENGLAND (2): SPORT FOR ALL

INTRODUCTION—READ THIS CAREFULLY BEFORE THE CLASS

This is the second of the lectures on English sport. This week we’ll focus on football, or soccer, which became the national sport of Britain in the late 1800s, and has since become the most popular sport in the world: the football “World Cup” is even bigger than the Olympics! In the late 1800s organized football changed, very quickly, from being a game played by public schoolboys and university students to being the favourite entertainment and recreational activity of working class men. In the same period, football spread around the world amazingly fast, but it made little impact in Japan, where baseball was preferred. We’ll contrast the open and “democratic” organization of football in Britain with the closed and protected organization of professional baseball in Japan. We’ll also look at the way lawn (outdoor) tennis developed very quickly in the late 1800s, as a favorite activity for middle and upper class people.

1) Dangerous Football

“[football is] to be utterly abjected of all noble men … wherein is nothing but beastly fury and extreme violence; whereof proceedeth hurt, and consequently rancour and malice do remain with them that be wounded; wherefore it is to be put in perpetual silence.”

(from Thomas Elyot, The Governour, 1531)

During the 1300s and 1400s both governments and local authorities in England and Scotland made many attempts to ban football!

2) The Boys Will Play

a) “The evolution of public school recreations in the nineteenth century resembled in some ways the evolution of recreation outside the schools. There was a steady tendency to make games less spontaneous and less physically hazardous. In the schools officials standardised competitive conditions and made some traditional country games more subject to laws and hierarchical control. Thus (though this was not the object in the beginning) the application of rationalization and standardization made the sports less local and more transferable.” (from Richard D. Mandell, Sport: A Cultural History, 1984)

b) The Development of Modern Football

DATE	EVENT
1823	William Web Ellis (1807-1872) introduces running with the ball at RUGBY school.
c. 1840	Organised football starts to be played at CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY.
1841	First reference to 11-a-side football at ETON (possibly already played at HARROW) – the game now encouraged by the teachers at ETON.
1845	Office of referee created at ETON.
1845	RUGBY publishes standardised rules for a running-with-the-ball game.
1847	ETON rules published: the ball could be stopped with the hand, but not caught, carried, thrown or struck; strict rules against off-side (on the 3 player principle).
c. 1847	HARROW rules published: the ball could be caught; rules for “kicking off” to start a game, goal kicks and throw-ins; size of goals specified.
1848	“Cambridge Rules” published: they are agreed to and signed by representatives of ETON, RUGBY, HARROW, SHREWSBURY and CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY. They incorporate ETON rules about off-side.
1856	Revised “Cambridge Rules” published.
1857	SHEFFIELD FOOTBALL CLUB created; it publishes its own rules, introducing the idea of “corners.”
1863	A FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION founded in LONDON; it attempts to create a compromise between RUGBY rules and CAMBRIDGE rules, but fails; FOOTBALL, or SOCCER, and RUGBY now develop as separate sports.
1869	The FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION revises its rules to forbid any handling of the ball.
1871	The FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION organizes the world’s first football competition, the Football Association (F.A.) Cup.
1877	Revised FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION rules accepted by all English teams: these rules specify the length of the game (90 minutes), size of the pitch, and the size of the ball.
1885	The Football Association legalises professionalism.
1891	Penalty kicks introduced.

3) The Game Has Changed: Some of the 1856 Cambridge Rules

3. After a goal, the losing side shall kick off; the sides changing goals unless a previous arrangement be made to the contrary

6. When the ball is behind [i.e. off the end of the pitch], it shall be brought forward at the place where it left the ground not more than ten paces, and kicked off.

8. When a player catches the ball directly from the foot, he may kick it as he can without running with it. In no other case may the ball be touched with the hands, except to stop it.

4) Football Becomes International!

In the late 1800s football quickly became an international sport. First of all, it spread to the other countries in the British Islands: the Scottish F.A. was created in 1873, the Welsh F.A. in 1875 and the Irish F.A. in 1880.

Outside Britain the first countries to create football associations were Holland and Denmark (both 1889). Then came New Zealand (1891), Argentina (1893), Chile, Switzerland and Belgium (all 1895), Italy (1898), Germany and Uruguay (both 1900).

By the end of 1900 fourteen countries were playing organised, competitive football.

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the first international football association, was created in Paris in 1904. At first this was just a European organisation, but South American clubs began joining in 1912. By 1950 over 80 countries were members of FIFA; by 2000 over 200.

In the 1920s FIFA officials began to talk about the possibility of an international football competition. The first WORLD CUP took place in Uruguay in 1930, with thirteen countries taking part. It has since become the world’s biggest sporting event.

5) Organising Sport: English Football and Japanese Baseball

England

Population: approx. 56 million. Number of Top Division Teams: 20.

The English football league was created in 1888. It included 12 teams. It quickly grew to 22 teams (in recent years it has been reduced to 20). In 1892 a second (lower) division was created. In 1920 two more divisions were added. Every year teams moved up and down between these divisions. Since 1888 over 50 teams have played in the top division.

Japan

Population: approx. 126 million. Number of Top Division teams: 12.

The Japanese baseball league was created in 1936. It included 7 teams. By 1950 it had expanded to 16 teams, and divided into 2 (equal) divisions. In 1958 the number of teams in these divisions was permanently fixed at 6 each.

These differences reflect a very different history. In England professional football clubs developed “naturally” out of amateur clubs. In Japan professional baseball clubs were “artificially” created by companies that had nothing directly to do with sport. In 1936 there were: Tokyo Giants (owned by a newspaper); Osaka Tigers (owned by a railway company); Hankyu (owned by a railway company); Dai Tokyo (owned by a newspaper); Nagoya Kinko (owned by a newspaper); Nagoya (owned by a newspaper); Tokyo Senators (owned by a politician, later bought by a railway company). Initially some names emphasized the PLACE where the team was based (like English football teams), but most soon changed their names to emphasize the COMPANY that owned them.

6) Football and the English Working Classes

“Perhaps the most novel feature of the Victorian and Edwardian sporting ‘revolution’ was the reduction and concentration in the periods of time during which organised forms of sport were watched and played ... of all the forces which go towards explaining why the emergence of an extensive, modern sporting culture was delayed until the second half of the nineteenth century and why it appeared first in Britain the most important were the changes that occurred in industrial technology, methods of transport, hours of work and levels of real wages.” (from Neil Tranter, Sport, economy and society in Britain 1750-1914, 1998)

7) Tennis and the English Middle Classes

DATE	EVENT
1874	Major Walter Clopton Wingfield invents a portable outdoor tennis court; he calls his game “Lawn Tennis”
1875	The Marylebone Cricket Club attempts to standardise the rules of outdoor tennis; they retain Wingfield’s court, but lengthen it
1877	The All England Croquet Club changes its name to the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club; it develops modern tennis rules, and adopts a rectangular court; the first “Wimbledon” championship is held
1880	The net is lowered from 4 feet in the middle (Wingfield’s height) to 3 feet
1884	First women’s championship at Wimbledon