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DAILY LIFE AND SPACE INTERACTION IN URBAN TRANSFORMATION APPLICATIONS: THE CASE OF ÇİNÇİN NEIGHBORHOOD OF ANKARA AND DIKMEN VALLEY
SUMMARY
1. Introduction
1.1.Purpose and Scope of the Study
1.2.Method of Study
2.Urban transformation
2.1. The Concept of Urban Return in Turkey
2.1.1. TOKI's Role in Urban Transformation
2.1.2. The Role of Contractors in Urban Transformation
3.The Relationship between Daily Life and Space
4.Everyday Life and Space Interaction
5. Applications of Urban Transformation Projects from the World
5.1. Hiroshima-Danbara City Urban Transformation Project (Japan)
5.2. Trafalgar Square Urban Transformation Project (England)
5.3. La Defense Urban Transformation Project (France)
6. The Concept of Slum
6.1.The Concept of Slum in Turkey
6.2. Solutions to the Slum Problem
7. Çinçin District Urban Transformation Project
7.1. Historical Development of Cincin Neighborhood
7.2. The Purpose of the Cincin Neighborhood Project
7.3. Project Stages of Cincin Neighborhood
8. Dikmen Valley Urban Transformation Project
8.1. Historical Development of Dikmen Valley
8.2. Purpose of Dikmen Valley Project
8.3. Stages of Dikmen Valley Project
9. People Migrating from Slums to Apartments
9.1. Spatial Change
9.2. Impact on Daily Life
Conclusion
Source
SUMMARY
In Turkey, "Urban Transformation" or "Urban Development" as it was called in the early times, emerged as a solution to the irregular settlements that emerged as a result of rapid urbanization that started in the 1950s. After 1980, it was tried to prevent slums and unplanned urbanization with the agenda of municipalities. The Dikmen Valley Urban Transformation Project, which is the first and most comprehensive example of a project implemented to solve the slum problem in Turkey, consists of a total of 5 stages with its ongoing stages. The first stage of the Valley can be called urban landscape due to the improvement of the swamp in the region, while the next stages are presents an example of urban transformation. While this transformation process starts out positively in the first phase, it includes negative aspects as it paves the way for the transformation into luxury residences in the later phases and inflicts loss of rights for the slum owners.
It exemplifies the Çinçin neighborhood in the Altındağ district of Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, which has recently come to the fore with its residential area feature and has rapidly gained value. In 2006, the urban renewal process started under the name of Altındağ Urban Transformation Project. Çinçin districts are among the shantytowns within the scope of the Urban Transformation Project. Between 2006 and 2014, 25 thousand slums were demolished and 7 thousand residences, cultural centers, schools and social facilities were built in their place (Altındağ Municipality).
In this study; By examining the concept of urban transformation, the positive and negative aspects of the transformation and the importance of this transformation project for the city of Ankara will be discussed from a critical perspective through the examples of "Dikmen Valley Housing and Environmental Development Project" and "Altındağ Urban Transformation Project".
This article is also; urban transformation process and urban transformation projects It aimed to understand the relationship between the phenomenon of daily life and space interaction. The concepts that determine the main framework in the handling of the subject are urban transformation and the interaction of daily life and space.
Keywords: urban development, urban transformation, dikmen valley, cincin district,
urban rent.
1. Introduction
After the 1950s, Turkey has entered a rapid urbanization process with migration to big cities. In this process, unplanned urbanization and the formation of slums became inevitable. In order to solve this problem, firstly, urban development plans were made and the concept of urban transformation was introduced to the municipalities in the 1980s. With urban transformation, the problem of slums and unplanned urbanization has been tried to be solved. (Kara, 2007) Still today The 'urban transformation', which is seen as the most important solution for the slum problem, has undergone a 'rental transformation' in a way.
This article covers the urban transformation process and urban transformation projects.
It aimed to understand the relationship between the phenomenon of daily life and space interaction. The concepts that determine the main framework in the handling of the subject are urban transformation and the interaction of daily life and space.
1.1.Purpose and Scope of the Study
This study deals with the urban transformation of the areas that emerged during the squatting process, which is among the problems affecting the development of Turkey, and the problems of social exclusion that became evident in this process.
The aim of the study is to show that the dimensions of social exclusion are observable in urban transformation areas, especially threatening poor neighborhoods, and that urban transformation practices have the potential to deepen social exclusion.
Hypothesis is, When people move from slums to apartments in urban transformation areas, they experience social and economic exclusion.
In this direction, the research question is as follows:
Research question is; is there any detrimental effect on the social and economic conditions when people moves from slums to apartments in urban transformation areas?
1.2.Method of Study
The method of the study, In order to test this claim, Çinçin district of Altındağ district of Ankara and Dikmen valley of Cankaya district were established as shantytowns and are currently in a rapid construction for middle and upper income level. Among the methods to be used in this study; It is aimed to have detailed information about the subject by using different sources such as conducting interviews with the people living in the neighborhoods in the urban transformation process, exchanging documents with the municipalities to which these neighborhoods are affiliated, and examining the previous researches on the subject.
Cincin district and Dikmen valley were chosen as examples, qualitative research method will be used.
Conversation with users
Survey work to be done with users
2.Urban transformation
Urban transformation is the revitalization of physically and environmentally degraded spaces and their reintegration into society, and the concept of urban transformation is discussed in many ways in the literature. In this context; Zeytinci (2011, p.42) and Bayraktar (2006, p.235) defines urban transformation as improving the economic, social, physical and environmental conditions of urban areas that have been deteriorated and collapsed with comprehensive and holistic approaches and thus reintroducing these areas to the city. while defining; Köktürk (2007) clarifies the social impact of urban transformation; He says, “Urban transformation aims to restructure the urban people together with the urban space, urban culture and urban life and to revitalize the urban economy together with the environment” and examines the effect of urban transformation on the urban people.With a similar perspective, Tokol (2014, p.1171) urban transformation; taking into account the historical and cultural values of the society It is defined as contributing to the city by re-planning its physical structure, which has deteriorated due to various reasons, in technological, economic and social dimensions, and transforming and changing the urban areas and the built environment from the existing state as a result of various effects; Urban transformation in Demirarslan (2014, p.459); defines it as the transformation and change of urban areas and the built environment from their existing state to another form as a result of various effects.On the other hand, Turgut (2010, p.46) urban transformation; It expresses it as the reintegration of the old or obsolete spaces of the cities, which emerged as a result of the interaction of the transformation space and the resistance mechanisms, to the society. In summary; Urban transformation is not only bringing the physically and environmentally degraded spaces to the environment, but also revitalizing these spaces by considering the historical and cultural values of the society while bringing them into the environment.
2.1. The Concept of Urban Return in Turkey
Urban transformation in Turkey is among the concepts that emerged after the 1999 Marmara Earthquake. After natural disasters, it has caused the urban transformation in Turkey to differ from the examples abroad.
In the examples abroad, there are concepts that are included in the urban transformation process in various plans, such as urban aesthetics and the preservation of history, in which the public has a voice, and it is aimed that cities create a more contemporary and sustainable living space.
In Turkey, on the other hand, the public generally does not have a say in the projects, and action plans are created to build stronger structures instead of historical structures and sustainable living spaces. Each city in Turkey has different urban transformation plans, taking into account its geographical features. The needs and expectations of each city differ from each other. The difference between the urban transformation plans implemented in natural disaster areas and the urban transformation plans of slums, especially in metropolitan areas, should be considered in this context.
The 1980s were the years in which important developments were experienced in urban transformation as in every other subject. In 1990 and after, urban transformation in Turkey means more urban renewal and it has been a priority for cities to become more lively places. The concept of urban transformation in Turkey is handled unidimensionally, its socio-economic, cultural and environmental dimensions are not fully addressed, and the first feature of the projects revealed is the change of the physical area.
2.1.1. TOKI's Role in Urban Transformation
It was established in 1984 under the name of the Housing Development Administration (TOKİ), under the Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey, as an administration whose main purpose is to build quality housing for low-income groups.
It has undergone structural changes in the 2000s and has become the most important institution that directs urbanization policies. It has started to act as a company with both partnerships and investments. TOKİ, which is a monopoly in terms of urban applications along with legal applications, has forgotten its purpose of establishment and has become the center of housing policy in Turkey.
2.1.2. The Role of Contractors in Urban Transformation
Improvement development plans, which were created in the 1980s, lost their function with the speed of development of the cities and did not have the necessary features. In this framework, revision zoning plans were created and changes were made in the living places of the people living in the shantytowns. In this structuring process, it is planned that the right of the region will not be victimized and places where they can stay until the urban transformation projects are completed.
With the revision zoning plans, the residents of the slums were able to have a say in the places they will live at the end of the urban transformation projects by making an agreement with the contractors over their lands. On the contrary, in some of the neighborhoods included in the urban transformation process, the residents of the slums could not enter into a mutual bargaining process with the contractors.
3.The Relationship between Daily Life and Space
The concept of spatial interaction, which we can consider as the whole of the problems that they encounter in perceiving the space they live, together with the changes in the daily life of the people who have difficulty in maintaining their habits, especially in the new settlements that have emerged within the scope of urban transformation projects, reveals the conflict of culture and the connection between the new space and the new space. ensures that it cannot be installed.
As a result of the urban transformation of slums in metropolitan areas, the people who want to move away from their previous places and continue their old habits in the new space have caused them to feel themselves as the lower class in their new spaces. While the desire of someone who has a cluster in the garden of the shantytown to continue this habit in his apartment caused him to build a coop on his balcony, the perception of the shantytown, which has gone through the urban transformation process, still continued as a part of the subculture in the perception of the space by someone from the outside. The "decrease in crime rate", which is considered as an important feature of urban transformation projects, has not completely decreased due to the fact that the perception of social space has not changed.
4.Everyday Life and Space Interaction
With Lefebvre's approach, space should not only be handled physically, but also its contribution to the social context and production processes should be taken into account as well. Place; It is divided into three main headings as lived space, perceived space and designed space. Scientifically; The concept of space, which is separated as a designed and lived space, should be considered as separate but inseparable parts that should be examined in three dimensions beyond scientific foundations. “To change the world, it is necessary to change the place.” The space should be considered as a whole based on the philosophy of Natural and social sciences, which are included in this integrity, affect the concept of space and change the perception of social space.
Space is not just an abstract concept, it is a reality that emerges with all its dimensions. The space, which does not have a fixed structure, is open to development and change, just like the society. With the participation of many concepts, the space can move away from its previous state and perception, become new, and this may cause a complete change in perception. Perceived space can directly produce practical and theoretical flows.
5. Applications of Urban Transformation Projects from the World
Urban transformation practices, which have come a long way in the world, have started in our country in recent years. Especially II. The urban collapse experienced in the cities, which suffered great damage from the World War II and were of great importance due to their historical richness, prompted the relevant circles to pay close attention to the issue and seek solutions. For these reasons, urban transformation in European countries and America gained importance in the 1950s and found its deserved place over time. The years of 1970 are expressed as the years in which the pursuits and studies related to urban transformation were continued. Since the 1980s, urban transformation has been settled on a principled basis, assimilated and proved itself with practices in this direction. (Kara, 2007)
5.1. Hiroshima-Danbara City Urban Transformation Project (Japan)
The world's first atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, killing 140,000 people and completely destroying an area of 13 square kilometers. Such destruction confronted the region with an inevitable restructuring. The Hiroshima urban renewal project was implemented to create the most beautiful and industrially productive city in the world. It will serve world peace with its greenery, rivers and culture.
An exemplary settlement was intended to be created. The Danbara redevelopment project is the beginning of a well-planned, creative and efficient small-scale rebirth movement in the oldest parts of the city.
The Danbara project is planned to provide not only physical and environmental development to the region, but also industrial and cultural development. It is aimed to make the area attractive to live and work again.
The project was approved in 1973, started in 1983 and is targeted for completion in 1995. To date, 62 percent of the buildings have been worked on. The project was realized with the cooperation of the public, private sector and local people.
461 buildings in the transformation area were built by the private sector. These buildings are generally on the main roads, 7 to 10 floors, used as residential or commercial buildings. The total cost of the project is $283.8 million.
38% of the cost came from local governments, 57% from the city of Hiroshima and 5% from other private sources.
One of the basic needs of the Danbara region is places to provide resting opportunities for young people and adults.
As of 1995, Danbara had 5 parking areas (10002500 square meters), 2 green areas and 13 playgrounds. All new parks and playgrounds have been designed to reflect the traditional character of the area. In addition, within the scope of the project, 4,761 meters long main road and 10,457 meters long secondary roads were constructed.
Organizations established by the public also participated in the project. 21 organizations were established, 12 of them played an active role in the decision-making process of the plans. The inclusion of public organizations in the land stages added aesthetics to the works carried out especially in poor residential areas.
5.2. Trafalgar Square Urban Transformation Project (England)
Trafalgar Square is one of London's most vibrant and well-known public spaces. The square, which was built to commemorate the Trafalgar battle in 1805, has become a focal point where various activities and organizations such as political meetings, New Year celebrations, and non-governmental organizations are held. Trafalgar square with traffic roads
The fact that it is arranged like an enclosed island has always been an obstacle to pedestrian crossings and the relationship between the square and the citizens. This occupation both caused the square to lose its historical importance and feature, and reduced the tendency of the citizens and tourists to use the place. (Kayalar, J., 2006)
An urban transformation project has been prepared in order to ensure that the space is easily accessible to all pedestrians, to ensure that all spaces of the square are used to a certain extent, to ensure daily use of the square by Londoners and visitors throughout the year, and to ensure that there is sufficient space for those who will benefit from its use in the future. Other goals of the project include organizing the square as the main public space, establishing its spatial organization with buildings, sculptures and empty spaces, making the space enjoyable and usable, and equipping the historical surroundings with permanent contemporary urban activities.
In the establishment of the project organization model, the public and private sectors and non-governmental organizations took a joint role. In 1996 Westminster City Council and the Greater London Authority initiated the project.
Later Culture, Media and Sports
The Committee of the Department of English (DCMS), English Heritage (EH), and the London Government Office continued the project. The project was funded by the London Transport Authority and the Heritage Lotter Fund. (Demirsoy M. S., 2006)
By solving the problems between vehicle traffic and spring flow in Trafalgar Square, increasing the usability of the space in terms of social activities has been the main goal of the project. The project was acquired through competition and its implementation was carried out by the public. During the implementation of the project, the interest of the public and non-governmental organizations was not ignored.
5.3. La Defense Urban Transformation Project (France)
La Défense was established on an area of 130 hectares in the middle of the former suburban centers Courbevoie and Puteaux, at the extension of the Neulily bridge, and stretches as far as Nanterre, which is a university town today (Demirsoy M.S:,2006).
The urban transformation project in the La Défense region has three basic principles: expanding the high-rise buildings, eliminating the traditional road texture and separating the pedestrian and automobile flow. (Ersoy M., 2004)
Within the framework of the La Défense Urban Transformation project, there are skyscrapers of large companies such as Fiat, Manhattan, Gian, Agf, Orion, Axa, ElfAquitaine in the area in question. La Grande Arche, designed by Danish Joan Otto Sperckelsen and opened in 1989, is located here. One of the most important buildings here is the Cnit building, designed by Zehrfuss, Camelo and Mailly. A seashell lying on its back with three points touching the ground
It organizes various fairs every year in this reminiscent structure and thus establishes communication with the public. (Kayalar J.,2004)
The project was carried out with a public-private partnership at a rate of 70% public and 30% private sector. At the beginning of the project, the public sector played a role, and the issue of self-financing of the project from an economic point of view was ignored. In the project area, a new space has been tried to be created on the historical urban area by reducing the pressure of economic activities. With the project, which has a long-term process, an effort was made to create a new center without losing the existing historical city center of Paris and to establish the connection of this new center with the old center.
Şişman A. , Kibaroğlu D. (2009) DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE KENTSEL DÖNÜŞÜM UYGULAMALARIOMÜ, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Samsun
6. The Concept of Slum
The concept of slums gained momentum with the 1950s and started to appear in the disadvantaged areas of the cities (steep slopes, stream beds, etc.) especially for the people who migrated from the countryside to the city.
Sabri Çakır (2011) in his study titled "Migration, Urbanization/Slum Problem and Produced Policies in Turkey"; People who cannot find the opportunity to settle and solve the housing problem in the urban society, in order to meet their needs outside of legal conditions; They have formed an important dimension of the urbanization phenomenon, namely the marginal section and the residences, neighborhoods and regions called “shanty houses”, which are the appearance of this section in the space.” It has been defined as.
6.1.The Concept of Slum in Turkey
The shantytown in Turkey has emerged with the formation of usually one-story makeshift structures that were built without permission on the vacant lands they found by people who wanted to benefit from financial difficulties and welfare in big cities, most of whom migrated from rural areas.
It has gained different meanings with the political, economic and cultural development of the country.
Geccekodization has revealed distorted construction over the years, and it has begun to eliminate architectural aesthetics, especially in big cities.
Sabri Çakır (2011) in his study titled "Migration, Urbanization/Slum Problem and Produced Policies in Turkey"; “The formation of shanty houses with high population density in some big cities of Turkey and the social problems created are after the second half of the 20th century.”
Kasım Karaman (2003) “Urbanization Phenomenon and Slum Problem in Turkey”; Again, in Western cities, shantytown is a concept specific to Turkey's urbanization, although it has some features similar to settlements such as ghetto, suburb, slum, shanty town, where marginal groups that are separated in terms of social structure and lifestyles live.
Slums should not be perceived as the modernization of the exteriors of the buildings, but should be considered as a detailed concept from many political, cultural and economic perspectives. Regarding the problem of squatting, a law no. 775 was enacted in 1985( www.mevzuat.gov.tr) and it was aimed to eliminate the problems caused by squatting.
6.2. Solutions to the Slum Problem
One of the biggest roles in the urban transformation process belongs to TOKİ and the other to the contractors.
Mustafa Kara (2011) “The Role of Slum Transformation Projects in the Solution of Housing Problem in Turkey: The Case of Ankara Gultepe and Yatikmusluk”; II in developing countries. Rapid population growth and urbanization trends that started after World War II still continue. Since the problems related to housing and property could not be solved, slums and illegal buildings have become the general view of developing countries. In these countries, one out of every three urban residents lives in slums and the population of slums has exceeded one billion worldwide. For this reason, developing countries are struggling with a different dimension of the housing problem, squatting and illegal housing. Therefore, urban transformation projects in these countries have been replaced by slum improvement.
The urban transformation process reveals two important problems for those living in the slums; The first of these is their belief that there will be a decrease in living standards due to the limited financial opportunities due to the increase in their welfare level with the modernized places, and the other is their belief that the shantytown culture will eliminate neighborhood, solidarity and their own culture.
