tudent Name Prof. Weber ENG 101/A Date “The Damned Human Race” Response Questions Directions: Answer each question in 1-2 complete sentences 1. Note Twain’s writing style in the beginning of the essay

M ark T w ain i s a c en tr a l f ig u re i n A m eric an l ite ra tu re . T he A dven tu re s o f H uckle b erry F in n, h is f in est

w ork , i s t h e s to ry o f a j o urn ey d ow n t h e M is sis sip pi b y t w o m em ora b le f ig u re s, a w hite b oy a n d a

b la ck s la v e. T w ain w as b orn S am uel L an gh orn e C le m en s i n 1 835 a n d w as r a is e d i n H an nib al,

M is so uri. D urin g h is e arly y ears , h e w ork ed a s a r iv erb oat p ilo t, n ew sp ap er r e p orte r, p rin te r, a n d g o ld

p ro sp ecto r.

A lth ough h is p opula r i m ag e i s a s t h e a u th or o f s u ch c o m ic w ork s a s T he A dven tu re s o f T om S aw yer,

L ife o n t h e M is sis sip pi, a n d T he P rin ce a nd t h e P auper, T w ain h ad a d ark er s id e t h at m ay h av e

r e su lte d f ro m t h e b itte r e x perie n ces o f h is l if e : f in an cia l f a ilu re a n d t h e d eath s o f h is w if e a n d d au gh te r.

H is l a st w ritin gs a re s a v ag e, s a tir ic , a n d p essim is tic . T he f o llo w in g s e le ctio n i s t a k en f ro m L ette rs

f r o m t h e E arth , o ne o f h is l a st w ork s. I t h as b een u nder t h e t itle T he D am ned H um an R ace a n d h as

b een p rin te d i n n um ero us e ssa y a n th olo gie s.

D id t o day ’s n ew sp ap er f e atu re h ead lin es a b out p eo ple f ig h tin g s o m ew here i n t h e w orld ( Ir a q ,

A fg h an is ta n , A fric a)? M ost l ik ely , i t d id . I n t h e f o llo w in g s e le ctio n, M ark T w ain c o nclu des t h at t h e

c o m bativ e a n d c ru el n atu re o f h um an b ein gs m ak es t h em t h e l o w est o f c re atu re s, n ot t h e h ig h est. W ith

s c ath in g i r o ny, h e s u pplie s a s ta rtlin g r e aso n f o r h um an s’ w arlik e n atu re .

T he D am ned H um an R ace

M ark T w ain

I h av e b een s tu dyin g t h e t r a its a n d d is p ositio ns o f t h e l o w er a n im als ( s o -c alle d ), a n d c o ntr a stin g t h em

w ith t h e t r a its a n d d is p ositio ns o f m an . I f in d t h e r e su lt h um ilia tin g t o m e. F or i t o blig es m e t o

r e n ounce m y a lle g ia n ce t o t h e D arw in ia n t h eo ry o f t h e A sc en t o f M an f ro m t h e L ow er A nim als ; s in ce

i t n ow s e em s p la in t o m e t h at t h e t h eo ry o ugh t t o b e v acate d i n f a v or o f a n ew a n d t r u er o ne, t h is n ew

a n d t r u er o ne t o b e n am ed t h e D esc en t o f M an f ro m t h e H ig h er A nim als .

I n p ro ceed in g t o w ard t h is u nple asa n t c o nclu sio n I h av e n ot g u esse d o r s p ecu la te d o r c o nje ctu re d , b ut

h av e u se d w hat i s c o m monly c alle d t h e s c ie n tif ic m eth od. T hat i s t o s a y , I h av e s u bje cte d e v ery

p ostu la te t h at p re se n te d i ts e lf t o t h e c ru cia l t e st o f a ctu al e x perim en t, a n d h av e a d opte d i t o r r e je cte d i t

a cco rd in g t o t h e r e su lt. T hus I v erif ie d a n d e sta b lis h ed e ach s te p o f m y c o urs e i n i ts t u rn b efo re

a d van cin g t o t h e n ex t. T hese e x perim en ts w ere m ad e i n t h e L ondon Z oolo gic al G ard en s, a n d c o vere d

m an y m onth s o f p ain sta k in g a n d f a tig u in g w ork .

B efo re p artic u la riz in g a n y o f t h e e x perim en ts , I w is h t o s ta te o ne o r t w o t h in gs w hic h s e em t o m ore

p ro perly b elo ng i n t h is p la ce t h an f u rth er a lo ng. T his , i n t h e i n te re st o f c le arn ess. T he m ass e d

e x perim en ts e sta b lis h ed t o m y s a tis fa ctio n c erta in g en era liz atio ns, t o w it:

1 . That t h e h um an r a ce i s o f o ne d is tin ct s p ecie s. I t e x hib its s lig h t v aria tio ns ( in c o lo r, s ta tu re ,

m en ta l c alib er, a n d s o o n) d ue t o c lim ate , e n vir o nm en t, a n d s o f o rth ; b ut i t i s a s p ecie s b y i t s e lf , a n d

n ot t o b e c o nfo unded w ith a n y o th er.

2 . That t h e q uad ru ped s a re a d is tin ct f a m ily , a ls o . T his f a m ily e x hib its v aria tio ns ( in c o lo r, s iz e,

f o od p re fe re n ces, a n d s o o n; b ut i t i s a f a m ily b y i ts e lf ).

3 . That t h e o th er f a m ilie s ( th e b ir d s, t h e f is h es, t h e i n se cts , t h e r e p tile s, e tc .) a re m ore o r l e ss

d is tin ct, a ls o . T hey a re i n t h e p ro cessio n. T hey a re l in ks i n t h e c h ain w hic h s tr e tc h es d ow n f ro m t h e

h ig h er a n im als t o m an a t t h e b otto m .

S om e o f m y e x perim en ts w ere q uite c u rio us. I n t h e c o urs e o f m y r e ad in g I h ad c o m e a cro ss a c ase

w here , m an y y ears a g o , s o m e h unte rs o n o ur G re at P la in s o rg an iz ed a b uffa lo h unt f o r t h e

e n te rta in m en t o f a n E nglis h e arl. T hey h ad c h arm in g s p ort. T hey k ille d s e v en ty -tw o o f t h ose g re at

a n im als ; a n d a te p art o f o ne o f t h em a n d l e ft t h e s e v en ty -o ne t o r o t. I n o rd er t o d ete rm in e t h e d if fe r-

e n ce b etw een a n a n aco nda a n d a n e arl ( if a n y) I c au se d s e v en y o ung c alv es t o b e t u rn ed i n to t h e

a n aco nda’s c ag e. T he g ra te fu l r e p tile i m med ia te ly c ru sh ed o ne o f t h em a n d s w allo w ed i t, t h en l a y

b ack s a tis fie d . I t s h ow ed n o f u rth er i n te re st i n t h e c alv es, a n d n o d is p ositio n t o h arm t h em . I t r ie d t h is

e x perim en t w ith o th er a n aco ndas; a lw ay s w ith t h e s a m e r e su lt. T he f a ct s to od p ro ven t h at t h e

d if fe re n ce b etw een a n e arl a n d a n a n aco nda i s t h at t h e e arl i s c ru el a n d t h e a n aco nda i s n ’t; a n d t h at t h e

e arl w an to nly d estr o ys w hat h e h as n o u se f o r, b ut t h e a n aco nda d oesn ’t. T his s e em ed t o s u ggest t h at

t h e a n aco nda w as n ot d esc en ded f ro m t h e e arl. I t a ls o s e em ed t o s u ggest t h at t h e e arl w as d esc en ded

f ro m t h e a n aco nda, a n d h ad l o st a g o od d eal i n t h e t r a n sitio n.

I w as a w are t h at m an y m en w ho h av e a ccu m ula te d m ore m illio ns o f m oney t h an t h ey c an e v er u se

h av e s h ow n a r a b id h unger f o r m ore , a n d h av e n ot s c ru ple d t o c h eat t h e i g n ora n t a n d t h e h elp le ss o ut

o f t h eir p oor s e rv in gs i n o rd er t o p artia lly a p pease t h at a p petite . I f u rn is h ed a h undre d d if fe re n t k in ds

o f w ild a n d t a m e a n im als t h e o pportu nity t o a ccu m ula te v ast s to re s o f f o od, b ut n one o f t h em w ould d o

i t. T he s q uir re ls a n d b ees a n d c erta in b ir d s m ad e a ccu m ula tio ns, b ut s to pped w hen t h ey h ad g ath ere d a

w in te r s s u pply , a n d c o uld n ot b e p ers u ad ed t o a d d t o i t e ith er h onestly o r b y c h ic an e. I n o rd er t o

b ols te r u p a t o tte rin g r e p uta tio n t h e a n t p re te n ded t o s to re u p s u pplie s, b ut I w as n ot d eceiv ed . I k now

t h e a n t. T hese e x perim en ts c o nvin ced m e t h at t h ere i s t h is d if fe re n ce b etw een m an a n d t h e h ig h er

a n im als : h e i s a v aric io us a n d m is e rly ; t h ey a re n ot.

I n t h e c o urs e o f m y e x perim en ts I c o nvin ced m yse lf t h at a m ong t h e a n im als m an i s t h e o nly o ne t h at

h arb ors i n su lts a n d i n ju rie s, b ro ods o ver t h em , w aits t ill a c h an ce o ffe rs , t h en t a k es r e v en ge. T he

p assio n o f r e v en ge i s u nknow n t o t h e h ig h er a n im als .

R ooste rs k eep h are m s, b ut i t i s b y c o nse n t o f t h eir c o ncu bin es; t h ere fo re n o w ro ng i s d one. M en k eep

h are m s b ut i t i s b y b ru te f o rc e, p riv ile g ed b y a tr o cio us l a w s w hic h t h e o th er s e x w ere a llo w ed n o h an d

i n m ak in g. I n t h is m atte r m an o ccu pie s a f a r l o w er p la ce t h an t h e r o oste r.

C ats a re l o ose i n t h eir m ora ls , b ut n ot c o nsc io usly s o . M an , i n h is d esc en t f ro m t h e c at, h as b ro ugh t t h e

c ats l o ose n ess w ith h im b ut h as l e ft t h e u nco nsc io usn ess b eh in d ( th e s a v in g g ra ce w hic h e x cu se s t h e

c at) . T he c at i s i n nocen t, m an i s n ot.

I n decen cy , v ulg arity , o bsc en ity ( th ese a re s tr ic tly c o nfin ed t o m an ); h e i n ven te d t h em . A m ong t h e

h ig h er a n im als t h ere i s n o t r a ce o f t h em . T hey h id e n oth in g; t h ey a re n ot a sh am ed . M an , w ith h is

s o ile d m in d, c o vers h im se lf . H e w ill n ot e v en e n te r a d ra w in g r o om w ith h is b re ast a n d b ac k n ak ed , s o

a liv e a re h e a n d h is m ate s t o i n decen t s u ggestio n. M an i s T he A nim al t h at L au gh s. B ut s o d oes t h e

m onkey , a s M r. D arw in p oin te d o ut; a n d s o d oes t h e A ustr a lia n b ir d t h at i s c alle d t h e l a u gh in g j a ck ass.

N o! M an i s t h e A nim al t h at B lu sh es. H e i s t h e o nly o ne t h at d oes i t o r h as o ccasio n t o .

A t t h e h ead o f t h is a rtic le w e s e e h ow t h re e m onks w ere b urn t t o d eath a f e w d ay s a g o , a n d a p rio r p ut

t o d eath w ith a tr o cio us c ru elty . D o w e i n quir e i n to t h e d eta ils ? N o; o r w e s h ould f in d o ut t h at t h e

p rio r w as s u bje cte d t o u nprin ta b le m utila tio ns. M an ( w hen h e i s a N orth A m eric an I n dia n ) g o uges o ut

h is p ris o ners ’ e y es; w hen h e i s K in g J o hn, w ith a n ep hew t o r e n der u ntr o uble so m e, h e u se s a r e d -h ot

i r o n; w hen h e i s a r e lig io us z ealo t d ealin g w ith h ere tic s i n t h e M id dle A ges, h e s k in s h is c ap tiv e a liv e

a n d s c atte rs s a lt o n h is b ack ; i n t h e f ir s t R ic h ard s t im e h e s h uts u p a m ultitu de o f J e w f a m ili e s i n a

t o w er a n d s e ts f ir e t o i t; i n C olu m bus’s t im e h e c ap tu re s a f a m ily o f S pan is h J e w s a n d ( b ut t h at i s n ot

p rin ta b le ; i n o ur d ay i n E ngla n d a m an i s f in ed t e n s h illin gs f o r b eatin g h is m oth er n early t o d eath w ith

a c h air , a n d a n oth er m an i s f in ed f o rty s h illin gs f o r h av in g f o ur p heasa n t e g gs i n h is p osse ss io n w ith out bein g a b le t o s a tis fa cto rily e x pla in h ow h e g o t t h em ). O f a ll t h e a n im als , m an i s t h e o nly o ne t h at i s

c ru el. H e i s t h e o nly o ne t h at i n flic ts p ain f o r t h e p le asu re o f d oin g i t. I t i s a t r a it t h at i s n ot k now n t o

t h e h ig h er a n im als . T he c at p la y s w ith t h e f rig h te n ed m ouse ; b ut s h e h as t h is e x cu se , t h at s h e d oes n ot

k now t h at t h e m ouse i s s u ffe rin g. T he c at i s m odera te ( u nhum an ly m odera te : s h e o nly s c are s t h e

m ouse , s h e d oes n ot h urt i t; s h e d oesn t d ig o ut i ts e y es, o r t e ar o ff i ts s k in , o r d riv e s p lin te rs u nder i ts

n ails ) m an -fa sh io n; w hen s h e i s d one p la y in g w ith i t s h e m ak es a s u dden m eal o f i t a n d p uts i t o ut o f

i ts t r o uble . M an i s t h e C ru el A nim al. H e i s a lo ne i n t h at d is tin ctio n.

T he h ig h er a n im als e n gag e i n i n div id ual f ig h ts , b ut n ev er i n o rg an iz ed m asse s. M an i s t h e o nly a n im al

t h at d eals i n t h at a tr o city o f a tr o citie s, W ar. H e i s t h e o nly o ne t h at g ath ers h is b re th re n a b ou t h im a n d

g o es f o rth i n c o ld b lo od a n d w ith c alm p uls e t o e x te rm in ate h is k in d. H e i s t h e o nly a n im al t h at f o r

s o rd id w ag es w ill m arc h o ut, a s t h e H essia n s d id i n o ur R ev olu tio n, a n d a s t h e b oyis h P rin ce N ap ole o n

d id i n t h e Z ulu w ar, a n d h elp t o s la u gh te r s tr a n gers o f h is o w n s p ecie s w ho h av e d one h im n o h arm a n d

w ith w hom h e h as n o q uarre l.

M an i s t h e o nly a n im al t h at r o bs h is h elp le ss f e llo w o f h is c o untr y t a k es p osse ssio n o f i t a n d d riv es h im

o ut o f i t o r d estr o ys h im . M an h as d one t h is i n a ll t h e a g es. T here i s n ot a n a cre o f g ro und o n t h e

g lo be t h at i s i n p osse ssio n o f i ts r ig h tf u l o w ner, o r t h at h as n ot b een t a k en a w ay f ro m o w ner a fte r

o w ner, c y cle a fte r c y cle , b y f o rc e a n d b lo odsh ed .

M an i s t h e o nly S la v e. A nd h e i s t h e o nly a n im al w ho e n sla v es. H e h as a lw ay s b een a s la v e i n o ne

f o rm o r a n oth er, a n d h as a lw ay s h eld o th er s la v es i n b ondag e u nder h im i n o ne w ay o r a n oth er. I n o ur

d ay h e i s a lw ay s s o m e m an s s la v e f o r w ag es, a n d d oes t h at m an s w ork ; a n d t h is s la v e h as o th er s la v es

u nder h im f o r m in or w ag es, a n d t h ey d o h is w ork . T he h ig h er a n im als a re t h e o nly o nes w ho

e x clu siv ely d o t h eir o w n w ork a n d p ro vid e t h eir o w n l iv in g.

M an i s t h e o nly P atr io t. H e s e ts h im se lf a p art i n h is o w n c o untr y , u nder h is o w n f la g , a n d s n eers a t t h e

o th er n atio ns, a n d k eep s m ultitu din ous u nif o rm ed a ssa ssin s o n h an d a t h eav y e x pen se t o g ra b s lic es o f

o th er p eo ple s c o untr ie s, a n d k eep t h em f ro m g ra b bin g s lic es o f h is . A nd i n t h e i n te rv als b etw een c am -

p aig n s, h e w ash es t h e b lo od o ff h is h an ds a n d w ork s f o r t h e u niv ers a l b ro th erh ood o f m an , w ith h is

m outh .

M an i s t h e R elig io us A nim al. H e i s t h e o nly R elig io us A nim al. H e i s t h e o nly a n im al t h at h as t h e

T ru e R elig io n, s e v era l o f t h em . H e i s t h e o nly a n im al t h at l o ves h is n eig h bor a s h im se lf , a n d c u ts h is

t h ro at i f h is t h eo lo gy i s n ’t s tr a ig h t. H e h as m ad e a g ra v ey ard o f t h e g lo be i n t r y in g h is h onest b est t o

s m ooth h is b ro th er’s p ath t o h ap pin ess a n d h eav en . H e w as a t i t i n t h e t im e o f t h e C aesa rs , h e w as a t i t

i n M ah om et’ s t im e, h e w as a t i t i n t h e t im e o f t h e I n quis itio n, h e w as a t i t i n F ra n ce a c o uple o f c en -

t u rie s, h e w as a t i t i n E ngla n d i n M ary ’s d ay , h e h as b een a t i t e v er s in ce h e f ir s t s a w t h e l ig h t, h e i s a t

i t t o day i n C re te ( a s p er t h e t e le g ra m s q uote d a b ove) h e w ill b e a t i t s o m ew here e ls e t o m orro w . T he

h ig h er a n im als h av e n o r e lig io n. A nd w e a re t o ld t h at t h ey a re g o in g t o b e l e ft o ut, i n t h e H ere afte r. I

w onder w hy? I t s e em s q uestio nab le t a ste .

M an i s t h e R easo nin g A nim al. S uch i s t h e c la im . I t h in k i t i s o pen t o d is p ute . I n deed , m y

e x perim en ts h av e p ro ven t o m e t h at h e i s t h e U nre aso nin g A nim al. N ote h is h is to ry , a s s k etc h ed

a b ove. I t s e em s p la in t o m e t h at w hate v er h e i s h e i s n ot a r e aso nin g a n im al. H is r e co rd i s t h e f a n ta stic

r e co rd o f a m an ia c. I c o nsid er t h at t h e s tr o ngest c o unt a g ain st h is i n te llig en ce i s t h e f a ct t h at w ith t h at

r e co rd b ack o f h im h e b la n dly s e ts h im se lf u p a s t h e h ead a n im al o f t h e l o t: w here as b y h is o w n

s ta n dard s h e i s t h e b otto m o ne.

I n t r u th , m an i s i n cu ra b ly f o olis h . S im ple t h in gs w hic h t h e o th er a n im als e asily l e arn , h e i s i n cap ab le

o f l e arn in g. A m ong m y e x perim en ts w as t h is . I n a n h our I t a u gh t a c at a n d a d og t o b e f rie n ds. I p ut

t h em i n a c ag e. I n a n oth er h our I t a u gh t t h em t o b e f rie n ds w ith a r a b bit. I n t h e c o urs e o f t w o d ay s I was a b le t o a d d a f o x , a g o ose , a s q uir re l a n d s o m e d oves. F in ally a m onkey . T hey l iv ed t o geth er i n

p eace; e v en a ffe ctio nate ly .

N ex t, i n a n oth er c ag e I c o nfin ed a n I r is h C ath olic f ro m T ip pera ry , a n d a s s o on a s h e s e em ed t a m e I

a d ded a S co tc h P re sb yte ria n f ro m A berd een . N ex t a T urk f ro m C onsta n tin ople ; a G re ek C hris tia n

f ro m C re te ; a n A rm en ia n ; a M eth odis t f ro m t h e w ild s o f A rk an sa s; a B uddhis t f ro m C hin a; a B ra h m an

f ro m B en are s. F in ally , a S alv atio n A rm y C olo nel f ro m W ap pin g. T hen I s ta y ed a w ay t w o w hole d ay s.

W hen I c am e b ack t o n ote r e su lts , t h e c ag e o f H ig h er A nim als w as a ll r ig h t, b ut i n t h e o th er t h ere w as

b ut a c h ao s o f g o ry o dds a n d e n ds o f t u rb an s a n d f e z zes a n d p la id s a n d b ones a n d f le sh n ot a s p ecim en

l e ft a liv e. T hese R easo nin g A nim als h ad d is a g re ed o n a t h eo lo gic al d eta il a n d c arrie d t h e m atte r t o a

H ig h er C ourt.

O ne i s o blig ed t o c o nced e t h at i n t r u e l o ftin ess o f c h ara cte r, M an c an not c la im t o a p pro ach e v en t h e

m ean est o f t h e H ig h er A nim als . I t i s p la in t h at h e i s c o nstitu tio nally i n cap ab le o f a p pro ach in g t h at

a ltitu de; t h at h e i s c o nstitu tio nally a fflic te d w ith a D efe ct w hic h m ust m ak e s u ch a p pro ach f o re v er

i m possib le , f o r i t i s m an if e st t h at t h is d efe ct i s p erm an en t i n h im , i n destr u ctib le , i n era d ic ab le .

I f in d t h is D efe ct t o b e t h e M ora l S en se . H e i s t h e o nly a n im al t h at h as i t. I t i s t h e s e cre t o f h is

d eg ra d atio n. I t i s t h e q uality w hic h e n ab le s h im t o d o w ro ng. I t h as n o o th er o ffic e. I t i s i n c ap ab le o f

p erfo rm in g a n y o th er f u nctio n. I t c o uld n ev er h ate b een i n te n ded t o p erfo rm a n y o th er. W ith out i t,

m an c o uld d o n o w ro ng. H e w ould r is e a t o nce t o t h e l e v el o f t h e H ig h er A nim als .

S in ce t h e M ora l S en se h as b ut t h e o ne o ffic e, t h e o ne c ap acity ( to e n ab le m an t o d o w ro ng) i t i s

p la in ly w ith out v alu e t o h im . I t i s a s v alu ele ss t o h im a s i s d is e ase . I n f a ct, i t m an if e stly i s a d is e ase .

R ab ie s i s b ad , b ut i t i s n ot s o b ad a s t h is d is e ase . R ab ie s e n ab le s a m an t o d o a t h in g, w hic h h e c o uld

n ot d o w hen i n a h ealth y s ta te : k ill h is n eig h bor w ith a p ois o nous b ite . N C) o ne i s t h e b ette r m an f o r

h av in g r a b ie s: T he M ora l S en se e n ab le s a m an t o d o w ro ng. I t e n ab le s h im t o d o w ro ng i n a t h ousa n d

w ay s. R ab ie s i s a n i n nocen t d is e ase , c o m pare d t o t h e M ora l S en se . N o o ne, t h en , c an b e t h e b ette r

m an f o r h av in g t h e M ora l S en se . W hat n ow , d o w e f in d t h e P rim al C urs e t o h av e b een ? P la in ly w hat

i t w as i n t h e b eg in nin g: t h e i n flic tio n u pon m an o f t h e M ora l S en se ; t h e a b ility t o d is tin gu is h g o od

f ro m e v il; a n d w ith i t, n ecessa rily , t h e a b ility t o d o e v il; f o r t h ere c an b e n o e v il a ct w ith out t h e

p re se n ce o f c o nsc io usn ess o f i t i n t h e d oer o f i t.

A nd s o I f in d t h at w e h av e d esc en ded a n d d eg en era te d , f ro m s o m e f a r a n cesto r ( s o m e m ic ro sc o pic

a to m w an derin g a t i ts p le asu re b etw een t h e m ig h ty h oriz o ns o f a d ro p o f w ate r p erc h an ce) i n se ct b y

i n se ct, a n im al b y a n im al, r e p tile b y r e p tile , d ow n t h e l o ng h ig h w ay o f s m ir c h l e ss i n nocen ce , t ill w e

h av e r e ach ed t h e b otto m s ta g e o f d ev elo pm en t ( n am ab le a s t h e H um an B ein g). B elo w u s, n oth in g.

D is c u ssio n Q uestio n : H ow d oes T w ain u se s a tir e i n t h is e ssa y ? B e s p ecif ic a n d r e fe r t o t h e t e x t

a lo n g w ith y o u r e x pla n atio n .

S um mary R esp on se A ssig n m en t: W rite a s u m mary r e sp on se o n T w ain ’s e ssa y , T he D am ned

H um an R ace.

· In t h e f ir s t p art o f y o ur p ap er, t h e s u m mary , y o u s h ould o bje ctiv ely

( w ith out b ia s) s u m mariz e

t h e e ssa y b y d is c ern in g o nly t h e m ost s ig n if ic an t p oin ts T w ain m ak es. D o n ot i n clu d e a n aly sis ,

i n te rp re ta tio n, e v alu atio n, o r o pin io n. S im ply r e p ort t h e “ g u ts ” o f h is e ssa y . U se a ca d em ic ,

t h ir d p ers o n v oic e i n t h is s e ctio n.

· In t h e s e co nd p art o f y o ur p ap er, t h e r esp on se , c o m men t o n T w ain ’s e ssa y . H ow d o y o u

i n te rp re t i t? W hat d o y o u t h in k a b out i t? W ith w hic h p oin ts d o y o u a g re e o r d is a g re e? W hy?

E valu ate T w ain ’s e ssa y . I s i t e ffe ctiv e o r i n effe ctiv e i n m ak in g h is p oin t? W hy? U se f ir s t

p ers o n v oic e i n t h is s e ctio n b ecau se y o u a re p ro vid in g y o ur o w n o pin io n.