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Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The

Case of Dan Brown’s

The Da Vinci Code

Mohammed Farghal and Fatima Al -Mu’min

Dept. of English, Kuwait University , Kuwait.

Received on: 7-1-2016 Accepted on: 17-5-2016

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to explore the translation procedures that could be employed when trans lating

hyphenated English compound adjectives into Arabic. To achieve this, the study uses a body of textual data

consisting of 100 hyphenated compounds extracted from Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code which is set against its

counterpart body of data drawn from the Arabic translation titled ﻲﺸﻨﯿﻓ اد ةﺮﻔﯿﺷ by Sama AbdRabu. The findings show

that th e translator falls back on a variety of translation procedures including in terms of frequency: form al markers

(prepositions and وذ-related forms ), explicitation (relativization, generic words, and lexical comparisons), bare

compounds, simple adjectives, p assives/passive participles, and numeric compounds. These translation procedures,

which interchange in some cases, may also involve certain semantic constraints. The study concludes that translators

need to be aware of the whole spectrum of these tran slati on procedures in order to be able to deal effectively with this

morpho -lexical asymmetry between the two languages.

Keywords: English, Arabic, Translation, Hyphenated compounds, Translation procedures.

1. Introduction

“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source -

language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (Nida and Taber 1974 , 12 ).

Just as the quote above implies, translation means transferring the meaning of the source text (ST)

into the target text (TT) with the aim of maintaining the message of the ST in the first place and its style

in the second place. Unfortunately, this is not always possible since grammatical structure varies a mong

languages and a literal t ranslation would therefore not always result in idiomatically and grammatically

correct expressions in the TL (Vinay and Darbelnet 1958/1995 , 31 ). However, because almost everything

that is expressed in one language may be expressed in another as well, the re are always ways and means

to capture structural mismatches by employing textualizations that differ in structure but are simil ar in

function. According to many theorists (Newmark 1988 , 5, for example), while it is of great importance to

maintain the st ructure of the original text when translating, the fact remains that it is just as important to

convey the message in the most idiomatic and correct way in the TL (see also Larson 1983/1983 ; Hatim

and Mason 1990 ; Baker 1992 ).

This paper deals with English hyphenated compound adjectives, viewed as a potentially problematic

area when translating into Arabic because of the typological differences between the two languages.

Pierini (2015 , 17) states “In English, they [hyphenated compounds] are quantitatively nu merous, show a

wide range of morphological patterns and a high degree of productivity”. In Arabic, by contrast, they do

not exist in a hyphenated form , but rather they assume other forms. In fact, Arabic and English are

morphologically asymmetrical: “The f ormer is Semitic and the latter is Endo -European language. Thus,

they are expected to be morphologically divergent” Amer (2010 , 2). However, since there are so many Farghal and Al -Mu’min

158

different ways of expressing oneself in both spoken and written language, there are always several

possible translations of any grammatical or textual feature, and hyphenated compound adjectives are no

exception in this case. However, the translator always needs to take the contextual and co -textual factors

into account, and in order to attain a n idiomatically and grammatically correct translation, various

translation strategies can be applied (Milikic 2010 , 7).

An English compound adjective is a modifier of a noun, consisting of two or more words of which

the left -hand component limits or change s the modification of the right -hand one, as in "the dark -green

dress": dark limits the green that modifies dress (Amer 2010 , see also Crystal 2004 ; Leech and Svartvik

1992 for a general discussion of adjectives). There are some well -established permanent compound

adjectives that have become solid over a longer period, especially in American usage: earsplitting ,

roundabout, eyecatching , and downtown . However, in British usage, these, apart from downtown and

roundabout, are more likely written with a hyphen: ear -splitting, eye -catching. According to Pierini

(2015 , 18), the notion of ‘compound adjective’ is problematic because it covers a wide range of

morphological patterns and the classification offered by scholars varies, either including or exclud ing

certain formations. Among these productive patterns, we find: Adj + Adj (grey -green), N + Adj (age -

old), Adv + Adj (fiercely -competitive), Numeral + N + Adj (ten -year -old), Adj + V -ing (good -looking), N

+ V -ing (animal -loving), Adj + Past Participle (British -born), etc. The Writing Library Technology

Center at the University of Saint -Paul defines compound adjectives as “two or more words that together

modify another word. In most cases, the two or more words are linked together with a hyphen.

Hyphenated compound adjectives are used before nouns. When they come after nouns, they are not

hyphenated, unless they are a hyphenated compound word anyway”. For e xample, ‘This is a well -written

essay’ vs. ‘This essay is well written’ and ‘ This is a ten -year -old boy’ vs. ‘This boy is ten years old’.

Arabic attributive adjectives, whether simple or compound, always follow head nouns, unlike

English where they must p recede head nouns, for example, al-bintu -l-jamiilatu ‘*the girl the beautiful’ vs.

the beautiful girl and al-bintu ðaatu -l-‛uyuun -iz-zarqaa’ ‘the girl with blue eyes’ vs. ‘the blue -eyed girl’.

As can be seen, like Arabic, English has post -head modification (e.g. ‘the girl with blue eyes’ and ‘the

girl who has blue eyes’). By contrast, unlike Arabic, English has the pre -head hyphenated compound

modification (the blue -eyed girl), which is categorically absent in Arabic. In a contrastive study, Amer

(2010 ) suggests some procedures that may be followed when rendering compound adjectives, viz. simple

Arabic adjectives, e.g. ħadii ө [recent] for up -to-date , Adj + Adj, e.g. ’azaraq γaamiq [blue da rk] for dark -

blue, simile, e.g. ’aħmar ka-d-dam [red like -the -blood] for blood -red , ma rking by a preposition, e.g.

muta ‛atti š li -d-dimaa’ [thirsty for -the -blood], and the ’idhaafa /genitive construction, e.g. daa’im -il-

xuḍrah [continuous greenness] for ever -green (for more on the translation of compounds in general, see

Amer and Menacere 2013 ).

Examining Modern Literary Arabic, Cowan (1958 , 44 -45) discusses Arabic compound adjectives,

showing that Arabic is very rich in such compounds. In particular, he cites compounds featuring

intensifiers plus nouns which post -modify head nouns such as rajulun ka өiru -l-maali [a man lots -the -

money] ‘a very rich man’ and adjectives plus nouns to post -modify head nouns such as rajulun ṭawiilu -l- Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The Case of Dan Brown’s : The Da Vinci Code

159

lisaani [a man long -the -tongue ] ‘a harsh -tongued man’. He also cites Arabic compounds featuring two

nouns such as rajulun ṣaa ħibub ‛ilmin [a man owner of science] ‘a man of letters’ and rajulun ðuu

badiihatin [a man of intuition] ‘an intuitive man’. Note that ṣaa ħibu and ðuu are formal possessive

markers and may interchange generally.

The above studies, Amer (2010 ), Amer and Menacere (2013 ), and Cowan (1958 ), do provide us

with important information about the nature of compounding in English and Arabic from a contrastive

analysis persp ective and offer us useful guidelines regarding out -of-context and intuition -based

translation equivalents, mainly the employment of the marker ﺐﺣﺎﺻ/وذ , simple adjectives, similes, and

'iḍaafah /genitive construction. However, they fall short of providing us with actual translational data to

see how translators in practice handle the packaging of information in hyphenated pre -head modification,

which is the focus of this study. From here arises the need to investigate this morpho -lexical feature from

a translational perspective, based on authentic textual data rather than on merely concocted contras tive

analysis examples. The textual data will reveal some translation procedures that contrastive a nalysis

cannot unravel such as prepositions as forma l markers, explicitation via re lativization and generic words,

passivization/passive participles, etc. (see Table and discussion below). This will definitely provide

student/professional translators as we ll as researchers with a fuller picture of and better insights into what

procedurally happens when encountering pre -modifying hyphenated compounds in English -into -Arabic

translation.

2. Objectives of Study

This study attempts to address the following research questions:

1. What translation procedures are employed to render hyphenated English compounds into Arabic?

2. How successful are the renditions of such compounds into Arabic?

3. Are there any semantic constraints governing the choice of one procedure rathe r than another?

3. Method and Material

This study is both a quantitative and qualitative case study of authent ic textual data extracted from

the English bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown (2003 ) and its Arabic translation (2004 )

titled Shiifrat Da Vinci (Code (of) Da Vinci ) by Sama AbdRabu. Apart from the fact that the Arabic

translation is published by the leading Beirut -based Arab Scientific Publishers, the selection of The Da

Vinci Code is mainly motivated by the large number of hyphe nated compound adjectives it contains. The

sample consists of 100 hyphenated English compounds and their Arabic renderings. The analysis starts

with categorizing the Arabic data in terms of type and frequency of translation procedure. Then, a

critical/qual itative discussion/assessment of each procedure is furnished to see whether there are any

subtleties involved or any semantic constraints governing the adoption of one procedure over another.

Farghal and Al -Mu’min

160

4. Data Analysis and Discussion

The following Table shows the distribution and percentages of the translation procedures employed

when rendering hyphenated English compounds into Arabic in the study sample. Each procedure is

exemplified and discussed separately in the sections below.

Table : Distribution of translati on procedures of hyphenated compound adjectives

No. Translation Procedure Percentage

1 Formal Markers

a. Prepositions 19 %

b. Possessive وذ ðuu and its derivatives 15 %

34 %

2 Explicitation

a. Relativization 15 %

b. Generic words 7 %

c. Lexical comparisons 3 %

25 %

3 Bare compounds 15 %

4 Simple adjectives 10 %

5 Passive/Passive participles 8 %

6 Numeric compounds 3 %

7 Omission 5 %

8 Total 100 %

4.1 Formal Markers

Formal markers emerge as the most frequent procedure accounting for 34% of the examples in the

sample when rendering hyphenated compound adjectives. This clearly indicates that the attempt to cal l up

an Arabic formal marker is a basic option when encounter ing such compounds in translating from English

into Arabic. There are two main categories of these markers: prepositions and possessive وذ ðuu and its

derivatives.

4.1.1 Prepositions

As formal markers of Arabic renditions, prepositions claim 19% of th e da ta, of which 13% go for the

preposition ب bi-, which is employed to indicate height, size, area, clothing, etc. Following are some

illustrative examples:

1. a thousand -foot phallus (p. 33) ﺐﻴﻀﻗﺑﺎ عﺎﻔﺗر مﺪﻗ ﻒﻟأ ) ص 26(

2. 70,000 -square -foot lobby (p. 40 ) ﺔﻫدر ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻤﺑ 70.000 ﺔﻌﺑﺮﻣ مﺪﻗ ) ص 32(

3. two -inch -thick pane (p. 164 ) حﻮﻟ ﺔﻛﺎﻤﺴﺑ ﻦﻴﺸﻧإ ) ص 134(

4. blue -robed virgin Mary (p. 191 ) ﻟا ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ءارﺬﻌ ﺎﻬﺑﻮﺜﺑ قرزﻷا ) ص 156(

As can be seen, the hyphenated English compound adjectives in (1) – (4) above are rendered by

employing the Arabic preposition ب to indicate height, area, thickness and clothing, respectively. The

generic word designating the domain (e.g. height) can be implicit in English, but it must be rendered Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The Case of Dan Brown’s : The Da Vinci Code

161

explicit in Arabic (1 and 2) above and consequently the formal marker attach to them, viz. عﺎﻔﺗرﺎﺑ and

ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻤﺑ . Otherwise, the explicit generic or specific word functions as the host o f the preposition, ﺔﻛﺎﻤﺴﺑ and

ﺎﻬﺑﻮﺜﺑ . Notably, the possessive وذ and its derivatives (section 2 below) cannot be used to designate height,

area, or thickness, e.g. the rendering ﺐﻴﻀﻗوذ مﺪﻗ ﻒﻟأ عﺎﻔﺗرا is ill -formed, whereas they can replace the

preposition ب in the domain of clothing, e.g. ءارﺬﻌﻟا ﻢﻳﺮﻣ تاذ قرزﻷا بﻮﺜﻟا is as well -formed as the rendition

in (4) above.

The other prepositions ﻦﻣ, ﻲﻓ and ل accounting for 6% indicate constitution, location, and distance

respectively, as can be illustrated in (5), (6) and (7) below:

5. A three -digit code (p. 163 ) اﺰﻣرﻦﻣ مﺎﻗرأ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ) ص 132(

6. Right -hand wall (p. 141 ) ﻂﺋﺎﺤﻟاﻲﻓ ﻰﻨﻤﻴﻟا ﺔﻬﺠﻟا ) ص 117(

7. the long, two -storey climb (p. 43 ) ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا ﻢﻟﻼﺴﻟا دﻮﻌﺻ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻟ ﻦﻴﻘﺑﺎﻃ ) ص 34(

Notably, what is implicit in (7), i.e. distance, is made explicit in the Arabic rendition. However, it

can be suppressed the way constitution and location are suppressed in (5) and (6) above. An d what is

implicit in (5) and (6) can be made explicit as well. Consider (5)- (7), which are rephrased accordingly:

8. مﺎﻗرأ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻦﻣ ًﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ ًاﺰﻣر

9. ﻰﻨﻤﻴﻟا ﺔﻬﺠﻟا ﻲﻓ دﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا ﻂﺋﺎﺤﻟا

10 . ﻦﻴﻘﺑﺎﻄﻟ ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا ﻢﻟﻼﺴﻟا دﻮﻌﺻ

In (8) and (9), in addition to being marked by prepositions, constitution and location are indicated

lexically by ًﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ and دﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا , whereas distance is marked only by the preposition in (10 ). There is one

rendition in this category where the translator confuses the constitution marker ﻦﻣ with the location

marker ﻲﻓ, as can be shown in (11 ):

11 . Right -hand counterparts (p. 174 ) ﻢﻫؤاﺮﻈﻧﻦﻣ ﻦﻤﻳﻷا ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟا ) ص 143(

Following is the compound (boldfaced) in (11 ) in its context:

In France and Italy, the words for 'left' - gauc he and sinistra - came to have deeply negative overtones,

while their right -hand counterparts rang of righteousness, dexterity, and correctness.

نﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ،ًاﺮﻴﻄﺧ ًﺎﻴﺒﻠﺳ ﻰﻨﻌﻣ رﺎﺴﻴﻟا ﺔﻤﻠﻛ تﺬﺨﺗا ﺎﻴﻟﺎﻄﻳإو ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻦﻤﻳﻷا ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫؤاﺮﻈﻧ او ﺔﻣﺎﻘﺘﺳﻼﻟ ًﻻﺎﺜﻣ قﻮﻔﺘﻟ

.باﻮﺼﻟاو

Farghal and Al -Mu’min

162

4.2 Possessive وذ and its derivatives

The second formal marker وذ and its derivatives, whose form depends on number and gender

agreement with the head noun, e.g. وذ modifies a singular, masculine head noun while تاذ modifies a

singular, feminine head noun, have a wide -ranging semantic scope and can modify both animate and

inanimate head nouns. Interestingly, however, they are used only to modify inanimate head nouns in t he

data, as can be noted in the following examp les:

12 . Alcohol -based fluorescent ink (p. 64 ) ﺎﺌﻴﻀﻣ اﺮﺒﺣوذ ﻲﻟﻮﺤﻛ سﺎﺳأ ) ص 50(

13 . Glass -roofed train terminal (p. 203 ) رﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺔﻄﺤﻣ تاذ ﻲﺟﺎﺟﺰﻟا ﻒﻘﺴﻟا ) ص 165(

14 . High -tech world (p. 244 ) ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟاوذ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻟا ) ص 200(

15 . Cave -ridden hills (p. 232 ) ﺔﻳﺮﺨﺼﻟا بﺎﻀﻬﻟا تاذ فﻮﻬﻜﻟا ) ص 189(

It should be noted that, while the preposition ب cannot be replaced with the possessive وذ when

marking height, area an d thickness in (1) - (3) above, the possessive وذ and تاذ can be replaced with the

preposition ب in (12 ) - (15) above. Apparently, this constraint applies only to certain semantic domains.

By way of illustration, (12 ) and (13 ) are given below using the preposition ب:

16 . ( ﺎﺌﻴﻀﻣ اﺮﺒﺣﺄﺑ سﺎﺳ ﻲﻟﻮﺤﻛ ) ص 50

17 . ( رﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺔﻄﺤﻣﺎﺑ ﻒﻘﺴﻟ ﻲﺟﺎﺟﺰﻟا ) ص 165

In addition, while the translator in (15 ) succeeds in employing تاذ correctly, she fails to capture

the totality of the meaning in the hyph enated compound, that is, the meaning of the second item of the

compound (ridden) is not relayed in the translation. To do this, (15 ) can be relayed in several ways as

follows:

18 . لﻼﺘﻟا تاذ ةﺮﺸﺘﻨﻤﻟا فﻮﻬﻜﻟا ‘the hills with spreading caves’

19 . لﻼﺘﻟا فﻮﻬﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﻘﺜﻤﻟا ‘the hills ridden with caves’

20 . لﻼﺘﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا فﻮﻬﻜﻟا ﺎﻬﻠﻘﺜﺗ ‘the hills which are ridden with caves’

21 . لﻼﺘﻟا ﺎﻬﻓﻮﻬﻜﺑ ةﺮﺸﺘﻨﻤﻟا ‘the hills with their spreading caves’

The different versions in (18 )-(21 ) employ four different procedures: the possessive تاذ , the

unmarked compound (see below), relativization (see below), and the preposition ب. Below is the

compound in (15 ) in its context: Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The Case of Dan Brown’s : The Da Vinci Code

163

Some claimed the mountainous backdrop in Madonna of the Rocks matc hed the topography of a series of

cave -ridden hills in Scotland.

ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺔﻴﻓاﺮﻏﻮﺒﻃ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ "رﻮﺨﺼﻟا ةﺪﻴﺳ" ﺲﻛور اذ فوأ ﺎﻧودﺎﻣ ﺔﺣﻮﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺮﺨﺼﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻟا نأ ﻲﻋﺪﻳ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺾﻌﺒ ﻟا

ﺔﻳﺮﺨﺼﻟا بﺎﻀﻬﻟا فﻮﻬﻜﻟا تاذ .ةﺪﻧﻼﺗﻮﻜﺳ ﻲﻓ

4.3 Explicitation

Explicitation is the second most frequent procedure in rendering hyphenated compound adjectives in

the data accounting for 25% . It mainly involves rephrasing the hyphenated compound in the form of a

relative clause post -modifying the head noun (15% ), the employment of Arabic generic words (7% ) that

are implicit in English, and drawing lexically explicit comparisons to render –like hyphenated compounds

(3% ).

4.3.1 Relativization

Relativization, which accounts for 15% of the data, is employed as an explicitation procedure

whereby the meaning of a hyphenated compound is unpacked in the form of an adjective clause post -

modifying the head noun. Following are some illustrative examples:

22 . the 133.000 -square -foot tower (p. 49 ) ص) 39( جﺮﺒﻟا يﺬﻟا ﻪﺘﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻎﻠﺒﺗ 133.000 ﺔﻌﺑﺮﻣ مﺪﻗ

23 . the orb -filled tomb (p. 527 ) ﺢﻳﺮﻀﻟا يﺬﻟا ﻪﻴﻓ تاﺮﻜﻟا ﺞﻌﺗ ) ص 442(

24 . the eighteenth -century English writer (p. 499 ) يﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻻا ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟا يﺬﻟا ﺮﺸﻋ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا نﺮﻘﻟا ﻰﻟإ دﻮﻌﻳ ) ص 418(

While relativization is the only option available for capturing the meaning of the hyphenated

compounds in (22 ) and (24) because the English underlying verb is intransitive, (23 ), having an overt

transitive verb (fill), might be rendered using the passive participle procedure (see below), viz. ﺢﻳﺮﻀﻟا

تاﺮﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺊﻠﺘﻤﻤﻟا . Interestingly, the Arabic renderings in (22)-(24 ) roughly correspond to the English

parap hrases of (22 )-(24 ), as can be shown below respectively:

25 . the tower whose area is 133.000 square foot

26 . the tomb which is filled with orbs.

27 . the English writer who belongs to the eighteenth century.

4.3.2 Generic words

The use of generic words (7% ) is necessitated in Arabic to explicitate implicit generic predicates in

some English hyphenated compounds, as can be illustrated in the following examples:

28 . his 14 -carat gold bishop’s ring (p. 49 ) ﺐﻫﺬﻟا ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻔﻘﺳﻷا ﻪﻤﺗﺎﺧ رﺎﻴﻋ 14 طاﺮﻴﻗ ص) 39(

29 . this forty -something academic (p. 24 ) ﻲﻤﻳدﺎﻛﻷا اﺬﻫ ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻟا ﻦﻴﻌﺑرأ ﺮﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻣﺎﻋ ﻒﻴﻧو ص) 19 (

Farghal and Al -Mu’min

164

30 . as the plane completed its 180 -degree turn… (p. 439 )

ةﺮﺋﺎﻄﻟا تراد ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋو ﺔﻳواﺰﺑ 180 ...ﺔﺟرد ) ص 369(

31 . all -night café (p. 211 ) ﻰﻬﻘﻣ ﺢﺘﻔﻳ ﻞﻴﻠﻟا لاﻮﻃ ) ص 171(

As can be seen in (28 ) - (31 ), the bold -face items in the Arabic renderings explicitate what is implicit

in English. Without them, the Arabic renderings will not be acceptable, as can be illustrated below:

32 .* ( ﺐﻫﺬﻟا ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻔﻘﺳﻷا ﻪﻤﺗﺎﺧ 14 طاﺮﻴﻗ ) 39

33 . * ﻲﻤﻳدﺎﻛﻷا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻴﻌﺑرأ ﺮﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻒﻴﻧو ) ص 19(

34 . * ةﺮﺋﺎﻄﻟا تراد ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋو 180 ...ﺔﺟرد ) ص 369(

35 . * ﻞﻴﻠﻟا لاﻮﻃ ﻰﻬﻘﻣ ) ص 171(

Apparently, the translator has done well here by explicitating the hyphenated compounds because it

is the most appropriate proce dure.

4.3.3 Lexical Comparisons

Drawing lexical comparisons (3% ) is followed when translating English –like hyphenated

compounds. Following are two illustrative examples:

36 . maze -like series of dividers (p. 97 ) ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ ﻪﺒﺷأ تﺎﻫﺎﺘﻤﺑ ) ص 79(

37 . the dream -like quality of the evening (p.37 ) ...ءﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻢﻠﺤﻟا ﻰﻟإ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻣ بﺮﻗأ ) ص 29(

As can be noted, English similes in the form of hyphenated compounds call for some sort of

comparison in Arabic translation, which is expressed lexically in (36 ) and (37 ) a bove. One can imagine,

however, working out Arabic similes using the formal marker ك, as can be observed in (38) below, which

rephrases (36 ) above:

38 . ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ تﺎﻫﺎﺘﻤﻛ

4.4 . Bare Compounds

Arabic bare compounds (15% ) emerge as an effective translation procedure for many English

hyphenated compounds. One should note that in many cases they can be replaced with the possessive وذ

procedure and to a lesser degree with the procedure of preposition ب as a formal marker. Following are

some illustrative examples:

39 . a muscle -bound man (p. 167 ) ﻞﺟر تﻼﻀﻌﻟا لﻮﺘﻔﻣ ) ص 136(

40 . a double -breasted suit (p. 37 ) ةﺮﺘﺳ رﺪﺼﻟا ﺔﻨﻄﺒﻣ ) ص 30(

41 . the five -petal rose (p. 260 ) ةدرﻮﻟا تﻼﺘﺒﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻤﺧ ) ص 213(

42 . blood -red slashes (p. 178 ) حوﺮﺟ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻗ ءاﺮﻤﺣ ) ص 145( Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The Case of Dan Brown’s : The Da Vinci Code

165

43 . Chinese -born American architect (p. 35 ) ( ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا سﺪﻨﻬﻤﻟا ﺪﻟﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻨﻴﺼﻟا ص) 28

The Arabic bare compounds in (39)- (41 ) post -modify head nouns and can be readily replaced with

the وذ and ب procedures, as can be illustrated in (44)-(46 ) below:

44 a. ﺔﻟﻮﺘﻔﻣ تﻼﻀﻋ وذ ﻞﺟر

b. ﺔﻟﻮﺘﻔﻣ تﻼﻀﻌﺑ ﻞﺟر

45 a. تاذ ةﺮﺘﺳ ﻦﻄﺒﻣ رﺪﺻ

b. ﻦﻄﺒﻣ رﺪﺼﺑ ةﺮﺘﺳ

46 a.ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻟا تﻼﺘﺒﻟا تاذ ةدرﻮﻟا

b. ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻟا تﻼﺘﺒﻟﺎﺑ ةدرﻮﻟا

The bare compound procedure is, therefore, an Arabic compounding resource that compresses the

meaning of the hyphenated compound by transposition, i.e. by swap ping the two items, thus doing away

with the formal marker.

By contrast, (42 ) and (43 ) do not lend themselves to the afore -mentioned procedures for different

reasons. The hyphenated compound in (42 ) employs an implicit figurative comparison, i.e. blood -red to

modify the head noun. Instead of using an explicit comparison as is expected, the translator uses a

familiar Arabic collocation نﺎﻗ ﺮﻤﺣأ , which reflects the semantics of the hyphenated English compound. It

is more appropriate, however, to maintain th e comparison in Arabic translation, viz. مﺪﻟا ةﺮﻤﺤﺑ حوﺮﺟ

(slashes as red as blood), in which the preposition ب is a simile marker or ﺎﻬﺗﺮﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ/ةﺮﻤﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ مﺪﻟﺎﻛ حوﺮﺟ

(slashes like blood in (their) redness), in which the simile marker ك is employed. Followin g is the

compound in (42 ) above in its context:

His broad, pale back was soaked with blood -red slashes.

حوﺮﺠﺑ ﻰﻄﻐﻣ ﺐﺣﺎﺸﻟا ﻢﺨﻀﻟا هﺮﻬﻇ نﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻗ ءاﺮﻤﺣ.

For its turn, the hyphenated compound in (43) refers to a location (the birth place of the head noun),

thus requiring a prepositional phrase to post -modify the head noun, viz. ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا سﺪﻨﻬﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ دﻮﻟﻮﻤﻟا

ﻦﻴﺼﻟا .The prepositional phrase, in its turn, may undergo transposition and class shift to give us the bar e

Arabic compou nd ﺪﻟﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻨﻴﺼﻟا in (43 ). This bare compound, unlike the ones in (39 )-(41 ), cannot be

rephrased using وذ and ب, viz. ﻲﻨﻴﺼﻟا ﺪﻟﻮﻤﻟا وذ ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا سﺪﻨﻬﻤﻟا and ﻲﻨﻴﺼﻟا ﺪﻟﻮﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا سﺪﻨﻬﻤﻟا as both

are ill -formed in Arabic.

4.5 Simple Adjectives

The use of A rabic simple adjectives in translating English hyphenated compounds can be justified if

the Arabic adjective captures the totality of the meaning in the English compound. However, the Farghal and Al -Mu’min

166

translator may fall in the trap of under -translation when opting for thi s procedure. The data includes 10

cases (10% ) of using simple a djectives, which exemplify both successful attempts (5), under -translations

(3), and 2 mistranslations. Following are some illustrative examples:

47 . the five -pointed star (p. 135 ) ﺔﻤﺠﻨﻟا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻤﺨﻟا ) ص 112(

48 . mind -boggling aspect of PHI (p. 132 ) يﺎﻔﻟ ﻞﻫﺬﻤﻟا ﻪﺟﻮﻟا ) ص 109(

49 . a well -documented history (p. 125 ) ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ ﻖﺛﻮﻣ ) ص 103(

50 . large -format oils (p. 45 ) ﺔﻴﺘﻳﺰﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻠﻟا ةﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا ) ص 36(

51 . tree -lined diplomatic neighborhood (p. 192 ) ﻲﺳﺎﻣﻮﻠﺒﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﺤﻟا ﺮﺠﺸﻤﻟا ) ص 156 (

52 . the open -air escalator (p. 43 ) ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻢﻟﻼﺴﻟا ﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻤﻟا ) ص 34(

The renderings in (47 ) - (49) above represent a successful use of simple Arabic adjectives that reflect

the totality of the meaning in the English compounds. By contrast, the Arabic renderings in (50 ) and (51 )

fail to do so, that is, they under -translate the English compounds. To explain, the hyphenated compound

in (50) refers to the large frames in which the oils are formatted rather than the oils themselves, wherea s

the Arabic translation refers to the size of the painti ngs. For its turn, the English compound in (51) refers

to the trees lining the sidewalks in the neighborhood rather the neighborhood in general. Below are the

compounds in (50 ) and (51 ) in their contexts, respectively:

- all around, large -format oils began to materialize like photos developing before him in an enormous

darkroom...

ﺔﻴﺘﻳﺰﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻠﻟا تأﺪﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﺣ نﺎﻜﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻓو ةﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا ...ﺔﻤﺨﺿ ﺾﻴﻤﺤﺗ ﺔﻓﺮﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻣﺎﻣأ ﺮﻈﺘﺗ ﺔﻴﻓاﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻓ رﻮﺼﻛ ﺪﺴﺠﺘﺗ

- We're going to make it , Sophie thought as she swung the SmartCar' s wheel to the right, cutting sharply

past the luxurious Hotel de Crillon into Paris's tree -lined diplomatic neighborhood.

ﺎﻤﺴﻟا دﻮﻘﻣ ﺮﻳﺪﺗ ﻲﻫو ﻲﻓﻮﺻ تﺮﻜﻓ ،ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﺛاو ﺎﻧأ ،مﻼﺴﺑ كﺎﻨﻫ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﺼﻨﺳر قﺪﻨﻓ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﺑ ةزوﺎﺠﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻴﻟا ﻮﺤﻧ رﺎﻛ ت

ﻲﺤﻟا ﻰﻠﻏ ًﻻﻮﺧد ﻢﺨﻔﻟا نﻮﻳﺮﻛ .ﺲﻳرﺎﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺠﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﻣﻮﻠﺒﻳﺪﻟا

To reflect the totality of the meaning in the two English compounds, the translator could have

employed formal markers (section 4.1 above), as can be illustrated in (53) and (54 ) below, respectively:

53 a. ﺔﻴﺘﻳﺰﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻠﻟا ﺔﻤﺨﻀﻟا ﺎﻬﺗارﺎﻃﺈﺑ

b. ﺔﻤﺨﻀﻟا تارﺎﻃﻹا تاذ ﺔﻴﺘﻳﺰﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻠﻟا

54 a. ةﺮﺠﺸﻤﻟا ﻪﺘﻔﺻرﺄﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻣﻮﻠﺑﺪﻟا ﻲﺤﻟا

b. ةﺮﺠﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﻔﺻرﻷا تاذ ﻲﺳﺎﻣﻮﻠﺑﺪﻟا ﻲﺤﻟا

The Arabic rendering of the English compound in the last example (52 ) is, actually, a mistranslation.

The English compound refers to an ‘outdoor’ escalator, which cannot be retrieved from the Arabic sim ple Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The Case of Dan Brown’s : The Da Vinci Code

167

adjective حﻮﺘﻔﻣ . Following is the sentence in which the compound occurs (55 ), along with its Arabic

translation (56 ):

55. Langdon exhaled, turning a longing glance back up the open -air escalator.

56. ...ﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻢﻟﻼﺴﻟا ﻮﺤﻧ ﺔﺒﻏﺮﺑ هﺮﻈﻧ ﻊﺟﺮﻳ ﻮﻫو نوﺪﻐﻧﻻ ﺪﻬﻨﺗ

Apart from the quality of the translation, the meaning communicated by the English compound

cannot be rec overed from the Arabic simple adjective (ﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻤﻟا ), because the English compound indicates

the location of the escalator rather than assigns an attribute to the escalator the way the Arabic a djective

does. Hence, the formal marker ﻲﻓ should be used, as in (57 ) below:

57 . ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻢﻠﺴﻟا ﻮﺤﻧ هﺮﻈﻨﺑ ﻮﻧﺮﻳ ﻮﻫو نوﺪﻐﻧﻻ ﺪﻬﻨﺗ ﻲﻓ جرﺎﺨﻟا

One should note that there exists a familiar Arabic compound relating to location, viz. ﻲﻓ ءاﻮﻬﻟا

ﻖﻠﻄﻟا , but it does not fit here for stylistic/generic reasons.

4.6 Passive/Passive Participles

Arabic passive and passive participles account for 8% of English hyphenated compounds renderings .

They are the most appropriate when translating English passive participle compounds, as can be

illustrated in (58) and (59 ) below:

58 . Star -filled November sky (p. 207 ) مﻮﺠﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧادﺰﻤﻟا ﺮﺒﻤﻓﻮﻧ ءﺎﻤﺳ ) ص 168- 169(

59 . Laser -cut key (p. 200 ) حﺎﺘﻔﻣﺣ رﺰﻴﻠﻟا ﺔﻌﺷﺄﺑ ﺮﻔ ) ص 162(

While the Arabic rendering in (58) employs the passive participle form ﺔﻧادﺰﻤﻟا , the rendering in (59 )

uses a passive form of the verb and explicitates the head noun, viz. رﺰﻴﻠﻟا ﺔﻌﺷﺄﺑ instead of رﺰﻴﻠﻟﺎﺑ , which

makes the rendition more transparent.

Sometimes, however, the Arabic passive participle is opted for in the absence of a passive

counterpart element in the English compound. Consider (60 ) - (62 ) below:

60 . Grille -plate medallions (p. 205 ) ﻊﺑﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﺸﻛرﺰﻣ ةﺮﻓﺎﻧ تﺎﻨﻴﻳﺰﺘﺑ ) ص 167(

61 . A ten -digit account number (p. 251 ) بﺎﺴﺣ ﻢﻗر ﻒﻟﺆﻣ مﺎﻗرأ ةﺮﺸﻋ ﻦﻣ ) ص 206(

62 . a twin -bed eighteen wheeler (p. 122 ) ﺔﻨﺣﺎﺷ ةدوﺰﻣ ﺔﻠﺠﻋ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﺛو ﻦﻳﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﻦﻴﻗوﺪﻨﺼﺑ ) ص 101(

As can be seen, all the Arabic renderings in (60 )-(62 ) employ a passive participle form despite the

fact there are no such for ms in the English counterparts. This is a workable procedure in Arabic although

these passive forms in these renderings are optional, unl ike the ones in (58 ) and (59 ). Below are the same

examples employing the formal marker ب and ﻦﻣ (section 4.1 above) independently of the passive forms

(The rendering in (65) is corrected in terms of accuracy and quality of translation): Farghal and Al -Mu’min

168

63 . تﺎﻨﻴﻳﺰﺘﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﺼﻣ ةﺮﻓﺎﻧ

64 . مﺎﻗرأ ةﺮﺸﻋ ﻦﻣ بﺎﺴﺣ ﻢﻗر

65 . ﺔﻠﺠﻋ ةﺮﺸﻋ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺛو ﻦﻴﻠﺼّﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﻗوﺪﻨﺼﺑ ﺔﻨﺣﺎﺷ

4.7 Numeric Compounds

There are three instances (3% ) in the data where the hyphenated number imme diately modifies the

head noun. Such numeric compounds are readily translated into their counterpart Arabic numeric

compounds and should present no difficulty to the translator. However, due to their rather intricate

grammar, one may find professional translators making mistakes when using them in discourse.

Following are two examp les:

66 . the game’s twenty -two cards (p.129 ) ﺐﻌﻠﻟا قاروأ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻋو ﻦﻴﻨﺛﻻا ) ص 107(

67 . fifty -seven feet beneath ground (p. 40 ) ﻖﻤﻌﺑ مﺪﻗ ﻦﻴﻌﺒﺳو ﺲﻤﺧ ) ص 32(

Surprisingly, although the Arabic numeric compounds are readily accessed, the Arabic renderings in

(66 ) and (67 ) are both ill -formed in terms of the grammar of numerals; they should read:

68 . ﺐﻌﻠﻟا قاروأ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻋو ﻦﻴﺘﻨﺛﻻا

69 . ﻖﻤﻌﺑ ًﺎﻣﺪﻗ ﻦﻴﻌﺒﺳو ﺔﺴﻤﺧ

Needless to say, the Beirut -based Arab Scientific Publisher (ASP), the publisher of the translation

under study, is supposed to be one of the leading publishers in the Arab World. The opening sentence in

their website reads “Arab scientific Publishers (ASP) publishes award -winning books of excellent quality

that respond to al l ages, levels, and interests”. In light of the above errors, I leave it to the reader to pass a

judgment on their work.

4.8 Omission

There are five cases in the data (5% ) where the translator has omitted the hyphenated compound

from the translation altogether, as can be illustrated in (70 ) and (71) below:

70 . The close -up photo revealed the glowing message on the parquet floor. (p. 101 )

ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟا ةرﻮﺼﻟا ﺖﻔﺸﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻴﺿرﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﻮﺘﻜﻤﻟا ﺔﺌﻴﻀﻤﻟا .ﺔﻴﺒﺸﺨﻟا ﺔ ص) 82(

71 . 'This manuscript claims what ?' his editor had choked, se tting his wine glass and staring at Langdon

across his half -eaten power lunch. (p. 224 )

يﺬﻟا ﻪﺑاﺮﺷ ﻊﺿﻮﻓ ،ﻪﻤﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻘﻠﻟاو ﻖﻨﺘﺨﻳ نأ رﺮﺤﻤﻟا دﺎﻛ "؟!بﺎﺘﻜﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻳ يﺬﻟا اذﺎﻣ" ﻲﻓ قﺪﺤﻳ ﺬﺧأو هﺪﻳ ﻲﻓ نﺎﻛ

نوﺪﻐﻧﻻ مﺎﻌﻄﻟا ﻦﺤﺻ قﻮﻓ ﻦﻣ ) ص 183(

As can be noted, the hyphenated compounds in (70 ) and (71 ) have been deleted. The first can be

readily captured by a simple Arabic adjective (ةﺮﺒﻜﻤﻟا ةرﻮﺼﻟا ), while the latter is more challenging and

needs to be explicitated via relativization, viz. ﻪﻟوﺎﻨﺘﻳ ﻢﻟ يﺬﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ءاﺪﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ قﺪﺤﻳ ﺬﺧأو ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ. Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The Case of Dan Brown’s : The Da Vinci Code

169

5. Conclusions

The discussion in this paper has revealed many interesting facts about the translation of English

hyphenated compound adjectives into Arabic. First and foremost, it has demonstrated through authenti c

textual data that English pre -head hyphenated compounds require the employment of many translation

procedures which account for dif ferent percentages, including formal markers (34% ), explicitation (25% ),

bare compounds (15% ), simple adjectives (10% ), passive/passive participles (8% ), numeric compounds

(3% ), and finally omission (5% ). All these procedures, except for omission where no translation takes

place and numeric compounds which can appear pre -head, involve post -head rather than pre -head

modification in Arabic due to a typological difference between the two languages. That is, while Eng lish

enjoys the ability to encode modificati on both pre -head and post -head, Arabic has the latter option only.

Within the translation procedures attested in this study, formal mar kers, which involve the use of

prepositions (19% ) and وذ-related forms (15% ), emerge as the most familiar and flexible pr ocedure in

rendering English hyphenated compounds. Apart from a semantic constraint relating to the domains of

height, size, distance, constitution, and location modifying inanimate head nouns (e.g. ﺮﺘﻣ ﺔﺋﺎﻣ عﺎﻔﺗرﺎﺑ مﺮﻫ

but not ﺮﺘﻣ ﺔﺋﺎﻣ عﺎﻔﺗرا وذ مﺮﻫ ), the preposition ب bi- can freely replace وذ-related forms (e.g. سأر وذ ﻞﺟر

ﻢﺨﺿ and ﻢﺨﺿ سأﺮﺑ ﻞﺟر ). Formal markers can also replace procedures across categories such as

relativization and bare compounds, viz. ﻢﺨﺿ ﻪﺳأر يﺬﻟا ﻞﺟﺮﻟا , سأﺮﻟا ﻢﺨﺿ ﻞﺟﺮﻟا and ﻟا وذ ﻞﺟﺮﻟا ﻢﺨﻀﻟا سأﺮ .

This flexible nature of formal markers makes them an indispensable translation procedure to consider

when encountering pre -head English hyphenated compounds.

The second most frequent translation procedure involves explicitating the hyphenated co mpound

through relativization (15% ), generic words (7% ), and lexical comparisons (3% ). Relativization, which is

a familiar structure in both English and Arabic, simply restates the semantics of the pre -head English

compound in the form of what is tradition ally called an adjective clause. It constitutes an important

translation procedure and, in several cases, it presents itself as the only available option to rend er a

hyphenated compound modifying a definite head noun, e.g. the hyphenated compound in ‘the 400 -meter

tower’ can hardly be rendered by a translation procedure other than relativization. For its turn,

explicitating by rendering implicit English generic words in the compound explicit in Arabic is

sometimes necessitated in order to produce acceptable constructions in Arabic, e.g. ‘an all -night shop’

must be rendered as ﻞﻴﻠﻟا لاﻮﻃ ﺢﺘﻔﻳ ﺮﺠﺘﻣ rather than ﻞﻴﻠﻟا لاﻮﻃ ﺮﺠﺘﻣ , where explicitation has been followed.

Finally, we have Arabic lexical comparisons which can be effectively used when rendering English -like

hyphenated compounds.

Arabic bare compounds (15% ) also present themselves as a highly effective procedure for rendering

pre -head Engl ish compounds in many cases. By transposing the two items in the Arabic ren dition of an

English compound, the output of formal markers in particular may be changed into bare Arabic

compounds, e.g. the hyphenated compound in ‘the red -colored hat’ can be ren dered by the وذ-procedure Farghal and Al -Mu’min

170

as ﺮﻤﺣﻷا نﻮﻠﻟا تاذ ﺔﻌﺒﻘﻟا or the bare -compound procedure as نﻮﻠﻟا ءاﺮﻤﺣ ﺔﻌﺒﻘﻟا , thus dispensing with the

formal marker through transposition.

Some English hyphenated compounds may also lend themselves to translating into simple A rabic

adjectives (10% ). This comes as a result of the fact that languages may lexicalize concepts differently.

For example, while English customarily uses the hyphenated adjective compound ‘well -documented’ to

modify head nouns, Ara bic employs a simple adj ective ﻖّﺛﻮﻣ in comparable instances. Translators,

however, need to guard against falling in the trap of under -translation, or even mistranslation, when

opting for this translation procedure.

Passives/passive participles (8% ) figure in the data as a transl ation procedure required when

rendering English hyphenated compounds deriving from passive constructions, e.g. ‘a star -studded sky’

should be rendered by employing an Arabic passive participle form into مﻮﺠﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﺻﺮﻣ ءﺎﻤﺳ . This

procedure, however, may opti onally be used when rendering non -passive English compounds. In such a

case, a passive participle's main function is to explicitate, e.g. the hyphenated compound in ‘a two -engine

plane’ may be rendered as ﻦﻴﻛﺮﺤﻤﺑ ةﺮﺋﺎﻃ or ﻦﻴﻛﺮﺤﻤﺑ ةدوﺰﻣ ةﺮﺋﺎﻃ .

Pre -head num eric hyphenated compounds which immediately modify head nouns in English (3% in

the data) are supposed to be the easiest category to translate into Arabic because they formally cor respond

to pre -head and post -head Arabic numeric compounds, e.g. ‘twenty -one girls’ and ‘the twenty -one girls’

correspond to وﺮﺸﻋو ىﺪﺣإ ةﺎﺘﻓ ن and ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟاو ىﺪﺣﻹا تﺎﻴﺘﻔﻟا respectively. However, this study shows that

the translator of the novel under study makes several grammatical mistakes when rendering most numer ic

compounds, a fact which may reflect the quality of the translation in general.

Finally, the data instantiates five cases where the English hyphenated compound is deleted altogethe r

in the Arabic translation. It should be noted that such deletion seriously affects the q uality of the

translation. Regardless of how challenging the English compound is, there usually exists a translati on

procedure that would be capable of rendering its meaning. The present study has attested several

translation procedures that translators ne ed to consider when dealing wi th pre -head hyphenated

compound s.

Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The Case of Dan Brown’s : The Da Vinci Code

171

ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻟﻮﺻﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹا ﺖﻌﻨﻟا تﺎﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻲﺸﻨﻴﻓاد ةﺮﻔﻴﺷ نواﺮﺑ ناد ﺔﻳاور ﻲﻓ ﺔ

ﺔﻤﻃﺎﻓو ﻞﻏﺮﻓ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻦﻣﺆﻤﻟا

ﻢﺴﻗ .ﺖﻳﻮﻜﻟا ،ﺖﻳﻮﻜﻟا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا

ﺺﺨﻠﻤﻟا

ﻰــﻟإ ﺔــﺳارﺪﻟا هﺬــﻫ ﻰﻌــﺴﺗ ﺔــﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹا ﺖــﻌﻨﻟا تﺎــﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﺔــﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺪــﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻣاﺪﺨﺘــﺳا ﻦــﻜﻤﻳ ﻲــﺘﻟا ﺔــﻴﻤﺟﺮﺘﻟا ﻖــﺋاﺮﻄﻟا ف ﺎــﺸﻜﺘﺳا

ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻟﻮﺻﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻮﺻﻮﻣ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ ﺔﺋﺎﻣ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻜﺘﺗ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺣ تﺎﺗﺎﻴﺑ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا هﺬﻫ ﺰﻜﺗﺮﺗ فﺪﻬﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟو .ﺔ

تﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻇﺎﻨﻳ ﺎﻤﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣو ﻲﺸﻨﻴﻓ اد ةﺮﻔﻴﺷ نواﺮﺑ ناد ﺔﻳاور ﺖﺟﺮﺨﺘـﺳا ـﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔـﻤﺟﺮﺘﻟا ﻦـﻣ ﺪـﺒﻋ ﺔﻤـﺳ ﺎـﻬﺑ ﺖـﻣﺎﻗ ﻲـﺘﻟا ﺔ

ﺔـﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا تﺎـﻣﻼﻌﻟا ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎـﻬﺘﻳراﺮﻜﺗ ءﻮـﺿ ﻲﻓ يﻮﺘﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻖﺋاﺮﻄﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟا ﻰﻟإ دﻮﻌﻳ ﻢﺟﺮﺘﻤﻟا نأ ﻰﻟإ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ﺮﻴﺸﺗو .ﻪﺑر ) ﻦـﻣ

ﺬــﺑ ﺖــﻌﻨﻟا ﺔــﻣﻼﻋو ﺮــﺠﻟا فوﺮــﺣ لﻼــﺧي حﺎــﺼﻓﻹاو ،(ﺎﻬﺗﺎّﻘﺘــﺸﻣو ) ذ تﺎــﻤﻠﻜﻟاو ﺔﻟﻮــﺻﻮﻤﻟا ءﺎﻤــﺳﻷا لﻼــﺧ ﻦــﻣ ﺔــﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔــﻟﻻﺪﻟا تا

هﺬـﻫ يﻮﻀﻨﺗ ﺪﻗو .ﺔﻳدﺪﻌﻟا تﺎﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟاو ،لﻮﻬﺠﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤﻟا ﻎﻴﺼﻟاو ،ﺔﻄﻴﺴﺒﻟا تﺎﻔﺼﻟاو ،ﺔﻓﺮﺼﻟا تﺎﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟاو ،(ﺔﻴﻤ ﺠﻌﻤﻟا تﺎﻧرﺎﻘﻤﻟاو

أ ﻰـﻟإ ﺔـﺳارﺪﻟا هﺬﻫ ﺺﻠﺨﺗو .ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﻻد تاﺪﻴﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ،تﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ راودﻷا لدﺎﺒﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ،ﺔﻴﻤﺟﺮﺘﻟا ﻖ ﺋاﺮﻄﻟا ﻦﻴﻤﺟﺮـﺘﻤﻟا ن

ﻟإ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﺑ ﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﻮﻟا ﻰ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻟا ﺮﻳﺎﻐﺘﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ اﻮﻨﻜﻤﺘﻳ ﻲﻛ ﻖﺋاﺮﻄﻟا هﺬﻬﻟ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟا ﻒﻴﻄ- .ﻦﻴﺘﻐﻠﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤﻟا

:ﺔﻴﺣﺎﺘﻔﻤﻟا تﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟا .ﺔﻴﻤﺟﺮﺘﻟا ﻖﺋاﺮﻄﻟا ،ﺔﻟﻮﺻﻮﻤﻟا تﺎﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟا ،ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺘﻟا ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ،ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹا

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Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The Case of Dan Brown’s : The Da Vinci Code

173

Appendix

…he saw a plush Renaissance bedroom

with Louis XVI furniture, hand -frescoed

walls… (p. 21 )

ﺮﺼﻋ زاﺮﻄﺑ ةﺮﺧﺎﻓ ﺔﻓﺮﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺪﺠﻴﻟ ﻪﻟﻮﺣ ﺮﻈﻧ

ﺎﻬﻧارﺪﺟو ﺮﺸﻋ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﺲﻳﻮﻟ رﻮﻜﻳﺪﺑ ﺔﺷوﺮﻔﻣ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻟا

...ًﺎﻳوﺪﻳ ﺖﻤﺳر ﺔﻴﺼﺟ ﺔﺣﻮﻠﺑ ﺔﻨﻳﺰﻣ ) ص 17(

Full -length mirror (p. 22) ةآﺮﻤﻟا ) ص 18(

Self -important historians (p. 22 ) ﻦﻳروﺮﻐﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﺧرﺆﻤﻟا ) ص 18(

This Forty -something academic (p.24 ) ﺎﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻴﻌﺑرأ ﺮﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻟا ) ص 19 (

Dressed in an official -looking blue uniform

(p.25 ) ﺎﻴﻤﺳر ﺎﻳز ﺲﺒﻠﻳأ قرز ) ص 20 (

Late -night lovers (p.31 ) ناﺮﻬﺴﻳ ﻦﻴﺒﻴﺒﺣ ) ص 25 (

Its dissonant two -tone siren… (p.32 ) تﻮﺻ يوﺪﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﺗرﺎﻔﺻ ) ص 25 (

A thousand -foot phallus (p.33 ) مﺪﻗ ﻒﻟأ عﺎﻔﺗرﺎﺑ ﺐﻴﻀﻗ ) ص 26 (

Rapid -fire French (p. 35 ) ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﺑ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺳ ) ص 28(

Chinese -born American architect (p.35 ) ﺪﻟﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻨﻴﺼﻟا ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻻا سﺪﻨﻬﻤﻟا) ص 28(

Seventy -one -foot -tall … pyramid (p.35 ) ﺎﻣﺪﻗ ﻦﻴﻌﺒﺳو ﺪﺣاو ﻪﻟﻮﻃ ﻎﻠﺒﻳ ) ص 28 (

Dream -like quality of the evening… (p.37) ﻢﻠﺤﻟا ﻰﻟإ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻣ بﺮﻗأ ...ءﺎﺴﻤﻟا ) ص 29 (

Double -breasted suit (p. 37) رﺪﺼﻟا ﺔﻨﻄﺒﻣ ةﺮﺘﺳ ) ص 30 (

His dark hair was slicked back with oil,

accentuating an arrow -like widow’s peak

that divided his jutting brow. (p. 39 )

ﻢﻬﺳ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﻌﺷ ﺔﻠﺼﺧ سأﺮﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻣ تزﺮﺑ ﺪﻗ و

...،ﻦﻴﺜﻜﻟا ﻪﻴﺒﺟﺎﺣ ﻢﺴﻘﻳ) ص 31 (

Fifty -seven feet beneath ground (p. 40) مﺪﻗ ﻦﻴﻌﺒﺳو ﺲﻤﺧ ﻖﻤﻌﺑ ) ص 32(

70,000 –square -foot lobby (p. 40 ) ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻤﺑ ...ﺔﻫدر 70.000 ﺔﻌﺑﺮﻣ مﺪﻗ ) ص 32(

Crypt -like atmosphere (p.40 ) رﻮﺒﻘﻟا ﺔﻤﻠﻇو ةدوﺮﺒﻟﺎﺑ...نﺎﻜﻤﻟا ﻮﺟ ﺔﻐﺑﺎﺻ... ) ص

32(

Lesser -known pyramid (p. 41 ) مﺮﻬﻟا ةﺮﻬﺷ ﻞﻗﻷا ) ص 32(

…but during his twenty -year tenure as

curator (p.42 ) ﻢﻴﻘﻟا ﺐﺼﻨﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻞﻐﺷ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟا لﻼﺧ ) ص

34(

The three -hundred page draft (p.43 ) ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺔﺋﺎﻤﺛﻼﺛ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺤﻔﺻ دﺪﻋ ﻎﻠﺑ ﻲﺘﻟا ةدﻮﺴﻤﻟا ) ص

34(

Two -storey climb (p.43) ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا ﻢﻟﻼﺴﻟا دﻮﻌﺻ ﻦﻴﻘﺑﺎﻃ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻟ ) ص 34(

Open -air escalator (p.43 ) ﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻢﻟﻼﺴﻟا ) ص 34(

Flat -white light (p. 45 ) ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟا ﺔﻳدﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻا ءاﻮﺿﻷا ) ص 35 (

Large -format oils (p. 45 ) ةﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا ﺔﻴﺘﻳﺰﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻠﻟا ) ص 36(

Coal -filter dehumidifiers (p.45) ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺻ ةﺰﻬﺟأ ﻢﺤﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﺗﻼﻓ تاذ ﺔﺑﻮﻃﺮﻟا ﺔﻟازﻹ

) ص 36(

The 133.000 -square -foot tower (p.49) ﻪﺘﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻎﻠﺒﺗ يﺬﻟا جﺮﺒﻟا 133.000 ﺔﻌﺑﺮﻣ مﺪﻗ ) ص

39(

His 14 -carat gold bishop’s ring (p.49) رﺎﻴﻋ ﺐﻫﺬﻟا ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟا ﻲﻔﻘﺳﻷا ﻪﻤﺗﺎﺧ 14 ) ص 39(

His ankle -length, hooded robe (p. 54 ) ﻪﺑﻮﺛ ﻪﻠﺣﺎﻛ ﻰﻟإ ﻪﻟﻮﻃ ﻞﺼﻳ يﺬﻟا ةﻮﺴﻨﻠﻘﻟا وذ ) ص 42( Farghal and Al -Mu’min

174

Her eight -year cycle (p. 61) ﻊﺑرﻷا تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا تاذ ﺎﻬﺗرود ) ص 48 (

Alcohol -based fluorescent ink (p.64 ) ﻲﻟﻮﺤﻛ سﺎﺳأ وذ ﺎﺌﻴﻀﻣ اﺮﺒﺣ ) ص 50 (

Sixty -year -old body (p. 68 ) ﺎﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻴﺘﺳ هﺮﻤﻋ يﺬﻟا ﺎﻫﺪﺴﺟ ) ص 53 (

Life -sized replica (p. 71 ) يﺮﺸﺒﻟا ﻢﺠﺤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺔﺨﺴﻧ ) ص 57 (

Her eyes were olive -green… (p. 79) ﻲﻧﻮﺘﻳﺰﻟا ﺮﻀﺧﻻا ﺎﻤﻬﻧﻮﻠﺑ ...ﺎﻬﻴﻨﻴﻋ ) ص 63(

international stick -figure symbols (p. 97 ) ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻣﻼﻌﻟا ) ص 79(

Maze -like series of dividers (p.97 ) تﺎﻫﺎﺘﻤﺑ ﻪﺒﺷأ ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ ) ص 79 (

Close -up photo (p. 101 ) ةرﻮﺼﻟا ... ) ص 82 (

Thirteen -round Heckler (p. 108 ) ﻞﻳدﻮﻣ ﻦﻣ زاﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﻠﻃ ﻦﻴﺛﻼﺜﻟا وذ سﺪﺴﻤﻟا ﻚﻟذ

ﺮﻠﻜﻴﻫ ) ص 88(

Second -stor ey window (p. 119 ) ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺬﻓﺎﻧ ) ص 97 (

The truck’s open -air bed was covered with

a vinyl tarp… (p. 121 ) شﺎﻤﻘﺑ ﻰﻄﻐﻣو حﻮﺘﻔﻣ قوﺪﻨﺼﺑ ةدوﺰﻣ ﺔﻨﺣﺎﺸﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ

...ﻞﻴﻨﻴﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻊﻤﺸﻣ ) ص 100 (

The plate -glass window (p. 122 ) ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺟﺰﻟا ﺔﺤﻴﻔﺼﻟا تاذ ةﺬﻓﺎﻨﻟا ) ص 101 (

Twin -bed eighteen wheeler (p. 122 ) ﺔﻠﺠﻋ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﺛو ﻦﻳﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﻦﻴﻗوﺪﻨﺼﺑ ةدوﺰﻣ...ﺔﻨﺣﺎﺷ

) ص 101(

The eighteen wheeler idling (p. 123 ) ﺔﻠﺠﻋ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﺜﻟا تﻼﺠﻌﻟا تاذ ةﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا ﺔﻨﺣﺎﺸﻟا ) ص

101 (

Well -documented history (p. 125 ) ﻖﺛﻮﻣ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ ) ص 103(

The game’s twenty -two cards (p.129 ) ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻋو ﻦﻴﻨﺛﻻا ﺐﻌﻠﻟا قاروأ ) ص 107 (

A long -legged maths major (p. 131 ) ﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﺎﻘﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﻃ ﺐﻟﺎﻃﻠ تﺎﻴﺿﺎﻳﺮﻟا ﺔﻴ ) ص 108 (

Mind -boggling aspect of PHI (p. 132 ) يﺎﻔﻟ ﻞﻫﺬﻤﻟا ﻪﺟﻮﻟا ) ص 109 (

The five -pointed star (p. 135 ) ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻤﺨﻟا ﺔﻤﺠﻨﻟا ) ص 112 (

Leonardo was a well -documented devotee

of the ancient ways of the goddess. (p.135 )

نﺎﻛ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ رﺬﻧ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻴﺨﻳرﺎﺘﻟا ﻖﺋﺎﺛﻮﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻲﺸﻨﻓاد

.ﻰﺜﻧﻷا ﺔﻬﻟﻸﻟ ﺔﻤﻳﺪﻘﻟا ةدﺎﺒﻌﻠﻟ ) ص 112(

Right -hand wall (p. 141 ) ﻰﻨﻤﻴﻟا ﺔﻬﺠﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻂﺋﺎﺤﻟا ) ص 117(

Fifteen -foot Botticelli (p. 151 ) مﺪﻗ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﺴﻤﺧ لﻮﻄﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻴﺸﻴﺗﻮﺒﻟ ...ﺔﺣﻮﻟ ) ص

124 (

Well -lit crime scene (p. 152 ) ﺔﻔﺷﺎﻛ ءاﻮﺿﺄﺑ ارﺎﻨﻣ نﺎﻛ يﺬﻟا ﺔﻤﻳﺮﺠﻟا حﺮﺴﻣ ) ص

124 (

The three -acre -compound (p. 162 ) تاﺮﻜﻳإ ثﻼﺛ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻲﻄﻐﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻊﻤﺠﻤﻟا ) ص 132(

A three -digit code (p. 163 ) ﺰﻣر مﺎﻗرأ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻦﻣ ًا ) ص 132(

Two -inch -thick pane (p. 164 ) ﻦﻴﺸﻧإ ﺔﻛﺎﻤﺴﺑ حﻮﻟ ) ص 134(

Muscle -bound man (p. 167 ) تﻼﻀﻌﻟا لﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﻞﺟر ) ص 136 (

Feminine -worshipping religion (p. 173 ) ﻰﺜﻧﻷا ﺲﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ مﻮﻘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻨﺛﻮﻟا نﺎﻳدﻷا ) ص 142(

Right -hand counterparts (p. 174 ) ﻦﻤﻳﻷا ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫؤاﺮﻈﻧ ) ص 143(

Rough -hewn stone slab (p. 177 ) لﻮﻘﺼﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻦﺸﺧ يﺮﺠﺣ حﻮﻟ ) ص 144 (

His alabaster -white flesh (p. 178 ) ﺮﻣﺮﻤﻟا نﻮﻠﺑ ﺾﻴﺑﻷا هﺪﺴﺟ ) ص 145( Hyphenated English Compound Adjectives in Arabic Translation: The Case of Dan Brown’s : The Da Vinci Code

175

Blood -red slashes (p. 178 ) ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻗ ءاﺮﻤﺣ حوﺮﺟ ) ص 145 (

The usual Jesus -blessing -john scenario (p.

191 )

ﺎﻨﺣﻮﻳ ﺎﻛرﺎﺒﻣ ﺢﻴﺴﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﻓ نﻮﻜﻳ يﺬﻟا فوﺮﻌﻤﻟا ﻊﺿﻮﻟا

) ص 156(

Watered -down version (p. 191 ) ...ﺔﺨﺴﻧ ) ص 156(

Blue -robed virgin Mary (p. 191 ) قرزﻷا ﺎﻬﺑﻮﺜﺑ ءارﺬﻌﻟا ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ) ص 156(

Tree -lined diplomatic neighborhood (p.192 ) ﺮﺠﺸﻤﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﻣﻮﻠﺑﺪﻟا ﻲﺤﻟا ) ص 156 (

Laser -tooled varying matrix (p. 192 ) رﺰﻴﻠﻟﺎﺑ ةرﻮﻔﺤﻣ ) ص 156 ( …

The deserted moon -swept hills (p. 193 ) ﺮﻤﻘﻟا ءﻮﺿ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻨﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺨﻟا بﺎﻀﻬﻟا ) ص 157 (

A composed three -point turn (p. 198 ) ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ثﻼﺛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﺔﻓﺎﻔﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ) ص 161 (

Laser -cut key (p. 200 ) رﺰﻴﻠﻟا ﺔﻌﺷﺄﺑ ﺮﻔﺣ حﺎﺘﻔﻣ ) ص 162 (

Its high -tech tooling (p. 200 ) ﻪﺘﻴﻌﻨﺼﻣ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ) ص 163 (

Long -stemmed Christian cross (p.200 ) ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻄﻟا قﺎﺴﻟا وذ ﻲﺤﻴﺴﻤﻟا ﺐﻴﻠﺼﻟا ) ص 163 (

164 -foot -tall tribute (p. 202 ) ﺎﻣﺪﻗ ﻦﻴﺘﺳو ﻊﺑرأو ﺔﺋﺎﻣ عﺎﻔﺗرﺎﺑ ...يرﺎﻛﺬﺗ ﺐﺼﻧ ) ص

164(

Glass -roofed train terminal (p. 203 ) ﻲﺟﺎﺟﺰﻟا ﻒﻘﺴﻟا تاذ رﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﺔﻄﺤﻣ ) ص 165(

A full -fledged evacuation (p. 204 ) ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ءﻼﺟ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ) ص 166(

Grille -plate medallions (p. 205 ) ةﺮﻓﺎﻧ تﺎﻨﻴﻳﺰﺘﺑ ﺔﺸﻛرﺰﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﺼﻣ ) ص 167(

Star -filled November sky (p. 207 ) مﻮﺠﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧادﺰﻤﻟا ﺮﺒﻤﻓﻮﻧ ءﺎﻤﺳ ) ص 168 - 169(

A gaping indoor -outdoor cavern (p. 210 ) ﻳﻮﺠﺗ ﻦﻋ ةرﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻬﻓ لﻮﺧﺪﻠﻟ تاﺮﻤﻣ وذ ﻲﻔﻬﻛ ﻒ

جوﺮﺨﻟاو ) ص 171 (

All -night café (p. 211 ) ﻞﻴﻠﻟا لاﻮﻃ ﺢﺘﻔﻳ ﻰﻬﻘﻣ ) ص 171 (

It’s alcohol -based (p. 212 ) ﻲﻟﻮﺤﻛ سﺎﺳأ وذ ءﻲﺷ ﺔﺤﺋار ﺎﻬﻧإ ) ص 173 (

Half -eaten power lunch (p. 224 ) مﺎﻌﻄﻟا ﻦﺤﺻ ) ص 183 (

Equal -armed cruciform (p. 230 ) ﻦﻴﻋارﺬﻟا يوﺎﺴﺘﻤﻟا ﺐﻴﻠﺼﻟا ) ص 188(

Cave -ridden hills (p. 232 ) فﻮﻬﻜﻟا تاذ ﺔﻳﺮﺨﺼﻟا بﺎﻀﻬﻟا ) ص 189 (

The peaceful, equal -armed cross (p. 235 ) ﺐﻴﻠﺼﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﺴﻤﻟا عرذﻷا يوﺎﺴﺘﻤﻟا ) ص 192(

The Depository Bank of Zurich was a

twenty -four -hour Geldschrank Bank … (p.

240 )

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻣ ﺐﻫﺬﻠﻟ ﺔﻨﻳﺰﺧ ﺪﻌﻳ ﻊﺋادﻮﻠﻟ خرﻮﻳز ﻚﻨﺑ نﺎﻛ

...ﺔﻋﺎﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻋو ﻊﺑرﻷا راﺪﻣ ) ص 197(