I want a research proposal in translation filed between 11 to 13 pages I have a certain point to follow every 2 weeks I need a specific section

Therefore; the researcher must take that into account in preparing his research. Editor -in -chief F CONTENTS Title Page A Postcolonial Reading of Wole Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel Asst.prof. Dr.Sanaa Lazim Al Gharib Talal Saleh Al Dhiab 1 - 22 The Methodology of Imam Al -Buhkārī in his Ṣaḥīḥ: Definition, Indications, and Impact on Hadith Asst. Prof. Dr.Salah Ali Al -Zayat 23 - 48 Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpreting Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab 49 – 78 ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpreting Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab  ت خيرأ ميدقتلا: 42/ 11/ 4242 خيرأت لوبقلا: 42/ 14/ 4242 Abstract This study investigates the meaning perception of compound nouns and noun phrase s according to their stress placement in consecutive interpreting. This is achieved by showing the procedures whereby their meanings are rendered into Arabic. Consecutive interpreting means the interpreter receives successive messages from the speaker and the intended meaning has to be reformulated instantly. Stress is among the most problematic areas for non -native speakers. Thus, students should pay attention to stress patterns of compound nouns and noun phrases. Inadequate knowledge of such stress patter ns in English may cause misunderstanding leading to incapability of rendering them appropriately in the target language which may result in inappropriate spoken discourse . It is hypothesized that stress patterns of compound nouns and noun phrases are perce ived improperly and cannot be distinguished and rendered into target language appropriately. It is hoped that this study will enhance the students' awareness of compound nouns and nouns phrases stress. The study shows that most students' translations of c ompound nouns and noun phrases are inappropriate, due to their inability to make a distinction between them. They adopt different procedures in an attempt to transfer their meanings into Arabic. Keywords: compound nouns, noun phrases, stress, interpreting. Stress in English Stress is one of the most important suprasegmentally features of speech that mark different kinds of meanings, especially the speaker’s attitudes and indicates how one utterance relates to another (Ogden, ). Word stress in many la nguages is predictable. For example in Czech , it is always on the first syllable of a word, which is the most prominent but stress in English is Dept. of Translation / College of Arts / University of Mosul . Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab variable because the stress of a multisyllabic word may be on the first syllable ( Ꞌyesterday ) , the second (baꞋnana) , and the third (afterꞋnoon) . Stress is defined also as a linguistic property of words in English. Each word has just one syllable with primary stress and it varies from one word to another. Lexical stress is the key to understanding spoken Eng lish (Arciuli & Cupples, ). Stress can be studied from two closely related points of view: production and perception. Jones ( : ) defines stress in terms of production as a strong force of utterance that means an energetic action of all artic ulatory organs. From a perceptual point of view, Gimson ( : ) explains that all stressed syllables have prominence, which makes syllables more prominent. To understand stress, it is important to explain what is meant by a prominent syllable. Roach ( ) shows that the syllable must contain a vowel, which is called the center and sounds loudly. There might be or might not be consonants after and before this vowel. Trask ( ) states that stress is a specific kind of prominence. There are four components used to produce prominence: Loudness is the sound that has been produced with more energy and generally with an open tract and voicing, pitch is the rate of vibration of the vocal folds, length means the duration in the production of a sound, and the vowel quality. Only one or two of them may make a syllable prominent (Roach, ). The output that is intended to be transferred by the speaker must correspond with what the listener has in mind. The improper use of word stress can change th e meaning and confuse the listener (Reed & Levis, ). For example , stress placement plays a main role in English pairs of two syllable words in showing not only their syntactic category but their meaning too, such as the great difference between ( Ꞌaddress) [the name of place ] and (addꞋress) [ the direct speech to someone] . ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Compound Noun Structure Compounds are the fixed combination of two free forms that have an independent presence. These items, though clearly composed of two elements, ha ve the identifying characteristics of a single word (Adams, ). Jesperson ( : ) considers that merit of compounds lies in their conciseness as compared with the paraphrase following the usual syntactic rules. Compounds express an arrangement between two objects, but have nothing with the way in which the relation is to be understood. Finin ( : ) explains that one of the characteristic features of compou nds in English is their semantic compactness, i.e. the covert nature of the relation linking the head (the one which is modified and often occupies the right most position in the nominal sequence) and the non -head (the modifier). There are three writing forms for compounds: they are open or spaced (tennis shoe), hyphenated (six – pack) or closed (bedroom) (Tryon, ). Concerning the compound structure, Plag ( : ) explains that the majority of compounds have a modifier head structure meaning that the left –hand element modifies, to a certain degree, the right hand element (e.g. , in knee – deep water, the word knee – deep informs us about the depth of the water ) . The head is the most important constituent from which the compound inherits the majority of its semantic and syntactic information. English compounds are very special in terms of having head exclusively on the right – hand side (i.e. if the head is a ver b, then the whole compound will be a verb). Noun phrase structure Howard ( ) states that a noun phrase is a noun with its associated specification which may be viewed as having premodification and /or postmodification. Quirk et al. ( - ) state that the simplest noun phrase consists of an article and a head. The head can be modified in two ways – it can be premodified and/ or postmodified. A noun phrase may have different functions in a sentence, the typical being the subject and object. P remodification may be most expressed by an adjective (some expensive furniture) , but there are common selections also , e.g. a participle ( a very interesting mind , a retired Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab teacher ) , a noun(his life story ) , genitive ( his fisherman’s cottage) , an adverb or adverb phrase (round – the – clock service). Postmodification may consist of a prepositional phrase (the car outside the station ), a non – finite clause (the dog barking next door , a report written by my colleague , the ability of using his ha nd , the ability to use his hand ), a finite clause – a relative clause ( the news that appeared in the papers this morning). Some minor possibilities of postmodification are an adverb phrase (the road back), or an adjective (something different). Determin ers are a very important parts of a noun phrase. In brief, the premodification and postmodification possibilities may consist of the following parts: The girl The blonde girl The blonde girl in blue jeans The blonde girl wearing blue jeans The blonde gi rl who is wearing blue jeans She is my sister. Main Differences between compound Nouns and Noun phrases Scholars differ in the number of criteria they give to make a distinction between compound words and noun phrase. The criteria to recognize compound s can be classified into three types by many authors. - Phonological criterion It is believed that this perceptual ability of the role of stress pattern discriminating between compound nouns and noun phrases is one of the best criteria to identify compo und nouns and distinguish them from noun phrase. Stageberg ( ) states that stress contributes somehow to the transference of its meaning in that the first element should have stress and qualifies the second. Chomsky & Halle ( : ) argue that the difference between them can be captured in a systemic way under the so – called compound stress rule (stress is on the left – hand member of a compound). For instance, BLACK board is a compound (a board to write on) vs. a black BOARD is a phrase (a board that is a black). Generally, Roach ( ) explains that compound nouns have a primary stress on the first element but with a secondary stress on the ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH second one: EARTH quake, WAITING room, LIFT boat, FIRE - extinguisher. Contrasting the compound nouns wit h the corresponding noun phrases, such minimal pairs can be found in: BLACK bird [compound] vs. black BIRD [N. phrase], GREEN fly [compound] vs. green FLY [N. phrase], BLACK board [compound] vs. Black BOARD [N. Phrase]. He adds that when the compound is used attributively in a noun phrase, the stress usually shifts from the second to the first element.

This is similar to the stress placement that occurs in co mpounds like LIGHT house – Keeper vs. light House Keeper. Thus, a compound word can be part of a phrase and a compound word can be part of a bigger compound. According to Ladefoged & Johns on ( ) one of the main stress functions is to differentiate between compounds and phrases.

Therefore, stress is very significant to analyzing the speech stream particularly the obscure minimal pairs. To sum up, it can be said that the described syn tactic, semantic, and in particular phonological characteristics work together and give a powerful binding force to a compound and make it different from a phrase . - Syntactic criterion The compounds must be isolated from a parallel syntactic group mor phologically. A compound is part of an utterance while a sentence must be a complete grammatical utterance. An adjective cannot be modified syntactically by a preceding substance; e.g. , *grass green (Marchand, ). In the same vein, Adams ( ) explains that if a noun is premodified by another noun, participle, adjective or a nominalization, the result can be either a free phrase or a compound in which the premodifying element has lost its independence. In certain cases, it is useful to resolve whether the sequence is a compound noun or a noun phrase, e.g. small talk and wet day. It is possible to say a very wet day but very small talk cannot be used.

Thus, a test can be applied to learn whether the first element can be separated from the head a nd the significant thing is to know whether the adjective can be modified by an adverb or not. Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab - Semantic criterion Compounds are not one unit only but also one concept. Levi ( ) proposes that compound nouns are derived from underlying relative clause or complement structures by the two processes of deletion and nominalization, e.g. orange juice is a noun refers to a juice made of orange. Therefore, compound nouns have a meaning that differs from two – word syntactic phrases. Compounds can be see n as having a meaning that may relate to but cannot be simply inferred from its parts meaning. Jackson & Z éamvela ( ) also express the distinction between compounds and noun phrases on the semantic gourd by showing the fact that they tend to acquir e specialized meanings, therefore they are becoming very much like idioms. They state that mostly the meaning of at least one element of the compound is somehow obscured. For example, a black board does not have to be black (it can be also green and can be made of material other than wood). Noun phrase in Arabic Arabic has two types of sentences. Nominals start with a noun and verbals start with a verb. Arabic does not have the same form and structure of English noun phrase which refers to a group of word s that have no verb. But English noun phrase corresponds to Arabic noun or pronoun that can be modified by demonstratives and adjective in Arabic. For Abdullah, ( ), Arabic noun phrase is a noun or pronoun accompanied by a set of modifiers. A demons trative must be placed before the noun and the noun should have the definite article. e.g. this boy دلولا اذى Concerning the adjectives, they must match the noun with gender, case, number, and definiteness e.g . a new book ٌ ديدج ٌ باتك The new book يدجلا ُ باتكلا ُ د The new books ُةديدجلا ُ بتكلا ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Compound Noun in Arabic Qabash ( ) states that Arabic nouns consist of simple and compound nouns. Simple nouns consist of one word noun while compound nouns are nouns that comprise of two words built together. The compound itself consists of three types; namely blended, numeral and annexation compound. Kharma and Hajajj ( ) indicate that compounding does not play a significant role in Arabic. Traditional linguists classify compoun ds into five kinds: - Murakab Idhafi (Annexed Compound) This type is realized by the structural relations, in that a nominal is determined by another one. The first element is always the determined noun which is called mudhaf (annexed) and the second is th e determining element which is called mudhaf ilayhi , and was called by Beeston ( ) the amplifying term and this process is called al - idhafa ( the annexation). e.g. sugar cane ركسلا بصق It must be taken it consideration that not al l two nouns are compounds because the two nouns are linked by idhafa in a possessive relation they are not necessarily subject to the same syntactic limitation as compound e.g. The teacher’s house ـمعملا تيب - Murakab Mazji (Mixed C ompound) Mixed compounds as endocentric compounds that are made of two juxtaposed nouns written as one word )تومرضح( (hadhramawt) which consists of رضح (Hadhra) and توم (Mawt) (Abu Hayan, : ). - Murakab Isnadi ( Predicative Compound ) This type i s used only in proper nouns and places e.g. ىار فم ىرس (suramanraaa). It is related to the exocentric compounds type. They consist of a verbal element + noun .e.g. ارش طبأت (tabata shara) Is a name of a person )طبأت( noun + ( ارش ) object (Abbas, : ). Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab - Murakab Adadi (Numeral Compound) Arabic has numbers from eleven to nineteen. Each number behaves syntactically as one word, e.g. رشع دحأ (eleven), the two elements are juxtaposed. - There are also numbers from twenty one to ninety -nine e.g. ست نوعست و ةع (nine ty nine). Although these numbers behave like compound words, the two parts are inflected just like words having the same relation (Walid, ) Consecutive Interpreting Seleskovitch ( ) calls the first stage of interpreting as au ditory perception of a linguistic utterance which carries meaning. Understanding of the message through a process of analysis and exegesis. The second stage of interpreting is the immediate and deliberate discarding of the wording and retention of the mess age to respond with the target production. Interpreting is a special kind of communicative interaction which takes place when numbers of different languages engage in cross – language culture communication, using interpreter’s mediators. Therefore, int erpreting involves the comprehension and production of discourse; a speaker produces a stretch of source discourse and the interpreter engages in the mental modeling to produce the stretch of target discourse (Kohn & Kalina, ). Consecutive interpreting is the process of oral interpretation in which the interpreter waits until a complete statement has been spoken and then begins interpreting (Santiago, ). Accordingly, consecutive interpre ting means producing the accurate meaning of SL in TL by expressing thoughts clearly in both languages. No doubt, the more stress patterns the interpreter perceives properly in the SL, the more accurate interpreting will be. Data Collection To analyze the stress perception of compound nouns and noun phrases stress and their meaning transference into Arabic, six th year students are involved in the test, which is carried out in the translation Departm ent, College of Arts, Mosul University, in the year . Collecting the data includes two steps: ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Firstly, the students are asked to listen to seven pairs of recorded English sentences (i.e. fourteen ones), different in the stress placement of compound nou n and noun phrase, free of context, and taken from Collins Online English Dictionary. Secondly, the students are asked to interpret consecutively what they hear while the researcher records one by one. Procedures and Discussions Judging the students' rend itions is based upon appropriateness. For, Kobenko and Ptashkin ( : ), appropriateness implies recognition of contents in accordance with the norms of the target language. A variety of procedures are used to render CNs and NPs into Arabic, which are as follows: - Literal translation is one of the procedures depended on by the students. Catford ( : ) shows that literal translation denotes word – for – word correspondence. - Equivalence translation is conveying the meaning to preserve communication w ith the receptor and keeping the sense (Nida, ). - Paraphrasing is clarified by Newmark ( ), who sees is as a meaning explanation of a text segment. - Modulation is proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet ( : ). It refers to the variation through chan ge of SL view point. - Transliteration is the transformation of a given name in the SL to a name in the TL, which means TL name is phonemically equivalent to the SL name and conforms to the TL phonology (Halai, : ). SLT ( ) a. I ’II leave the running shoes at home and take my Ꞌwet suit. b. I ’II leave the running shoes at home and take my wet Ꞌsuit Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab Table ( ) SLT ( ) Analysis Intended Meaning Expression type SL expression It is a piece of clothing, usually made from rubber that covers the hol e body when one is swimming. Compound Noun a. Ꞌwet suit A suit that is wet Noun Phrase b. wet Ꞌsuit (Wehmeier, ) Renderings TLT ( ) . ةيرطملا يتلدب ذخاو ؿزنملا يف يضايرلا يئاذح ذخا ؼوس انا -أ . رطملاب ةصاخلا يتلدب ذخاو ؿزنملا يف يضايرلا يئاذح ذخا ؼوس انا -ب TLT ( ) . ةممبملا يتلدب ذخأسو ؿزنملا يف يب صاخلا يرجلا ءاذح ؾرتاس -أ .ةممبملا يتلدب ذخأسو ؿزنملا يف يب صاخلا يرجلا ءاذح ؾرتأس -ب TLT ( ) . ةممبملا ةلدبلا تذخاو ؿزنملاب يرجلا ءاذح تكرت دقل -أ . ةحابسلا ةلدب تذخاو ؿزنملاب يرجلا ءاذح تكرت دقل -ب TLT ( ) . ةممبملا يتلدب ذخاو تيبلا يف ضكرلا ءاذح ؾرتأس -أ ةممبملا يتلدب ذخاو تيبلا يف ضكرلا ءاذح ؾرتأس -ب TLT ( ) . ةممبملا ةلدبلا يدترأسو ؿزنملا يف يئاذح عزنأس -أ . توس تيو ةلدب يدترأسو ؿزنملا يف يئاذح عزنأس -ب TLT ( ) . ةيداع يتلدب ذخاو ؿ زنملا يف ؽابسلا ءاذح ؾرتأس -أ .صوغ يتلدب ذخاو ؿزنملا يف ؽابسلا ءاذح ؾرتأس -ب ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Table ( ) TLTs ( ) Analysis Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N SLT (a) modulation - ةيرطملا يتلدب - ꞋWet suit Compound Noun literal - يتلدب ةممبملا - literal - ةممبملا ةلدبلا - literal - ةممبملا يتلدب - literal - ةممبم ةلدب - equivalent + صوغ ةلدب - Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT (b) modulation - رطملاب ةصاخلا يتلدب - Wet Ꞌsuit Noun Phrase Literal + تلدب ةممبملا ي - modulation - ةحابسلا ةلدب - Literal + ةممبملا يتلدب - Transliterati on - توس تيو ةلدب - modulation - ةيداع ةلدب - Discussion In table ( ), Ꞌwet suit as a compound noun is rendered inappropriately by subjects ( , , , , and ) b ecause they could not distinguish between the compound and the phrase. Only subject ( ) has managed intended meaning "صوغ ةلدب" which gives equivalent meaning. Undoubtedly, the outcome of such transfer is a natural sounding speech. The next table also sho ws that subjects ( , , and ) have not managed the meaning of wet Ꞌsuit as a noun phrase and provided inappropriate renditions, because they might have not perceived stress function as an indication of noun phrase. Subjects ( and ) have transferred th e noun phrase properly into "ةممبملا يتلدب" according to its stress pattern. Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab SLT ( ) a. If he was the Ꞌblack sheep of the family, they were probably glad to have him gone. b. If he was the black Ꞌsheep of the family, they were probably glad to have him g one. Table ( ): SLT ( ) Analysis Intended Meaning Expression type SL Expression Someone who has done something bad that brings shame to his family Compound Noun a. Ꞌblack sheep A sheep that is black Noun Phrase b. black Ꞌsheep Wehmeier ) ). Renderings TLT ( ) . وباىذب فيديعس ؿمتحملا فم فونوكيس , ةمئاعلا ةيحض وى فاك اذإ -أ . وباىذب فيديعس ؿمتحملا فم فونوكيس , ةمئاعمل دوسلاا ؼورخلا وى فاك اذإ -ب TLT ( ) . ةمئاعمل راع ةمصو ةباثمب وى فاك اذا , وباىذب ةحرف ةمئاعلا فوكتس – أ . ةمئاعمل دوسلاا ؼورخلا اذى فاك ول , وباىذب ةحرف ةمئاعلا فوكتس -ب TLT ( ) . رداغ دق ونلأ ءادعس حجرلاا ىمع اوناك ةمئاعمل دوسلاا ؼورخلا وى فاك اذا -أ . رداغ ونلأ ءادعس حجرلاا ىمع اوناك ـينا ثيح ةرسلأل ةدئافلا ـيدع وى فاك اذا -ب TLT ( ) . ؿحري هوكرتي فاب ءادعس اوناكل , ةمئاعمل دوسلاا ؼورخلا وى فاك ول -أ . ؿحري هوكرتيل ءادعس امبر اوناك , ةمئاعمل دوسلاا ؼورخلا وى فاك اذا -ب TLT ( ) . وترداغم ةلاح يف ءادعس فونوكيس ةمئاعلا فابج وى فاك اذا -أ .وترداغم ةلاخ يف ءادعس فونوكيس دوسا ؼورخ ـييدل فاك اذا -ب TLT ( ) . بىذ ونلأ ةنتمم فوكت فا فكمملا فمف ةمئ اعمل دوسا ؼورخ وى فاك اذا -أ .بىذ ونأب فيديعس فونوكيس ؿتحملا فمف ةمئاعلا ءادف شبك وى فاك اذا -ب ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Table ( ): TLTs ( ) Analysis Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :a) Modulation - ةيحض - Ꞌblack shee p Compound Noun Equivalent + راع ةمصو - Literal - دوسلاا فورخلا - Literal - دوسلاا فورخلا - Modulation - نابج - Literal - دوسا فورخ - Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :b) Literal + دوسلاا فورخلا - black Ꞌsheep Noun Ph rase Literal + دوسلاا فورخلا - Modulation - ةدئافلا ميدع - Literal + دوسلاا فورخلا - Literal + دوسا فورخ - Modulation - ءادف شبك - Discussion Table ( ) shows that subjects ( , , , and ) have misperceived Ꞌblack sheep as a compound noun according to stress pattern by producing inappropriate renditions. Subject ( ) has conveyed the intended meaning successfully in the TLT according to the stress placement and produced the same SL image by using equivalent method .. راع ةمصو"." Rendering bl ack Ꞌsheep as a noun phrase, subjects ( , , , and ) Have realized the intended meaning by producing appropriate meaning that are considered literal rendering. Whereas, in the case of "دوسلاا ؼورخلا" subjects ( and ) have transferred incorrect mean ing, because they have not realized the difference of meaning according to stress placement . Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab SLT ( ) a. The leaves of my water lily are covered in Ꞌgreenfly . b. The leaves of my water lily are covered in green Ꞌfly . Table ( ): STL ( ) Analysis .

Intended Meaning Expression type SL Expression An aphid: a small green insect that damages plants. Compound Noun a. Ꞌgreen fly A fly that is green. Noun Phrase b. green Ꞌfly )Wehmeier , : ). Renderings TLT ( ) .ءارضخ تارشحب ةاطغم يب ةصاخلا ؽبنزلا تابن ؽاروا -أ .بوسعيلا تارشحب ةاطغم يب ةصاخلا ؽبنزلا تابن ؽاروا فا -ب TLT ( ) . ءارضخ ةرشحب ىطغم يب صاخلا ؽبنزلا ءام ؽاروا -أ .ءارضخ ةرشحب ةاطغم يب صاخلا ؽبنزلا ءام ؽاروا -ب TLT ( ) .ءارضخ ةرشح ؽبنزلا ؽاروا يطغت -أ .ءارضخ ةبابذ ؽبنزلا ؽاروا يطغت -ب TLT ( ) .ءارضخلا ةرشحلاب ىطغم يتصاخ ؽبنزلا ءام ؽار وا -أ .ءارضخلا تارشحلاب ةاطغم يتصاخ ؽبنزلا ءام ؽاروا -ب TLT ( ) رضخا فول تاذ تارشحب ةئيمم ضوحلا ءام ؽاروا فا -أ .ؽبنزلا ةرشحب ةئيمم ضوحلا ءام ؽاروا فا -ب TLT ( ) .ءارضخ ةرشحب ةاطغم ؽبنزلا ةرىز ؽاروا -أ .تاتابنلا ةرشحب ةاطغم ؽبنز لا ةرىز ؽاروا -ب ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Table ( ): TLTs ( ) Analysis Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :a) Literal - ءارضخ تارشح - Ꞌgreenfly Compound Noun Literal - ءارضخ ةرشح - Literal - ءارضخ ةرشح - Literal - ءارضخ ةرشح - Literal - شح رضخا نول تاذ ةر - Literal - ءارضخ ةرشح - Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N SLT ( :b) Modulation - بوسعي ةرشح - green Ꞌfly Noun Phrase Literal + ءارضخ ةرشح - Modulation - ءارضخ ةبابذ - Literal + ءارضخ تارشح - Modulation - ةرشح قبنزلا - Modulation - تاتابن ةرشح - Discussion It is clear that all the subjects have mismatched the meaning of Ꞌgreenfly as a compound noun . So they have conveyed it inappropriately into "ءارضخ ةرشح" as a noun phrase meaning which may refer to b eneficial or harmful insect in Arabic context. It can be rendered into "تابنلا ةممق “or.” "فملا Concerning green Ꞌfly as a noun phrase, subjects ( and ) have transferred its meaning successfully into "ءارضخ ةرشح" by using literal rendering. The rest o f the subjects have not managed the intended meaning according to the stress placement on the second part as any fly with green. Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab SLT ( ) a. We adopted a Ꞌgrey hound a year ago. b. We adopted a grey Ꞌhound a year ago. Table ( ) SLT ( ) Analysis Intend ed Meaning Expression type SL Expression A type of dog that has a thin body, long and thin legs, and can run fast in races. Compound Noun a. Ꞌgrey hound A dog that is grey. Noun Phrase b. grey Ꞌhound )Wehmeier , : ). Renderings TLT ( ) .ةيضاملا ةنسلا ديص بمك انينبت دق ل -أ . ةيضاملا ةنسلا يقومس بمك انينبت دقل -ب TLT ( ) . ةيضاملا ةنسلا يف فسلا ريبك بمك انينبت دقل -أ . ةيضاملا ةنسلا فوملا يصاصر بمك انيبت دقل -ب TLT ( ) .يدامر ونول بمك انينبت دقل -أ . ديص بمك انينبت دقل -ب TLT ( ) . ةنس ؿبق ايدامر ًابمك انيبر -أ . ةنس ؿبق ًايدامر ابمك انيبر -ب TLT ( ) . فلاا فم ةنس ؿبق يصاصر بمك ةيبرتب انمق -أ . ةيضاملا ةنسلا يف يصاصر ونول بمك ةيبرتب انمق دقل -ب TLT ( ) . ةيضاملا ةنسلا يف يدامر بمك ينبتب انمق -أ .ةيضاملا ةنسلا يف يدامر بمك ينبتب انمق -ب ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Table ( ): TLTs ( ) Analysis Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :a) Equivalent + ديص بمك - Ꞌgrey hound Compound Noun Modulation - نسلا ريبك بمك - Literal - يدامر هنول بمك - Literal - ايدامر بمك - Literal - يصاصر بمك - Literal - ك يدامر بم - Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :b) Modulation - يقومس بمك - grey Ꞌhound Noun Phrase Literal + نوملا يصاصر بمك - Modulation - ديص بمك - Literal + ايدامر ابمك - Literal + يصاصر هنول بمك - Literal + دامر بمكي - Discussion Table ( ) shows that only subject ( ) has conveyed the intended meaning according to the stress placement on the first part Ꞌgrey hound by using the equivalent rendering "ديص بمك" . Subjects ( , , , and ) have produced inappropriate renderings because stress placement might not be obvious for them. It can also be rendered into.” "يقومس بمك Subjects ( and ) have failed in producing the proper meaning of grey Ꞌhound in the TLT as a noun phrase because they couldn’t distinguish between compounds and phrases. While subjects ( , , and ) have managed the intended meaning as a noun phrase i.e. adjective and noun "فوػملا يػصاصر بػمك “and بػمك" "يدامر by using literal procedure. Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab SLT ( ) a. I used to have nightmares about that Ꞌhot do g. b. I used to have nightmares about that hot Ꞌdog . Table ( ) SLT ( ) Analysis Intended Meaning Expression type SL Expression A cooked sausage eaten in along soft bread. Compound Noun a. Ꞌhot dog A dog feels hot. Noun Phrase b. hot Ꞌdog )Wehmeier , : ). Renderings TLT ( ) . راحلا بمكلا ؾلذ فع سيباوك ىرا فا تدوعت دقل -أ . راحلا بمكلا ؾلذ فع سيباوك ىرا فا تدوعت دقل -ب TLT ( ) . ؽناقنلا ؾمت فع سيباوك ىرا تنك -أ . فخاسلا بمكلا ؾلذ فع سيباوك يدل فاك -ب TLT ( ) . ؽنا قنلا تابجو فع سيباوك ىرا فا تدتعا دقل -أ . رحلاب رعشي بمك فع سيباوك ىرا فا تدتعا دقل -ب TLT ( ) . ؽجسلا ؾلذ فع سيباوك ةيؤر تدتعا -أ . ةرارحلاب رعشي بمك فع سيباوك ةيؤر تدتعا -ب TLT ( ) . غود توى ؿوح سيباوكلا ىمع تدتعا -أ . راحلا بمكلا فع سيباوك ىرا فا تدتعا -ب TLT ( ) . ؽناقنلا ؾمت ببسب سيب اوكلا ةيؤر ىمع تدتعا -أ .فخاسلا بمكلا ؾلذ سيباوكلا ةيؤر ىمع تدتعا -ب ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Table ( ): TLTs ( ) Analysis Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :a) Literal - راح بمك - Ꞌhot dog Compound Noun Equivalent + قناقن - Equivalent + قناقن تابجو - Equivalent + قجس - Transliteration - غود توه - Equivalent + قناقن - Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :b) Literal - راح بمك - hot Ꞌdog Noun Phrase Literal - نخاس بمك - paraphrasing + رحلاب رعشي بمك - paraphrasing + ةرارحلاب رعشي بمك - Literal - راح بمك - Literal - نخاس بمك - Discussion Regarding Ꞌhot dog as a compound noun, subjects ( and ) have misinterpreted the intended meaning according to stress pattern. Subjects ( , , , and ) have managed the inte nded meaning as a single meaning unit in the TLT ؽجس" or ؽناقن" , that is the equivalent rendering. For hot Ꞌdog as a noun phrase, although subjects ( , , and ) have realized the intended meaning, they have produced inappropriate renditions خاػػس بػػمك" " ف and "راػػح بػػمك" , which are not acceptable in Arabic context. Subjects ( and ) have provided the same image and managed the meaning according to stress pattern by using paraphrasing procedure “ "رحلاػػب رعػػشي بػػمك . It can also be rendered into . "ثىلا بمك " Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab SLT ( ) a. ꞋTurkish teacher is nice enough but Janet doesn’t like her. b. Turkish Ꞌteacher is nice enough but Janet doesn’t like her. Table ( ) SLT ( ) Analysis Intended Meaning Type SL Expression A teacher teaches Turkish. Compound Noun a. ꞋTurkish teac her A Turkish teacher from Turkey. Noun Phrase b. Turkish Ꞌteacher Renderings TLT ( ) . ايبحت لا تيناج فكلو ةياغمل ةفيطل ةيكرتلا ةممعملا فا -أ . ايبحت لا تيناج فكلو ةياغمل ةفيطل ةيكرتلا ةغملا ةممعم فا -ب TLT ( ) .ايبحت ـل تيناج فكلو ةفيطل ةيكرتلا ةذاتسلاا تناك -أ .ايبحت ـل تيناج فكلو ةفيطل ةيكرتلا ةذاتسلاا تناك -ب TLT ( ) . ايبحت لا تيناج فكل ةياغمل ؼيطل صخش ةيكرتلا ةغملا ةسردم فا -أ .ايبحت لا تيناج فكل ةياغمل ةفيطل ةيكرتلا ةسردملا فا -ب TLT ( ) . ايبحت لا تيناج فكلو ةيافكلا ويف امب ةديج ةيكرتلا ةذاتسلاا فا -أ . ايبحت لا تيناج فكلو ةيافكلا ويف امب ةديج ةيكرتلا ةذاتسلاا ةقيرط -ب TLT ( ) .ايبحت لا تيناج فكلو ةنكمتم ةيكرتلا ةغملا ةدام ةسردم فا -أ . ايبحت لا تيناج فكلو ةنكمتم يى ةيكرتلا ةسردملا فا -ب TLT ( ) .ايبحت لا ت يناج فكلو ةيافكلا ويف امب ةديج ةيكرتلا ةسردملا -أ .ةديج اينوك فم ـغرلا ىمع ةيكرتلا ةسردملا ؾمت بحت لا تيناج -ب ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Table ( ): TLTs ( ) Analysis Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :a) Literal - ةيكرتلا ةممعملا - ꞋTurkish teacher Compound Noun Lit eral - ةيكرتلا ةذاتسلاا - Equivalent + ةيكرتلا ةغملا ةسردم - Literal - ةيكرتلا ةذاتسلاا - Equivalent + ةيكرتلا ةغملا ةدام ةسردم - Literal - ةيكرتلا ةسردملا - Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :b) Modulation - ةغملا ةممعم ةيكرتلا - Turkish Ꞌteacher Noun Phrase Literal + ةيكرتلا ةذاتسلاا - Literal + ةيكرتلا ةسردملا - Literal + ةيكرتلا ةذاتسلاا - Literal + ةيكرتلا ةسردملا - Literal + ةيكرتلا ةسردملا - Discussion Rendering the meaning of ꞋTurkish teacher as a compound noun is inappropriate by subjects ( , , and ), due to their misperception of its meaning as a teacher of Turkish according to stress placement. Whereas, subjects ( and ) have transferred its meaning properly into “ ةيكرتلا ةغملا ةسردم“ according to the stress pattern by giving the equivalent meaning. Concerning Turkish Ꞌteacher as a noun phrase, only subject ( ) has misinterpreted the intended meaning. Subjects ( , , , and ) have managed the same SL meaning in the TL ا ةسردملا" "ةيكرتل which is literal translation. Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab SLT ( ) a. A team of ꞋWhite House would have no comment. b. A team of white Ꞌhouse would have no comment. Table ( ) SL ( ) Analysis Intended Meaning Expression type SL Expression The official residence of US president. Compound Noun a. ꞋWhite House A house that is white. Noun Phrase b. white Ꞌhouse )Wehmeier , : ). Renderings TLT ( ) . تاقيمعت يا ضيبلاا تيبلا ؽيرف ىدل سيل -أ .تاقيمعت يا ضيبلاا تيبلا يف ؽيرفلا ىدل سيل -ب TLT ( ) .ؽيمعت يا ضيبلاا تيبلا فم ؽيرفل فكي ـل -أ . ؽيمعت يا ضيبلاا تيبلا وذ ؽيرفمل فكي ـل -ب TLT ( ) .

ًاقيمعت ضيبلاا تيبلا ؾممي لا -أ .

ًاقيمعت فوملا ضيبلااب غوبصملا ؿزنملا ؽيرف ؾممي لا -ب TLT ( ) . ؽيمعت يا ويدل فوكي لا دق ضيبلاا تيبلا فم ؽيرف -أ .ؽيمعت يا ويدل فوكي لا دق ضيبلاا تيبلا فم ؽيرف -ب TLT ( ) . ؽيمعت يا ضيبلاا تيبلا ؽيرف ىدل سيل -أ . ؽيمعت يا ـييدل سيل ضيبلاا فوملاب يمطملا تيبلا ؽيرف فا -ب TLT ( ) . ؽيمعت يا ويدل فوكي فل ض يبلاا تيبلا فم ؽيرف -أ .ؽيمعت يا ضيبلاا تيبلا ؽيرف ىدل فوكي فل -ب ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Table ( ): TLTs ( ) Analysis Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :a) Literal + ضيبلاا تيبلا - ꞋWhite House Compound Noun Literal + بلاا تيبلا ضي - Literal + ضيبلاا تيبلا - Literal + ضيبلاا تيبلا - Literal + ضيبلاا تيبلا - Literal + ضيبلاا تيبلا - Procedure Appropriateness TL Rendering TLT N . SLT ( :b) Literal - ضيبلاا تيبلا - white Ꞌhouse Noun Phrase Literal - ضيبلاا تيبلا - Paraphrasing + ضيبلأاب غوبصملا لزنملا - Literal - ضيبلاا تيبلا - Paraphrasing + يمطملا تيبلا ضيبلاا نوملاب - Literal - ضيبلاا تيبلا - Discussion In tabl e ( ) , all the subjects have got the meaning of ꞋWhite House as a compound noun that is a unit has its own meaning by using literal type of translation ضيبلاا تيبلا"" that refers to the residence of US president in Arabic context . In the following tabl e the meaning of white Ꞌhouse, which refers to any house painted white , has been rendered improperly into Arabic context, although the subjects ( , , and ) have used literal translation “ ضيبلاا تيبلا" . Therefore the meaning difference between ꞋWhite Ho use and white Ꞌhouse have not been shown clearly. Subjects ( and ) have managed the intended meaning by - Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab producing paraphrasing interpreting "ضيبلااب غوبصملا ؿزنملا" and " ؿزنملا "ضيبلاا فوملاب يمطملا and stimulated the TL receptor response. Table ( ) Subj ects’ Overall Compound Noun Renderings Percentage Frequency Procedure % 26 42 Literal % 41 9 Equivalent % 12 2 Modulation %4 1 Transliteration % 122 24 Total Table ( ): Subjects’ Overall Noun Phrase Renderings Percentage Frequency Procedure % Liter al % 12 Paraphrasing % 42 14 Modulation %4 1 Transliteration % 122 24 Total The above tables show the times number of procedures used by the students. Table ( ) Subjects’ Overall Stress Perception of Compound Noun Incorrect perception Correct perception Expression NO. 5 1 wet suit Ꞌ 1 5 1 ꞋBlack sheep 4 2 2 ꞋGreen fly 3 5 1 Grey hound Ꞌ 2 4 Hot dog Ꞌ 5 2 4 Turkish teacher Ꞌ 2 2 2 ꞋWhite House 6 46 15 Total ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH Table ( ): Subjects’ Overall Stress Perception of Noun Phrase Incorrect perception Correct perception Procedure NO. 2 4 Ꞌsuit wet 1 4 2 Black Ꞌsheep 4 2 4 Green Ꞌfly 3 4 2 Grey Ꞌhound 2 2 4 Hot Ꞌdog 5 1 5 Turkish Ꞌteacher 2 2 4 White ꞋHouse 6 41 41 Total Table ( ) : Subjects’ Overall Stress Perception of Compounds and Phrases Percentage Frequency Procedure 23 32 appropriate 56 22 inappropriate % 122 22 Total Findings After analyzing the SLTs and investigating their pe rception and rendering into the TL; the study has come up with the following main findings: - The students’ rate of failure in rendering the compounds and phrases is higher than the rate of success. - The noun phrases are conveyed more appropriately than the compounds because the students utilize the literal translation that the lexical environment nature of the noun phrase accepts.

Therefore, their success, at least for some of them, is not based on their background knowledge of such stress pattern. - The data shows the students’ rate of failure to convey the compounds meaning is high owing to the fact that most students treat compounds as phrases without paying attention to stress pattern as a key meaning indicator. Obviously, equivalent translation is the mos t suitable way to render compound noun as a one meaning concept. Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab Conclusion It is evident in the process of interpreting that the students may have a high degree of difficulty in recognizing compounds nouns and noun phrases because most students are not aware of a shift in the stress placement from the first part to the second one can denote syntactic and semantic shifts in English. Thus, teaching such stress patterns to the learners of English is very important for their progress in the English pronunciation skills. Consequently, teachers should give priority to stress and such features can be taught by practicing a list of minimal pairs containing compounds and phrases and then asking students to make a distinction between them according to str ess placement in order to realize meaning difference and be able to express meaning obviously in the target language. ADAB AL -RAFIDAYN, VOL.( ) June ( ) AD / AH References - Abbas, H. ( ) "Alnahu Alwafi". Cairo: Dar Almaarif. - Abdullah, N. ( ) “Transfer – Based Arabic to English Noun Sentence Translation Using Shallow Segmentation”. The International Arab Journal of Information Technology , Vol. , No. 5 - Abu Hayan, ( ) "Irtishaf Aldharb". Cairo: Almadani press. - Adams, V. ( ) “An Introduction to Modern English Word Formation”. London Longman Group ltd. - Arciuli , J and Cupples, L. ( ). “The Processing of Lexical Stress and Orthographic Correlates” .The quarterly. Journal of Experimental Psychology, ( ). - Beeston, A.F.L ( ) “The Arabic Language Today”. London. Hutchinson and Co. Publishers - Catford, J. C. ( ) “A Linguistic Theory of Translation London” Oxford University Press . - Chomsky, N & Halle, M. ( ) “The sound Pattern of English”. New York Harper and Row. - Collins, H. ( ). “Collins English Dictionary”. www.Collinsdictionary.com . - Finin, T. ( ) “Semantic Interpretation of Compound Nominal” University of Illionis, Coordinated Science. - Gimson, A.C. ( ) “An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English” London Edward Arnold Ltd. - Halai, N. ( ) "Making Use of Bilingual Interview Data: Some Experiences from The Field". The Qualitative Report, Vol. ( ). - Howard, J. ( ) “Grammar & Meaning “. New York Longman Group limited. - Jackson, H and Zéamvela, E. ( ) “Words, Meaning and Vocabulary An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology”.

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Amsterdam and Philadelphia, Pa. John Benjamins. - Walid, A. ( ) “Compounding in English and Arabic A contrastive S tudy” www.Pdffactory.com - Wehmeier, S. ( ). “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary”. London: Oxford University Press . Stress of Compound Nouns and Noun Phrases in English - Arabic Consecutive Interpret ing Lect. Anwar Abdul -Wahab ا يف ةيمسلاا تارابعلا و ةبكرملا ءامسلأا ربن إ ةيزيمكنلإا نم ةيبقاعتلا ةمجرتل ىل ةيبرعلا باهولادبع راونأ .م صمختسملا ثحبت ألأا ىنعم ؾا ردِ إ ةسا ردلا اىربنل ًاقفو ةيمسلاا تا رابعلاو ةبكرملا ءامس فم ؾلذو ،ةيبقاعتلا ةمجرتلا يف اىريثأتو ِ إ امييناعم ؿقن ةقيرط حيضوت ؿلاخ ةغملا ىل داعإب ـوقي ـث ـمكتملا اىردصم ةعباتتم ؿئاسر ـجرتملا ىقمتيو .ةيبرعلا ىنعملا ؿيكشت ة ف ًا روف دوصقملا ً ديقعت اياضقلا رثكأ دحأأ وى ربنلاف .ةيبقاعتلا ةمجرتلا ي نلاب فيثدحتممل ةبس ألأا ربن طامنأأ ىلِ إ اويبتني فأأ ةبمطلا ىمع بجوتي ؾلذل ـ ُلأا ـيتغل ريغ ةغمب ءامس ةبكرملا ا يف ربن طامنأأ اذكى ةفرعم ـادعنا ببسي دق ذِ إ ؛ةيمسلاا تا رابعلاو ِ لا ةغمل يمكن ِ إ ةيز ءوس ىل وغملا ئفاكملا ؽيقحت ىمع ةردقلا ـادعنا يلاتلابو ـيف يضفيو ؼديلا ةغملا يف بومطملا ي ِ إ .حيحص ريغ ؽوطنم باطخ ىل أأ ةساردلا ضرتفتو ن ِ إ ـتي لا و اردؾ ألأا ربن ؿكشب ةيمسلاا تارابعلاو ةبكرملا ءامس ِ او امينيب زييمتلا فكمي لاو حيحص فاكم داجي حيحص ؿكشب ايل يوغل ئ ؼديلا ةغل يف أأ ؿمؤملا فمو يب اميف زييمتلاب ةبمطلا ةفرعم ةساردلا هذى ززعت ف عقومل ً اقفو ؾلذو امين أأ ةسا ردلا ريظتو ،حضاو ؿكشب ىنعملا ؿاصيِ إ ؿجأأ فم ربنلا ف ةبمطلا ـظعم ةمجرت ءامسلأل ةبكرملا ،ةمئلام ريغ ةيمسلاا تارابعلاو ـيتردق ـدعل ؾلذو اميف زييمتلا ىمع ايجيتارتسا ينبتو ،امينيب ِ إ امييناعم ؿقنل ىعسم يف ةفمتخم ت .ةيبرعلا ةغملا ىل تاممكلا : ةيحاتفملا ، ةمجرتلاو ، دايجلاو ، ةيمسلاا تارابعلاو ، ةبكرملا ءامسلأا ةيزيمجنلا ةغملا يف رتوتلاو