Argumentative Essay:Should everyone go to college?

MLA Style Modern Language Association style calls for (1) brief in-text docu- mentation and (2) complete documentation in a list of works cited at the end of your text. The models in this chapter draw on the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition (2009). Additional information is available at www.mla.org.

A DIRECTORY TO MLA STYLE In-Text Documentation 112 1. Author named in a signal phrase 113 2. Author named in parentheses 113 3. Two or more works by the same author 113 4. Authors with the same last name 114 5. Two or more authors 114 6. Organization or government as author 114 7. Author unknown 115 8. Literary works 115 9. Work in an anthology 116 10. Encyclopedia or dictionary 116 11. Legal and historical documents 116 12. Sacred text 117 13. Multivolume work 117 14. Two or more works cited together 117 15. Source quoted in another source 118 16. Work without page numbers 118 17. An entire work or one-page article 118 Notes 119 109 LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 109 11/22/13 8:39 AM 110 List of Works Cited 119 PRINT BOOKS 119 Documentation Map: Print Book 121 1. One author 120 2. Two or more works by the same author(s) 120 3. Two or three authors 122 4. Four or more authors 122 5. Organization or government as author 122 6. Anthology 123 7. Work(s) in an anthology 123 8. Author and editor 124 9. No author or editor 124 10. Translation 124 11. Graphic narrative 125 12. Foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword 125 13. Multivolume work 125 14. Article in a reference book 125 15. Book in a series 126 16. Sacred text 126 17. Book with a title within the title 127 18. Edition other than the first 127 19. Republished work 127 20. Publisher and imprint 127 PRINT PERIODICALS 128 Documentation Map: Article in a Print Journal 130 Documentation Map: Article in a Print Magazine 131 21. Article in a journal 128 22. Article in a journal numbered by issue 128 23. Article in a magazine 129 MLA LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 110 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 111 A Directory to MLA Style 24. Article in a daily newspaper 129 25. Unsigned article 129 26. Editorial 132 27. Letter to the editor 132 28. Review 132 ONLINE SOURCES 132 Documentation Map: Work from a Website 134 Documentation Map: Article Accessed through a Database 138 29. Entire website 133 30. Work from a website 135 31. Online book or part of a book 135 32. Article in an online scholarly journal 135 33. Article in an online newspaper 136 34. Article in an online magazine 136 35. Blog entry 136 36. Article accessed through a database 136 37. Online editorial 137 38. Online film review 137 39. Email 137 40. Posting to an online forum 137 41. Article in an online reference work 139 42. Wiki entry 139 43. Podcast 139 44. Tweet 139 OTHER KINDS OF SOURCES 139 45. Advertisement 140 46. Art 140 47. Cartoon 140 48. Dissertation 141 49. CD-ROM or DVD-ROM 141 MLA LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 111 11/22/13 8:39 AM 112 MLA-a 50. Film, DVD, or video clip 141 51. Broadcast interview 142 52. Published interview 142 53. Personal interview 142 54. Unpublished letter 142 55. Published letter 143 56. Map or chart 143 57. Musical score 143 58. Sound recording 143 59. Oral presentation 144 60. Paper from proceedings of a conference 144 61. Performance 144 62. Television or radio program 145 63. Pamphlet, brochure, or press release 145 64. Legal source 145 65. MP3, JPEG, PDF, or other digital file 146 SOURCES NOT COVERED BY MLA 146 Formatting a Paper 146 Sample Research Paper 148 Throughout this chapter, you’ll find models and examples that are color-coded to help you see how writers include source information in their texts and lists of works cited: brown for author or editor, yellow for title, gray for publication information: place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page number(s), and so on.

MLA-a In-Text Documentation Brief documentation in your text makes clear to your reader what you took from a source and where in the source you found the information. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 112 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 113 MLA-a in-Text Documentation In your text, you have three options for citing a source: quoting , paraphrasing , and summari\bing . As you cite each source, you will need to decide whether or not to name the author in a signal phrase — “as Toni Morrison writes” — or in parentheses — “(Morrison 24).” The first examples in this chapter show basic in-text documenta- tion of a work by one author. Variations on those examples follow. The examples illustrate the MLA style of using quotation marks around titles of short works and italicizing titles of long works.

1. AUTHOR NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE If you mention the author in a signal phrase , put only the page number(s) in parentheses. Do not write page or p. McCullough describes John Adams’s hands as those of someone used to manual labor (18). 2. AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES If you do not mention the author in a signal phrase, put his or her last name in parentheses along with the page number(s). Do not use punctuation between the name and the page number(s). Adams is said to have had “the hands of a man accustomed to pruning his own trees, cutting his own hay, and splitting his own firewood” (McCullough 18). Whether you use a signal phrase and parentheses or parentheses only, try to put the parenthetical documentation at the end of the sentence or as close as possible to the material you’ve cited — without awkwardly interrupting the sentence. Notice that in the example above, the parenthetical reference comes after the closing quotation marks but before the period at the end of the sentence.

3. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR If you cite multiple works by one author, include the title of the work you are citing either in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Give the full title if it’s brief; otherwise, give a short version. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 113 11/22/13 8:39 AM 114 MLA-a authortitlepublication Kaplan insists that understanding power in the Near East requires “Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without illusions” (Eastward 330). Include a comma between author and title if you include both in the parentheses. Understanding power in the Near East requires “Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without illusions” (Kaplan, Eastward 330). 4. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME Give the author’s first name in any signal phrase or the author’s first initial in the parenthetical reference. Imaginative applies not only to modern literature (E. Wilson) but also to writing of all periods, whereas magical is often used in writing about Arthurian romances (A. Wilson). 5. TWO OR MORE AUTHORS For a work by two or three authors, name all the authors, either in a signal phrase or in the parentheses. Carlson and Ventura’s stated goal is to introduce Julio Cortázar, Marjorie Agosín, and other Latin American writers to an audience of English-speaking adolescents (v). For a work with four or more authors, either mention all their names or include just the name of the first author followed by et al., Latin for “and others.” One popular survey of American literature breaks the contents into sixteen thematic groupings (Anderson et al. A19-24). 6. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR Acknowledge the organization either in a signal phrase or in paren- theses. It’s acceptable to shorten long names. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 114 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 115 MLA-a in-Text Documentation The U.S. government can be direct when it wants to be. For example, it sternly warns, “If you are overpaid, we will recover any payments not due you” (Social Security Administration 12). 7. AUTHOR UNKNOWN If you don’t know the author, use the work’s title or a shortened ver - sion of the title in the parentheses. A powerful editorial in last week’s paper asserts that healthy liver donor Mike Hurewitz died because of “frightening” faulty postoperative care (“Every Patient’s Nightmare”). 8. LITERARY WORKS When referring to literary works that are available in many different editions, give the page numbers from the edition you are using, fol- lowed by information that will let readers of any edition locate the text you are citing.

N OVELS. Give the page and chapter number. In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bennet shows no warmth toward Jane and Elizabeth when they return from Netherfield (105; ch. 12). VERSE PLAYS. Give the act, scene, and line numbers; separate them with periods. Macbeth continues the vision theme when he addresses the Ghost with “Thou hast no speculation in those eyes / Which thou dost glare with” (3.3.96-97). POEMS. Give the part and the line numbers (separated by periods). If a poem has only line numbers, use the word line(s) in the first reference. Whitman sets up not only opposing adjectives but also opposing nouns in “Song of Myself” when he says, “I am of old and LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 115 11/22/13 8:39 AM 116 MLA-a authortitlepublication young, of the foolish as much as the wise, / . . . a child as well as a man” (16.330-32).

One description of the mere in Beowulf is “not a pleasant place!” (line 1372). Later, the label is “the awful place” (1378). 9. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Name the author(s) of the work, not the editor of the anthology — either in a signal phrase or in parentheses. “It is the teapots that truly shock,” according to Cynthia Ozick in her essay on teapots as metaphor (70).

In In Short: A Collection of Creative Nonfiction, readers will find both an essay on Scottish tea (Hiestand) and a piece on teapots as metaphors (Ozick). 10. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY Acknowledge an entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary by giving the author’s name, if available. For an entry in a reference work without an author, give the entry’s title in parentheses. If entries are arranged alphabetically, no page number is needed. According to Funk & Wagnall’s New World Encyclopedia, early in his career Kubrick’s main source of income came from “hustling chess games in Washington Square Park” (“Kubrick, Stanley”). 11. LEGAL AND HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS For legal cases and acts of law, name the case or act in a signal phrase or in parentheses. Italicize the name of a legal case. In 2005, the Supreme Court confirmed in MGM Studios, Inc. v.

Grokster, Ltd. that peer-to-peer file sharing is illegal copyright infringement. Do not italicize the titles of laws, acts, or well-known historical docu- ments such as the Declaration of Independence. Give the title and any relevant articles and sections in parentheses. It’s okay to use common abbreviations such as art. or sec. and to abbreviate well-known titles. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 116 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 117 MLA-a in-Text Documentation The president is also granted the right to make recess appointments (US Const., art. 2, sec. 2). 12. SACRED TEXT When citing sacred texts such as the Bible or the Qur’an, give the title of the edition used, and in parentheses give the book, chapter, and verse (or their equivalent), separated by periods. MLA style rec- ommends that you abbreviate the names of the books of the Bible in parenthetical references. The wording from The New English Bible follows: “In the beginning of creation, when God made heaven and earth, the earth was without form and void, with darkness over the face of the abyss, and a mighty wind that swept over the surface of the waters” (Gen. 1.1-2). 13. MULTIVOLUME WORK If you cite more than one volume of a multivolume work, each time you cite one of the volumes, give the volume and the page number(s) in parentheses, separated by a colon. Sandburg concludes with the following sentence about those paying last respects to Lincoln: “All day long and through the night the unbroken line moved, the home town having its farewell” (4: 413). If your works-cited list includes only a single volume of a multi- volume work, give just the page number in parentheses.

14. TWO OR MORE WORKS CITED TOGETHER If you’re citing two or more works closely together, you will some- times need to provide a parenthetical reference for each one. Tanner (7) and Smith (viii) have looked at works from a cultural perspective. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 117 11/22/13 8:39 AM 118 MLA-a authortitlepublication If you include both in the same parentheses, separate the references with a semicolon. Critics have looked at both Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein from a cultural perspective (Tanner 7; Smith viii). 15. SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE When you are quoting text that you found quoted in another source, use the abbreviation qtd. in in the parenthetical reference. Charlotte Brontë wrote to G. H. Lewes: “Why do you like Miss Austen so very much? I am puzzled on that point” (qtd. in Tanner 7). 16. WORK WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS For works without page numbers, including many online sources, identify the source using the author or other information either in a signal phrase or in parentheses. Studies reported in Scientific American and elsewhere show that music training helps children to be better at multitasking later in life (“Hearing the Music”). If the source has paragraph or section numbers, use them with the abbreviation par. or sec.: (“Hearing the Music,” par. 2). If an online work is available as a PDF with page numbers, give the page number(s) in parentheses.

17. AN ENTIRE WORK OR ONE-PAGE ARTICLE If you cite an entire work rather than a part of it, or if you cite a single- page article, identify the author in a signal phrase or in parentheses.

There’s no need to include page numbers. At least one observer considers Turkey and Central Asia explosive (Kaplan). LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 118 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 119 MLA-c List of Works Cited MLA-b Notes Sometimes you may need to give information that doesn’t fit into the text itself — to thank people who helped you, to provide additional details, to refer readers to other sources, or to add comments about sources. Such information can be given in a footnote (at the bottom of the page) or an endnote (on a separate page with the heading Notes just before your works-cited list). Put a superscript number at the appropriate point in your text, signaling to readers to look for the note with the corresponding number. If you have multiple notes, number them consecutively throughout your paper. TEXT This essay will argue that small liberal arts colleges should not recruit athletes and, more specifically, that giving student athletes preferential treatment undermines the larger educational goals. 1 NOTE 1. I want to thank all those who have contributed to my thinking on this topic, especially my classmates and my teachers Marian Johnson and Diane O’Connor. MLA-c List of Works Cited A works-cited list provides full bibliographic information for every source cited in your text. See p. 148 for guidelines on preparing this list; for a sample works-cited list, see pp. 156–57.

Print Books For most books, you’ll need to provide information about the author; the title and any subtitle; and the place of publication, publisher, and date. At the end of the citation, provide the medium — Print. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 119 11/22/13 8:39 AM 120 MLA-c authortitlepublication IMPORTANT DETAILS FOR DOCUMENTING PRINT BOOKS • authors: Include the author’s middle name or initials, if any.

• titles: Capitalize all principal words in titles and subtitles. Do not capitalize a, an, the, to, or any prepositions or coordinating conjunctions unless they are the first or last word of a title or subtitle.

• publication place: If there’s more than one city, use the first.

• publisher: Use a short form of the publisher’s name (Norton for W. W. Norton & Company, Yale UP for Yale University Press).

• dates: If more than one year is given, use the most recent one.

1. ONE AUTHOR Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Anderson, Curtis. The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More. New York: Hyperion, 2006. Print. 2. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR(S) Give the author’s name in the first entry, and then use three hyphens in the author slot for each of the subsequent works, listing them alphabetically by the first important word of each title. Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title That Comes First Alphabetically.

Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

---. Title That Comes Next Alphabetically. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Kaplan, Robert D. The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Random, 2000. Print.

---. Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus. New York: Random, 2000. Print. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 120 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 121 MLA-c List of Works Cited Documentation Map (MLA) print book Subtitle Author Year of publication Publication city Ekirch, A. Roger. At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past. New York:

Norton, 2005. Print. Title Publisher LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 121 11/22/13 8:39 AM 122 MLA-c authortitlepublication 3. TWO OR THREE AUTHORS First Author’s Last Name, First Name, Second Author’s First and Last Names, and Third Author’s First and Last Names. Title.

Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Malless, Stanley, and Jeffrey McQuain. Coined by God: Words and Phrases That First Appear in the English Translations of the Bible. New York: Norton, 2003. Print.

Sebranek, Patrick, Verne Meyer, and Dave Kemper. Writers INC: A Guide to Writing, Thinking, and Learning. Burlington: Write Source, 1990. Print. 4. FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS You may give each author’s name or the name of the first author only, followed by et al., Latin for “and others.” First Author’s Last Name, First Name, Second Author’s First and Last Names, Third Author’s First and Last Names, and Final Author’s First and Last Names. Title. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Anderson, Robert, John Malcolm Brinnin, John Leggett, Gary Q. Arpin, and Susan Allen Toth. Elements of Literature: Literature of the United States. Austin: Holt, 1993. Print.

Anderson, Robert, et al. Elements of Literature: Literature of the United States. Austin: Holt, 1993. Print. 5. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR Organization Name. Title. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Diagram Group. The Macmillan Visual Desk Reference. New York:

Macmillan, 1993. Print. For a government publication, give the name of the government first, followed by the names of any department and agency. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 122 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 123 MLA-c List of Works Cited United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Natl. Inst. of Mental Health. Autism Spectrum Disorders. Washington: GPO, 2004. Print. 6. ANTHOLOGY Editor’s Last Name, First Name, ed. Title. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Hall, Donald, ed. The Oxford Book of Children’s Verse in America.

New York: Oxford UP, 1985. Print. If there is more than one editor, list the first editor last-name-first and the others first-name-first. Kitchen, Judith, and Mary Paumier Jones, eds. In Short: A Collection of Brief Creative Nonfiction. New York: Norton, 1996. Print. 7. WORK(S) IN AN ANTHOLOGY Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Title of Anthology.

Ed. Editor’s First and Last Names. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Pages. Medium.

Achebe, Chinua. “Uncle Ben’s Choice.” The Seagull Reader:

Literature. Ed. Joseph Kelly. New York: Norton, 2005. 23-27.

Print. To document two or more selections from one anthology, list each selection by author and title, followed by the anthology editors’ names and the pages of the selection. Then include an entry for the anthology itself (see no. 6). Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Anthology Editor’s Last Name Pages.

Hiestand, Emily. “Afternoon Tea.” Kitchen and Jones 65-67.

Ozick, Cynthia. “The Shock of Teapots.” Kitchen and Jones 68-71. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 123 11/22/13 8:39 AM 124 MLA-c authortitlepublication 8. AUTHOR AND EDITOR Start with the author if you’ve cited the text itself. Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Ed. Editor’s First and Last Names. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication.

Medium.

Austen, Jane. Emma. Ed. Stephen M. Parrish. New York: Norton, 2000. Print. Start with the editor to cite his or her contribution rather than the author’s. Editor’s Last Name, First Name, ed. Title. By Author’s First and Last Names. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication.

Medium.

Parrish, Stephen M., ed. Emma. By Jane Austen. New York: Norton, 2000. Print. 9. NO AUTHOR OR EDITOR Title. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

2008 New York City Restaurants. New York: Zagat, 2008. Print. 10. TRANSLATION Start with the author to emphasize the work itself. Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Trans. Translator’s First and Last Names. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication.

Medium.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York: Vintage, 1993. Print. Start with the translator to emphasize the translation. Pevear, Richard, and Larissa Volokhonsky, trans. Crime and Punishment. By Fyodor Dostoevsky. New York: Vintage, 1993.

Print. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 124 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 125 MLA-c List of Works Cited 11. GRAPHIC NARRATIVE Start with the person whose work is most relevant to your research, and include labels to indicate each person’s role. Pekar, Harvey, writer. American Splendor. Illus. R. Crumb. New York:

Four Walls, 1996. Print.

Crumb, R., illus. American Splendor. By Harvey Pekar. New York: Four Walls, 1996. Print. If the work was written and illustrated by the same person, format the entry like that of a book by one author (see no. 1).

12. FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORD Part Author’s Last Name, First Name. Name of Part. Title of Book. By Author’s First and Last Names. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Pages. Medium.

Tanner, Tony. Introduction. Pride and Prejudice. By Jane Austen.

London: Penguin, 1972. 7-46. Print. 13. MULTIVOLUME WORK If you cite more than one volume of a multivolume work, give the total number of volumes after the title. Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Complete Work. Number of vols. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. 4 vols. New York:

Harcourt, 1939. Print. If you cite only one volume, give the volume number after the title. Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. Vol. 2. New York:

Harcourt, 1939. Print. 14. ARTICLE IN A REFERENCE BOOK Provide the author’s name if the article is signed. If the reference work is well known, give only the edition and year of publication. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 125 11/22/13 8:39 AM 126 MLA-c authortitlepublication Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Reference Book. Edition number. Year of publication. Medium.

“Kiwi.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. 2003.

Print. If the reference work is less familiar or more specialized, give full publication information. If it has only one volume or is in its first edition, omit that information. Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Reference Book. Ed. Editor’s First and Last Name. Edition number.

Number of vols. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Campbell, James. “The Harlem Renaissance.” The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry. Ed. Ian Hamilton. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1994. Print. 15. BOOK IN A SERIES Editor’s Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book. By Author’s First and Last Names. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium. Series Title abbreviated.

Wall, Cynthia, ed. The Pilgrim’s Progress. By John Bunyan. New York:

Norton, 2007. Print. Norton Critical Ed. 16. SACRED TEXT If you have cited a specific edition of a religious text, you need to include it in your works-cited list. The New English Bible with the Apocrypha. New York: Oxford UP, 1971. Print.

The Torah: A Modern Commentary. Ed. W. Gunther Plaut. New York: Union of Amer. Hebrew Congregations, 1981. Print. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 126 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 127 MLA-c List of Works Cited 17. BOOK WITH A TITLE WITHIN THE TITLE When the title of a book contains the title of another long work, do not italicize that title. Walker, Roy. Time Is Free: A Study of Macbeth. London: Dakers, 1949. Print. When the book title contains the title of a short work, put the short work in quotation marks, and italicize the entire title. Thompson, Lawrance Roger. “Fire and Ice”: The Art and Thought of Robert Frost. New York: Holt, 1942. Print. 18. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Name or number of ed.

Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Hirsch, E. D., Jr., ed. What Your Second Grader Needs to Know:

Fundamentals of a Good Second-Grade Education. Rev. ed.

New York: Doubleday, 1998. Print. 19. REPUBLISHED WORK Give the original publication date after the title, followed by the pub- lication information of the republished edition. Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Year of original edition.

Publication City: Current Publisher, Year of republication.

Medium.

Bierce, Ambrose. Civil War Stories. 1909. New York: Dover, 1994.

Print. 20. PUBLISHER AND IMPRINT Some sources may provide both a publisher’s name and an imprint on the title page; if so, include both, with a hyphen between the imprint and the publisher. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 127 11/22/13 8:39 AM 128 MLA-c authortitlepublication Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publication City: Imprint- Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. New York: Levine-Scholastic, 2000. Print. Print Periodicals For most articles, you’ll need to provide information about the author, the article title and any subtitle, the periodical title, any vol- ume or issue num ber, the date, inclusive page numbers, and the medium — Print.

IMPORTANT DETAILS FOR DOCUMENTING PRINT PERIODICALS • authors: If there is more than one author, list the first author last-name-first and the others first-name-first.

• titles: Capitalize titles and subtitles as you would for a book (see p. 120). For periodical titles, omit any initial A, An, or The.

• dates: Abbreviate the names of months except for May, June, or July: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. Journals pag- inated by volume or issue need only the year (in parentheses).

• pages: If an article does not fall on consecutive pages, give the first page with a plus sign (551).

21. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Pages. Medium.

Cooney, Brian C. “Considering Robinson Crusoe’s ‘Liberty of Conscience’ in an Age of Terror.” College English 69.3 (2007):

197-215. Print. 22. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL NUMBERED BY ISSUE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal Issue (Year): Pages. Medium. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 128 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 129 MLA-c List of Works Cited Flynn, Kevin. “The Railway in Canadian Poetry.” Canadian Literature 174 (2002): 70-95. Print. 23. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine Day Month Year: Pages. Medium.

Walsh, Bryan. “Not a Watt to Be Wasted.” Time 17 Mar. 2008: 46-47.

Print. For a monthly magazine, include only the month and year. Fellman, Bruce. “Leading the Libraries.” Yale Alumni Magazine Feb.

2002: 26-31. Print. 24. ARTICLE IN A DAILY NEWSPAPER Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper Day Month Year: Pages. Medium.

Springer, Shira. “Celtics Reserves Are Whizzes vs. Wizards.” Boston Globe 14 Mar. 2005: D41. Print. To document a particular edition of a newspaper, list the edition (late ed., natl. ed., etc.) after the date. If a section is not identified by a letter or number, put the name of the section after the edition information. Burns, John F., and Miguel Helft. “Under Pressure, YouTube Withdraws Muslim Cleric’s Videos.” New York Times 4 Nov.

2010, late ed., sec. 1: 13. Print. 25. UNSIGNED ARTICLE “Title of Article.” Name of Publication Day Month Year: Pages.

Medium.

“Being Invisible Closer to Reality.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution 11 Aug. 2008: A3. Print. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 129 11/22/13 8:39 AM Documentation Map (MLA) article in a print jour\hnal Title of arti cle Author Pages Issue Weinberger, Jerry. “Pious Princes and Red-Hot Lovers: The Politics of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.” Journal of Politics 65.2 (2003): 350-75. Print. Volume Title of journal Year 130 LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 130 11/22/13 8:39 AM Documentation Map (MLA) article in a print maga\h\bine Fox, Michael W. “The Wolf in Your Dog.” Bark Mar.-Apr. 2008: 85-87. Print. Title of article Author Page Month and year Title of magazine 131 LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 131 11/22/13 8:39 AM 132 MLA-c authortitlepublication 26. EDITORIAL “Title.” Editorial. Name of Publication Day Month Year: Page.

Medium.

“Gas, Cigarettes Are Safe to Tax.” Editorial. Lakeville Journal 17 Feb.

2005: A10. Print. 27. LETTER TO THE EDITOR Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title (if any).” Letter. Name of Publication Day Month Year: Page. Medium.

Festa, Roger. “Social Security: Another Phony Crisis.” Letter. Lakeville Journal 17 Feb. 2005: A10. Print. 28. REVIEW Reviewer’s Last Name, First Name. “Title (if any) of Review.” Rev. of Title of Work, by Author’s First and Last Names. Title of Periodical Day Month Year: Pages. Medium.

Frank, Jeffrey. “Body Count.” Rev. of The Exception, by Christian Jungersen. New Yorker 30 July 2007: 86-87. Print. Online Sources Not every online source gives you all the data that MLA would like to see in a works-cited entry. Ideally, you will be able to list the author’s name, the title, information about any print publication, information about electronic publication (title of site, editor, date of first electronic publica tion and /or most recent revision, name of the publisher or sponsoring institution), the publication medium, the date of access, and, if necessary, a URL.

IMPORTANT DETAILS FOR DOCUMENTING ONLINE SOURCES • authors or editors and titles: Format authors and titles as you would for a print book or periodical (see pp. 120, 128).

• publisher: If the name of the publisher or sponsoring institution is unavailable, use N.p. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 132 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 133 MLA-c List of Works Cited • dates: Abbreviate the months as you would for a print periodical (see p. 128). Although MLA asks for the date when materials were first posted or most recently updated, you won’t always be able to find that information; if it’s unavailable, use n.d. Be sure to include the date on which you accessed the source.

• pages: If documentation calls for page numbers but the source is unpaginated, use n. pag. in place of page numbers.

• medium: Indicate the medium — Web, Email, Tweet, and so on.

• url: MLA assumes that readers can locate most sources on the web by searching for the author, title, or other identifying infor - mation, so they don’t require a URL for most online sources.

When users can’t locate the source without a URL, give the address of the website in angle brackets. When a URL won’t fit on one line, break it only after a slash (and do not add a hyphen).

If a URL is very long, consider giving the URL of the site’s home or search page instead.

29. ENTIRE WEBSITE For websites with an editor, compiler, director, narrator, or translator, follow the name with the appropriate abbreviation (ed., comp.). Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Site. Publisher or Sponsoring Institution, Date posted or last updated. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

Zalta, Edward N., ed. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford U, 2007. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.

PERSONAL WEBSITE Author’s Last Name, First Name. Home page. Sponsor, Date posted or last updated. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

Nunberg, Geoffrey. Home page. School of Information, U of California, Berkeley, 2009. Web. 13 Apr. 2013. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 133 11/22/13 8:39 AM Documentation Map (MLA) work from a website Title of site Title of article Sponsoring institution Callicott, J. Baird. “Environmental Ethics: An Overview.” Forum on Religion and Ecology. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, 2000. Web. 17 Sept. 2013. Author Date posted or last updated LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 134 11/22/13 8:39 AM authortitlepublication 135 MLA-c List of Works Cited 30. WORK FROM A WEBSITE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Title of Site. Ed.

Editor’s First and Last Names. Sponsor, Date posted or last updated. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

Buff, Rachel Ida. “Becoming American.” Immigration History Research Center. U of Minnesota, 24 Mar. 2008. Web. 4 Apr.

2013. 31. ONLINE BOOK OR PART OF A BOOK Document a book you access online as you would a print book, adding the name of the site or database, the medium, and the date of access. Anderson, Sherwood. Winesburg, Ohio. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1919. Bartleby.com. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. To document a part of a book, put the part in quotation marks before the book title. If the online book is paginated, give the pages; if not, use N. pag. Anderson, Sherwood. “The Strength of God.” Winesburg, Ohio. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1919. N. pag. Bartleby.com. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. When documenting a book you’ve downloaded onto a Kindle, iPad, or other digital device, follow the documentation setup for a print book, but indicate the ebook format at the end of the reference. Larson, Erik. The Devil in the White City: Murder, Mayhem, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America. New York:

Vintage, 2004. Kindle. 32. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE SCHOLARLY JOURNAL If a journal does not number pages or if it numbers each article separately, use n. pag. in place of page numbers. Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Pages. Medium. Day Month Year of access. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 135 11/22/13 8:39 AM 136 MLA-c authortitlepublication Gleckman, Jason. “Shakespeare as Poet or Playwright? The Player’s Speech in Hamlet.” Early Modern Literary Studies 11.3 (2006):

n. pag. Web. 24 June 2013. 33. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE NEWSPAPER Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Newspaper. Publisher, Day Month Year. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

Banerjee, Neela. “Proposed Religion-Based Program for Federal Inmates Is Canceled.” New York Times. New York Times, 28 Oct. 2006. Web. 24 June 2013. 34. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE MAGAZINE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine.

Publisher, Date of publication. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

Lithwick, Dahlia. “Privacy Rights Inc.” Slate. Washington Post– Newsweek Interactive, 14 Oct. 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2013. 35. BLOG ENTRY Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Entry.” Title of Blog. Sponsor, Day Month Year posted. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

Gladwell, Malcolm. “Enron and Newspapers.” Gladwell.com. N.p., 4 Jan. 2007. Web. 26 Aug. 2013. If the entry has no title, use “Blog entry” without quotation marks.

Document a whole blog as you would an entire website (see no. 29).

If the publisher or sponsor is unavailable, use N.p.

36. ARTICLE ACCESSED THROUGH A DATABASE For articles accessed through a library’s subscription services, such as InfoTrac and EBSCOhost, give the publication information for the source, followed by the name of the database. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 136 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 137 MLA-c List of Works Cited Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Date or Volume.Issue (Year): Pages. Database Name. Medium.

Day Month Year of access.

Stalter, Sunny. “Subway Ride and Subway System in Hart Crane’s ‘The Tunnel.’ ” Journal of Modern Literature 33.2 (2010): 70-91. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 May 2013. 37. ONLINE EDITORIAL “Title of Editorial.” Editorial. Title of Site. Publisher, Day Month Year of publication. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

“Keep Drinking Age at 21.” Editorial. ChicagoTribune.com. Chicago Tribune, 25 Aug. 2008. Web. 28 Aug. 2013. 38. ONLINE FILM REVIEW Reviewer’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Rev. of Title of Work, dir. First and Last Names. Title of Site. Publisher, Day Month Year posted. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

Edelstein, David. “Best Served Cold.” Rev. of The Social Network, dir.

David Fincher. New York Magazine. New York Media, 1 Oct.

2010. Web. 3 Nov. 2013. 39. EMAIL Writer’s Last Name, First Name. “Subject Line.” Message to the author. Day Month Year of message. Medium.

Smith, William. “Teaching Grammar — Some Thoughts.” Message to the author. 19 Nov. 2013. Email. 40. POSTING TO AN ONLINE FORUM Writer’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Posting.” Name of Forum.

Sponsor, Day Month Year of posting. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

Mintz, Stephen H. “Manumission During the Revolution.” H-Net List on Slavery. Michigan State U, 14 Sept. 2006. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 137 11/22/13 8:39 AM Documentation Map (MLA) article accessed throu\hgh a database Title of article Author Title of periodical Database Pages Volume and issue Ott, Brian L. “‘I’m Bart Simpson, Who the Hell Are You?’ A Study in Postmodern Identity (Re)Construction.” Journal of Popular Culture 37.1 (2003): 56-82. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 Mar. 2013. Year LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 138 11/22/13 8:39 AM authortitlepublication 139 MLA-c List of Works Cited 41. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE REFERENCE WORK “Title of Article.” Title of Reference Work. Sponsor, Date of work.

Medium. Day Month Year of access.

“Generation xerox.” Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary, 13 Sept.

2013. Web. 25 Oct. 2013. 42. WIKI ENTRY “Title of Entry.” Title of Wiki. Sponsor, Day Month Year updated.

Medium. Day Month Year of access.

“Pi.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Aug. 2013. Web. 2 Sept.

2013. 43. PODCAST Performer or Host’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Podcast.” Host Host’s First and Last Name. Title of Program. Sponsor, Day Month Year posted. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

Blumberg, Alex, and Adam Davidson. “The Giant Pool of Money.” Host Ira Glass. This American Life. Chicago Public Radio, 9 May 2008. Web. 18 Sept. 2013. 44. TWEET Author’s Last Name, First Name (User Name). “Full tweet text.” Day Month Year, Time. Medium.

Stern, Michael (Roadfood123). “Ice creamorama: Dr. Mike’s is now open weekdays.” 21 Mar. 2012, 5:21 p.m. Tweet. Other Kinds of Sources Many of the sources in this section can be found online, and you’ll find examples here for how to document them. If there is no web model here, start with the guidelines most appropriate for the source you need to document, omit the original medium, and end your refer - ence with the title of the website, italicized; the medium (Web); and the day, month, and year of access. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 139 11/22/13 8:39 AM 140 MLA-c authortitlepublication 45. ADVERTISEMENT Product or Company. Advertisement. Title of Periodical Date or Volume.lssue (Year): Page. Medium.

Bebe. Advertisement. Lucky Sept. 2011: 112–13. Print.

ADVERTISEMENT ON THE WEB Rolex. Advertisement. Time. Time, n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. 46. ART Artist’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Medium. Year. Institution, City.

Van Gogh, Vincent. The Potato Eaters. Oil on canvas. 1885. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

ART ON THE WEB Warhol, Andy. Self-Portrait. 1979. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. The Getty. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. Document photographs you find online by giving the photographer, title, and date of the image, if available. If the date is unavailable, use n.d. For photographs you take yourself, see no. 65. Donnell, Ryan. At a Pre-Civil War Railroad Construction Site Outside of Philadelphia. 2010. Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian.

com. Web. 3 Nov. 2013. 47. CARTOON Artist’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Cartoon (if titled).” Cartoon.

Title of Periodical Date or Volume.Issue (Year): Page. Medium.

Chast, Roz. “The Three Wise Men of Thanksgiving.” Cartoon. New Yorker 1 Dec. 2003: 174. Print.

CARTOON ON THE WEB Horsey, David. Cartoon. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Seattle Post- Intelligencer, 20 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Apr. 2013. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 140 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 141 MLA-c List of Works Cited 48. DISSERTATION Treat a published dissertation as you would a book, but after its title, add the abbreviation Diss., the institution, and the date of the dissertation. Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Diss. Institution, Year.

Publication City: Publisher, Year. Medium.

Goggin, Peter N. A New Literacy Map of Research and Scholarship in Computers and Writing. Diss. Indiana U of Pennsylvania, 2000.

Ann Arbor: UMI, 2001. Print. For unpublished dissertations, put the title in quotation marks and end with the degree-granting institution and the year. Kim, Loel. “Students Respond to Teacher Comments: A Comparison of Online Written and Voice Modalities.” Diss. Carnegie Mellon U, 1998. Print. 49. CD-ROM OR DVD-ROM Title. Any pertinent information about the edition, release, or version. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication.

Medium.

Othello. Princeton: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1998.

CD-ROM. To document only part of the CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, name the part as you would a part of a book. “Snow Leopard.” Encarta Encyclopedia 2007. Seattle: Microsoft, 2007. CD-ROM. 50. FILM, DVD, OR VIDEO CLIP Title. Dir. Director’s First and Last Names. Perf. Lead Actors’ First and Last Names. Distributor, Year of release. Medium.

Casablanca. Dir. Michael Curtiz. Perf. Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, and Claude Rains. Warner, 1942. Film. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 141 11/22/13 8:39 AM 142 MLA-c authortitlepublication To document a particular person’s work, start with that name. Cody, Diablo, scr. Juno. Dir. Jason Reitman. Perf. Ellen Page and Michael Cera. Fox Searchlight, 2007. DVD. Document a video clip as you would a short work from a website. Director’s Last Name, First Name, dir. “Title of Video.” Title of Site.

Sponsor, Day Month Year of release. Medium. Day Month Year of access.

PivotMasterDX, dir. “Bounce!” YouTube. YouTube, 14 June 2008.

Web. 21 June 2013. 51. BROADCAST INTERVIEW Subject’s Last Name, First Name. Interview. Title of Program.

Network. Station, City, Day Month Year. Medium.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Interview. Fresh Air. NPR. WNYC, New York, 9 Apr. 2002. Radio. 52. PUBLISHED INTERVIEW Subject’s Last Name, First Name. Interview, or “Title of Interview.” Title of Periodical Date or Volume.Issue (Year): Pages. Medium.

Stone, Oliver. Interview. Esquire Nov. 2004: 170. Print. 53. PERSONAL INTERVIEW Subject’s Last Name, First Name. Personal interview. Day Month Year.

Roddick, Andy. Personal interview. 17 Aug. 2013. 54. UNPUBLISHED LETTER For medium, use MS for a hand-written letter and TS for a typed one. Author’s Last Name, First Name. Letter to the author. Day Month Year. Medium. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 142 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 143 MLA-c List of Works Cited Quindlen, Anna. Letter to the author. 11 Apr. 2013. MS. 55. PUBLISHED LETTER Letter Writer’s Last Name, First Name. Letter to First and Last Names.

Day Month Year of letter. Title of Book. Ed. Editor’s First and Last Names. City: Publisher, Year of publication. Pages.

Medium.

White, E. B. Letter to Carol Angell. 28 May 1970. Letters of E. B.

White. Ed. Dorothy Lobarno Guth. New York: Harper, 1976.

600. Print. 56. MAP OR CHART Title of Map. Map. City: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium.

Toscana. Map. Milan: Touring Club Italiano, 1987. Print.

MAP ON THE WEB “Portland, Oregon.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 25 Apr. 2013. Web.

25 Apr. 2013. 57. MUSICAL SCORE Composer’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Composition. Year of composition. Publication City: Publisher, Year of publication.

Medium. Series Information (if any).

Beethoven, Ludwig van. String Quartet No. 13 in B Flat, Op. 130.

1825. New York: Dover, 1970. Print. 58. SOUND RECORDING Artist’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Long Work. Other pertinent details about the artists. Manufacturer, Year of release.

Medium.

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Missa Solemnis. Perf. Westminster Choir and New York Philharmonic. Cond. Leonard Bernstein. Sony, 1992.

CD. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 143 11/22/13 8:39 AM authortitlepublication 144 MLA-c MLA STyLE Whether you list the composer, conductor, or performer first depends on where you want to place the emphasis. If you are discussing a spe- cific song, put it in quotation marks before the name of the recording. Brown, Greg. “Canned Goods.” The Live One. Red House, 1995. MP3 file. For a spoken-word recording, you may begin with the writer, speaker, or producer, depending on your emphasis. Dale, Jim, narr. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. By J. K.

Rowling. Random House Audio, 2007. CD. 59. ORAL PRESENTATION Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Presentation.” Sponsoring Institution. Site, City. Day Month Year. Medium.

Cassin, Michael. “Nature in the Raw — The Art of Landscape Painting.” Berkshire Institute for Lifetime Learning. Clark Art Institute, Williamstown. 24 Mar. 2005. Lecture. 60. PAPER FROM PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Paper.” Title of Conference Proceedings. Date, City. Ed. Editor’s First and Last Names.

Publication City: Publisher, Year. Pages. Medium.

Zolotow, Charlotte. “Passion in Publishing.” A Sea of Upturned Faces: Proceedings of the Third Pacific Rim Conference on Children’s Literature. 1986, Los Angeles. Ed. Winifred Ragsdale.

Metuchen: Scarecrow P, 1989. 236-49. Print. 61. PERFORMANCE Title. By Author’s First and Last Names. Other appropriate details about the performance. Site, City. Day Month Year. Medium.

Take Me Out. By Richard Greenberg. Dir. Scott Plate. Perf. Caleb Sekeres. Dobama Theatre, Cleveland. 17 Aug. 2007.

Performance. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 144 11/22/13 8:39 AM authortitlepublication 145 MLA-c List of Works Cited 62. TELEVISION OR RADIO PROGRAM “Title of Episode.” Title of Program. Other appropriate information about the writer, director, actors, etc. Network. Station, City, Day Month Year of broadcast. Medium.

“The Silencer.” Criminal Minds. Writ. Erica Messer. Dir. Glenn Kershaw. NBC. WCNC, Charlotte, 26 Sept. 2012. Television.

TELEVISION OR RADIO ON THE WEB “Bush’s War.” Frontline. Writ. and dir. Michael Kirk. PBS, 24 Mar.

2008. PBS.org. Web. 10 May 2013. 63. PAMPHLET, BROCHURE, OR PRESS RELEASE Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Publication. Publication City:

Publisher, Year. Medium.

Bowers, Catherine. Can We Find a Home Here? Answering Questions of Interfaith Couples. Boston: UUA Publications, n.d. Print. To document a press release, include the day and month before the year.

64. LEGAL SOURCE The name of a court case is not italicized in a works-cited entry. Names of the First Plaintiff v. First Defendant. Volume Name Page numbers of law report. Name of Court. Year of decision.

Source information for medium consulted.

District of Columbia v. Heller. 540 US 290. Supreme Court of the US. 2008. Supreme Court Collection. Legal Information Inst., Cornell U Law School, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. For acts of law, include both the Public Law number and the Statutes at Large volume and page numbers. Name of Law. Public law number. Statutes at Large Volume Stat. Pages. Day Month Year enacted. Medium.

Military Commissions Act. Pub. L. 109-366. 120 Stat. 2083-2521. 17 Oct. 2006. Print. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 145 11/22/13 8:39 AM 65. MP3, JPEG, PDF, OR OTHER DIGITAL FILE For downloaded songs, photographs, PDFs, and other documents stored on your computer or another digital device, follow the guide- lines for the type of work you are documenting (art, journal article, and so on) and give the file type as the medium. Talking Heads. “Burning Down the House.” Speaking in Tongues.

Sire, 1983. Digital file.

Taylor, Aaron. “Twilight of the Idols: Performance, Melodramatic Villainy, and Sunset Boulevard.” Journal of Film and Video 59 (2007): 13-31. PDF file. Sources Not Covered by MLA To document a source for which MLA does not provide guidelines, look for models similar to the source you have cited. Give any information readers will need in order to find your source themselves — author; title, subtitle; publisher and/or sponsor; medium; dates; and any other pertinent information. You might want to try out your refer - ence note yourself, to be sure it will lead others to your source.

MLA-d Formatting a Paper Name, course, title. MLA does not require a separate title page.

In the upper left-hand corner of your first page, include your name, your professor’s name, the name of the course, and the date. Center the title of your paper on the line after the date; capitalize it as you would a book title. Page numbers. In the upper right-hand corner of each page, one- half inch below the top of the page, include your last name and the page number. Number pages consecutively throughout your paper. Font, spacing, margins, and indents. Choose a font that is easy to read (such as Times New Roman ) and that provides a clear con- trast between regular and italic text. Double-space the entire paper, 146 MLA-d MLA STyLE LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 146 11/22/13 8:39 AM authortitlepublication 147 MLA-d Formatting a Paper including your works-cited list. Set one-inch margins at the top, bot- tom, and sides of your text; do not justify your text. The first line of each paragraph should be indented one-half inch from the left margin.

Long quotations. When quoting more than three lines of poetry, more than four lines of prose, or dialogue between characters in a drama, set off the quotation from the rest of your text, indenting it one inch (or ten spaces) from the left margin. Do not use quota- tion marks, and put any parenthetical documentation after the final punctuation. In Eastward to Tartary, Kaplan captures ancient and contemporary Antioch for us: At the height of its glory in the Roman-Byzantine age, when it had an amphitheater, public baths, aqueducts, and sewage pipes, half a million people lived in Antioch. Today the population is only 125,000. With sour relations between Turkey and Syria, and unstable politics throughout the Middle East, Antioch is now a backwater — seedy and tumbledown, with relatively few tourists. I found it altogether charming. (123) In the first stanza of Arnold’s “Dover Beach,” the exclamations make clear that the speaker is addressing a companion who is also present in the scene: Come to the window, sweet is the night air!

Only, from the long line of spray Where the sea meets the moon-blanched land, Listen! You hear the grating roar Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling. (6-10) Be careful to maintain the poet’s line breaks. If a line does not fit on one line of your paper, put the extra words on the next line. Indent that line an additional quarter inch (or two spaces). LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 147 11/22/13 8:39 AM Illustrations. Insert illustrations in your paper close to the text that discusses them. For tables, provide a number (Table 1) and a title on separate lines above the table. Below the table, include a caption and provide information about the source. For figures (graphs, charts, photos, and so on), provide a figure number (Fig. 1 ), caption, and source information below the figure. If you give only brief information about the source (such as a parenthetical note), or if the source is cited elsewhere in your text, include the source in your list of works cited. Be sure to discuss any illustrations, and make it clear how they relate to the rest of your text. List of Works Cited. Start your list on a new page, following any notes. Center the title and double-space the entire list. Each entry should begin at the left margin, and subsequent lines should be indented one-half inch (or five spaces). Alphabetize the list by authors’ last names (or by editors’ or translators’ names, if appropriate). Alpha- betize works that have no identifiable author or editor by title, dis- regarding A, An, and The. If you cite more than one work by a single author, list them all alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author’s name for the second and subsequent titles (see no. 2 on p. 120). MLA-e Sample Research Paper The following report, “Against the Odds: Harry S. Truman and the Election of 1948,” was written by Dylan Borchers for a first-year writ- ing course. It is formatted according to the guidelines of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition (2009). 148 MLA-e MLA STyLE LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 148 11/22/13 8:39 AM 149 MLA-e Sample Research Paper, MLA Style Dylan Borchers Professor Bullock English 102, Section 4 31 March 2012Against the Odds:

Harry S. Truman and the Election of 1948 “Thomas E. Dewey’s Election as President Is a Foregone Conclusion,” read a headline in the New York Times during the presidential election race between incumbent Democrat Harry S.

Truman and his Republican challenger, Thomas E. Dewey. Earlier, Life magazine had put Dewey on its cover with the caption “The Next President of the United States” (qtd. in “1948 Truman-Dewey Election”). In a Newsweek survey of fifty prominent political writers, each one predicted Truman’s defeat, and Time correspondents declared that Dewey would carry 39 of the 48 states (Donaldson 210). Nearly every major media outlet across the United States endorsed Dewey and lambasted Truman. As historian Robert H.

Ferrell observes, even Truman’s wife, Bess, thought he would be beaten (270). The results of an election are not so easily predicted, as the famous photograph in fig. 1 shows. Not only did Truman win the election, but he won by a significant margin, with 303 electoral votes and 24,179,259 popular votes, compared to Dewey’s 189 electoral votes and 21,991,291 popular votes (Donaldson 204-07). In fact, many historians and political analysts argue that Truman would have won by an even greater margin had third-party Progressive candidate Henry A. Wallace not split the Democratic 1” 1” 1 2” 1” 1” Title centered.

Author named in signal phrase, page numbers in parentheses.

Last name and page number.

Double-spaced throughout. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 149 11/22/13 8:39 AM Borchers 1 Sample Research Paper 150 MLA-e Borchers 2 vote in New York State and Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond not won four states in the South (McCullough 711). Although Truman’s defeat was heavily predicted, those predictions themselves, Dewey’s passiveness as a campaigner, and Truman’s zeal turned the tide for a Truman victory. In the months preceding the election, public opinion polls predicted that Dewey would win by a large margin. Pollster Elmo Roper stopped polling in September, believing there was no reason to continue, given a seemingly inevitable Dewey landslide. Although the margin narrowed as the election drew near, the other pollsters predicted a Dewey win by at least 5 percent (Donaldson 209). Many Fig. 1. President Harry S. Truman holds up an Election Day edition of the Chicago Daily Tribune, which mistakenly announced “Dewey Defeats Truman.” St. Louis, 4 Nov. 1948 (Rollins). No signal phrase; author and page number in parentheses.

Paragraphs indent 1 – 2inch or 5 spaces. Illustration close to the text to which it relates. Fig- ure number, caption, and parenthetical source docu- mentation included.

LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 150 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 151 MLA-e Borchers 3 historians believe that these predictions aided the president in the long run. First, surveys showing Dewey in the lead may have prompted some of Dewey’s supporters to feel overconfident about their candidate’s chances and therefore to stay home from the polls on Election Day. Second, these same surveys may have energized Democrats to mount late get-out-the-vote efforts (“1948 Truman- Dewey Election”). Other analysts believe that the overwhelming predictions of a Truman loss also kept at home some Democrats who approved of Truman’s policies but saw a Truman loss as inevitable. According to political analyst Samuel Lubell, those Democrats may have saved Dewey from an even greater defeat (qtd.

in Hamby, Man of the People 465). Whatever the impact on the voters, the polling numbers had a decided effect on Dewey. Historians and political analysts alike cite Dewey’s overly cautious campaign as one of the main reasons Truman was able to achieve victory. Dewey firmly believed in public opinion polls. With all indications pointing to an easy victory, Dewey and his staff believed that all he had to do was bide his time and make no foolish mistakes. Dewey himself said, “When you’re leading, don’t talk” (qtd. in McCullough 672). Each of Dewey’s speeches was well crafted and well rehearsed. As the leader in the race, he kept his remarks faultlessly positive, with the result that he failed to deliver a solid message or even mention Truman or any of Truman’s policies. Eventually, Dewey began to be perceived as aloof and stuffy. One observer compared him to the plastic groom on top of a wedding cake (Hamby, “Harry S. Truman”), and others noted his stiff, cold demeanor (McCullough 671-74). Text quoted in another source.

Two or more works cited closely together. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 151 11/22/13 8:39 AM Sample Research Paper 152 MLA-e Borchers 4 As his campaign continued, observers noted that Dewey seemed uncomfortable in crowds, unable to connect with ordinary people. And he made a number of blunders. One took place at a train stop when the candidate, commenting on the number of children in the crowd, said he was glad they had been let out of school for his arrival. Unfortunately for Dewey, it was a Saturday (“1948: The Great Truman Surprise”). Such gaffes gave voters the feeling that Dewey was out of touch with the public. Again and again through the autumn of 1948, Dewey’s campaign speeches failed to address the issues, with the candidate declaring that he did not want to “get down in the gutter” (qtd. in McCullough 701). When told by fellow Republicans that he was losing ground, Dewey insisted that his campaign not alter its course. Even Time magazine, though it endorsed and praised him, conceded that his speeches were dull (McCullough 696). According to historian Zachary Karabell, they were “notable only for taking place, not for any specific message” (244). Dewey’s numbers in the polls slipped in the weeks before the election, but he still held a comfortable lead over Truman. It would take Truman’s famous whistle-stop campaign to make the difference. Few candidates in U.S. history have campaigned for the presidency with more passion and faith than Harry Truman. In the autumn of 1948, he wrote to his sister, “It will be the greatest campaign any President ever made. Win, lose, or draw, people will know where I stand” (91). For thirty-three days, Truman traveled the nation, giving hundreds of speeches from the back of the Ferdinand Magellan railroad car. In the same letter, he described the LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 152 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 153 MLA-e Borchers 5 pace: “We made about 140 stops and I spoke over 147 times, shook hands with at least 30,000 and am in good condition to start out again tomorrow for Wilmington, Philadelphia, Jersey City, Newark, Albany and Buffalo” (91). McCullough writes of Truman’s campaign: No President in history had ever gone so far in quest of support from the people, or with less cause for the effort, to judge by informed opinion. . . . As a test of his skills and judgment as a professional politician, not to say his stamina and disposition at age sixty-four, it would be like no other experience in his long, often difficult career, as he himself understood perfectly. More than any other event in his public life, or in his presidency thus far, it would reveal the kind of man he was. (655) He spoke in large cities and small towns, defending his policies and attacking Republicans. As a former farmer and relatively late bloomer, Truman was able to connect with the public. He developed an energetic style, usually speaking from notes rather than from a prepared speech, and often mingled with the crowds that met his train. These crowds grew larger as the campaign progressed. In Chicago, over half a million people lined the streets as he passed, and in St. Paul the crowd numbered over 25,000. When Dewey entered St. Paul two days later, he was greeted by only 7,000 supporters (“1948 Truman-Dewey Election”).

Reporters brushed off the large crowds as mere curiosity seekers wanting to see a president (McCullough 682). Yet Truman persisted, even if he often seemed to be the only one who thought he could Quotations of 4 or more lines indented 1 inch (10 spaces).

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Use the title if no author is given. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 153 11/22/13 8:39 AM Sample Research Paper 154 MLA-e Borchers 6 win. By going directly to the American people and connecting with them, Truman built the momentum needed to surpass Dewey and win the election. The legacy and lessons of Truman’s whistle-stop campaign continue to be studied by political analysts, and politicians today often mimic his campaign methods by scheduling multiple visits to key states, as Truman did. He visited California, Illinois, and Ohio 48 times, compared with 6 visits to those states by Dewey.

Political scientist Thomas M. Holbrook concludes that his strategic campaigning in those states and others gave Truman the electoral votes he needed to win (61, 65). The 1948 election also had an effect on pollsters, who, as Elmo Roper admitted, “couldn’t have been more wrong” (qtd. in Karabell 255). Life magazine’s editors concluded that pollsters as well as reporters and commentators were too convinced of a Dewey victory to analyze the polls seriously, especially the opinions of undecided voters (Karabell 256). Pollsters assumed that undecided voters would vote in the same proportion as decided voters--and that turned out to be a false assumption (Karabell 258).

In fact, the lopsidedness of the polls might have led voters who supported Truman to call themselves undecided out of an unwillingness to associate themselves with the losing side, further skewing the polls’ results (McDonald, Glynn, Kim, and Ostman 152). Such errors led pollsters to change their methods significantly after the 1948 election. After the election, many political analysts, journalists, and historians concluded that the Truman upset was in fact a victory Work by 4 authors.

LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 154 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 155 MLA-e Borchers 7 for the American people, who, the New Republic noted, “couldn’t be ticketed by the polls, knew its own mind and had picked the rather unlikely but courageous figure of Truman to carry its banner” (qtd.

in McCullough 715). How “unlikely” is unclear, however; Truman biographer Alonzo Hamby notes that “polls of scholars consistently rank Truman among the top eight presidents in American history” (Man of the People 641). But despite Truman’s high standing, and despite the fact that the whistle-stop campaign is now part of our political landscape, politicians have increasingly imitated the style of the Dewey campaign, with its “packaged candidate who ran so as not to lose, who steered clear of controversy, and who made a good show of appearing presidential” (Karabell 266). The election of 1948 shows that voters are not necessarily swayed by polls, but it may have presaged the packaging of candidates by public relations experts, to the detriment of public debate on the issues in future presidential elections. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 155 11/22/13 8:39 AM Sample Research Paper 156 MLA-e Borchers 8 Works Cited Donaldson, Gary A. Truman Defeats Dewey. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1999. Print.

Ferrell, Robert H. Harry S. Truman: A Life. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1994. Print.

Hamby, Alonzo L., ed. “Harry S. Truman (1945-1953).” American President: A Reference Resource. Miller Center, U of Virginia, 11 Jan. 2012. Web. 17 Mar. 2012.

---. Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman. New York: Oxford UP, 1995. Print.

Holbrook, Thomas M. “Did the Whistle-Stop Campaign Matter?” PS: Political Science and Politics 35.1 (2002): 59-66. Print.

Karabell, Zachary. The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election. New York: Knopf, 2000. Print.

McCullough, David. Truman. New York: Simon, 1992. Print.

McDonald, Daniel G., Carroll J. Glynn, Sei-Hill Kim, and Ronald E. Ostman. “The Spiral of Silence in the 1948 Presidential Election.” Communication Research 28.2 (2001): 139-55. Print.

“1948: The Great Truman Surprise.” The Press and the Presidency.

Dept. of Political Science and International Affairs, Kennesaw State U, 29 Oct. 2003. Web. 20 Mar. 2012.

“1948 Truman-Dewey Election.” American Political History. Eagleton Inst. of Politics, Rutgers, State U of New Jersey, 2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2012.

Rollins, Byron. Untitled photograph. “The First 150 Years: 1948.” AP History. Associated Press, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. Heading centered. Alphabetized by authors’ last names.

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LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 156 11/22/13 8:39 AM MLA STYLE 157 MLA-e Borchers 9 Truman, Harry S. “Campaigning, Letter, October 5, 1948.” Harry S. Truman. Ed. Robert H. Ferrell. Washington: CQ P, 2003. 91.

Print. Every source used is in the list of works cited. LSH2e_93580_P2_p079-250_4PP_RESEARCH.indd 157 11/22/13 8:39 AM Sample Research Paper