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1 MLA style calls for (1) brief in-text documentation and (2) complete bib- liographic information in a list of works cited at the end of your text. The models and examples in this chapter draw on the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook, published by the Modern Language Association in 2016. For additional information, visit style.mla.org . A DIRECTORY TO MLA STYLE In-Text Documentation 4 1. Author named in a signal phrase 4 2. Author named in parentheses 5 3. Two or more works by the same author 5 4. Authors with the same last name 5 5. Two or more authors 6 6. Organization or government as author 6 7. Author unknown 6 8. Literary works 7 9. Work in an anthology 7 10. Encyclopedia or dictionary 8 11. Legal and historical documents 8 12. Sacred text 8 13. Multivolume work 9 14. Two or more works cited together 9 15. Source quoted in another source 9 16. Work without page numbers 9 17. An entire work or a one-page article 10 MLA Style BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 1BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 1 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 2 Notes 10 List of Works Cited 11 CORE ELEMENTS 11 AUTHORS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS 14 1. One author 14 2. Two authors 14 3. Three or more authors 14 4. Two or more works by the same author 15 5. Author and editor or translator 15 6. No author or editor 15 7. Organization or government as author 16 ARTICLES AND OTHER SHORT WORKS 16 8. Article in a journal 16 9. Article in a magazine 18 10. Article in a newspaper 20 11. Article accessed through a database 20 12. Entry in a reference work 22 13. Editorial 22 14. Letter to the editor 23 15. Review 23 16. Comment on an online article 24 BOOKS AND PARTS OF BOOKS 24 17. Basic entries for a book 25 18. Anthology 25 19. Work in an anthology 25 20. Multivolume work 27 21. Book in a series 27 22. Graphic narrative 28 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 2BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 2 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 3 23. Sacred text 28 24. Edition other than the first 28 25. Republished work 28 26. Foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword 29 27. Published letter 29 28. Paper at a conference 29 29. Dissertation 30 WEBSITES 30 30. Entire website 30 31. Work on a website 32 32. Blog entry 32 33. Wiki 32 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA 32 34. Personal letter 32 35. Email 32 36. Text message 33 37. Post to an online forum 33 38. Post to Twitter, Facebook, or other social media 33 AUDIO, VISUAL, AND OTHER SOURCES 34 39. Advertisement 34 40. Art 34 41. Cartoon 35 42. Supreme Court case 35 43. Film 35 44. Interview 36 45. Map 36 46. Musical score 36 47. Online video 36 48. Oral presentation 37 49. Podcast 37 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 3BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 3 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 4 50. Radio program 37 51. Sound recording 37 52. TV show 38 53. Video game 38 Formatting a Research Paper 39 Sample Research Paper 40 Throughout this chapter, you’ll fi nd models and examples that are color coded to help you see how writers include source information in their texts and in their lists of works cited: tan for author, editor, translator, and other contributors; yellow for titles; gray for publication information — date of publication, page number(s) or other location information, and so on.

IN-TEXT DOCUMENTATION Brief documentation in your text makes clear to your reader what you took from a source and where in the source you found the information.

In your text, you have three options for citing a source: quoting, para- phrasing, and summarizing. As you cite each source, you will need to decide whether or not to name the author in a signal phrase — “as Toni Morrison writes” — or in parentheses — “(Morrison 24).” The first examples below show basic in-text documentation of a work by one author. Variations on those examples follow. The examples illus- trate the MLA style of using quotation marks around titles of short works and italicizing titles of long works.

1. AUTHOR NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE If you mention the author in a signal phrase, put only the page number(s) in parentheses. Do not write page or p. McCullough describes John Adams’s hands as those of someone used to manual labor (18).McCu llough (18) . publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 4BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 4 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 5 2. AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES If you do not mention the author in a signal phrase, put his or her last name in parentheses along with the page number(s). Do not use punctua- tion between the name and the page number(s). Adams is said to have had “the hands of a man accustomed to pruning his own trees, cutting his own hay, and splitting his own firewood” (McCullough 18). Whether you use a signal phrase and parentheses or parentheses only, try to put the parenthetical documentation at the end of the sentence or as close as possible to the material you’ve cited — without awkwardly inter- rupting the sentence. Notice that in the example above, the parenthetical reference comes after the closing quotation marks but before the period at the end of the sentence.

3. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR If you cite multiple works by one author, include the title of the work you are citing either in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Give the full title if it’s brief; otherwise, give a short version. Kaplan insists that understanding power in the Near East requires “Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without illusions” (Eastward 330). Put a comma between author and title if both are in the parentheses. Understanding power in the Near East requires “Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without illusions” (Kaplan, Eastward 330). 4. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME Give the author’s fi rst and last names in any signal phrase, or add the author’s fi rst initial in the parenthetical reference. (McCullou gh 18). Kaplan 330 ). (East ward d (Ka plan, 330) . East ward d BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 5BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 5 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 6 Imaginative applies not only to modern literature but also to writing of all periods, whereas magical is often used in writing about Arthurian romances (A. Wilson 25). 5. TWO OR MORE AUTHORS For a work with two authors, name both, either in a signal phrase or in parentheses. Carlson and Ventura’s stated goal is to introduce Julio Cortázar, Marjorie Agosín, and other Latin American writers to an audience of English-speaking adolescents (v). For a work by three or more authors, name the fi rst author followed by et al. One popular survey of American literature breaks the contents into sixteen thematic groupings (Anderson et al. A19-24). 6. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR Acknowledge the organization either in a signal phrase or in parentheses.

It’s acceptable to shorten long names. The US government can be direct when it wants to be. For example, it sternly warns, “If you are overpaid, we will recover any payments not due you” (Social Security Administration 12). 7. AUTHOR UNKNOWN If you don’t know the author, use the work’s title or a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical reference. A powerful editorial in last week’s paper asserts that healthy liver donor Mike Hurewitz died because of “frightening” faulty postoperative care (“Every Patient’s Nightmare”).

Car lson an d Ventura’s (v). A19-24 ). (Anderson et al. 12). (Social Securit y Administration (“Ever y Patient’s Ni ghtmare” ). publication title author 25) . (A. Wilson BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 6BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 6 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 7 8. LITERARY WORKS When referring to literary works that are available in many different edi- tions, give the page numbers from the edition you are using, followed by information that will let readers of any edition locate the text you are citing.

NOVELS. Give the page and chapter number, separated by a semicolon. In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bennet shows no warmth toward Jane and Elizabeth when they return from Netherfield (105; ch. 12). VERSE PLAYS. Give act, scene, and line numbers, separated with periods. Macbeth continues the vision theme when he says, “Thou hast no speculation in those eyes / Which thou dost glare with” (3.3.96-97). POEMS. Give the part and the line numbers (separated by periods). If a poem has only line numbers, use the word line(s) only in the first reference.

Whitman sets up not only opposing adjectives but also opposing nouns in “Song of Myself” when he says, “I am of old and young, of the foolish as much as the wise, / .  .  . a child as well as a man” (16.330-32).

One description of the mere in Beowulf is “not a pleasant place” (line 1372). Later, it is labeled “the awful place” (1378). 9. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Name the author(s) of the work, not the editor of the anthology — either in a signal phrase or in parentheses. “It is the teapots that truly shock,” according to Cynthia Ozick in her essay on teapots as metaphor (70).

In In Short: A Collection of Creative Nonfiction, readers will find both an essay on Scottish tea (Hiestand) and a piece on teapots as metaphors (Ozick).

Pride an d Pre judice, (105; ch. 12) . Whitman “Son g of M yself” (16.330-32 ). Beowulf f (line 1372 ). (1378) .

Cynthia Ozick (70). In Short: A Collection o f Creative Non fictio n, (Hiestand) (Ozick ). BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 7BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 7 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 8 10. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY Acknowledge an entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary by giving the author’s name, if available. For an entry without an author, give the entry’s title in parentheses. If entries are arranged alphabetically, no page number is needed. According to Funk & Wagnall’s New World Encyclopedia, early in his career Kubrick’s main source of income came from “hustling chess games in Washington Square Park” (“Kubrick, Stanley”). 11. LEGAL AND HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS For legal cases and acts of law, name the case or act in a signal phrase or in parentheses. Italicize the name of a legal case. In 2005, the Supreme Court confirmed in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. that peer-to-peer file sharing is copyright infringement. Do not italicize the titles of laws, acts, or well-known historical documents such as the Declaration of Independence. Give the title and any relevant articles and sections in parentheses. It’s fi ne to use common abbreviations such as art. or sec. and to abbreviate well-known titles. The president is also granted the right to make recess appointments (US Const., art. 2, sec. 2). 12. SACRED TEXT When citing a sacred text such as the Bible or the Qur’an for the fi rst time, give the title of the edition, and in parentheses give the book, chapter, and verse (or their equivalent), separated by periods. MLA recommends abbrevi- ating the names of the books of the Bible in parenthetical references. Later citations from the same edition do not have to repeat its title. The wording from The New English Bible follows: “In the beginning of creation, when God made heaven and earth, the earth was without form and void, with darkness over the face of the abyss, and a mighty wind that swept over the surface of the waters” (Gen. 1.1-2). (“Kubrick, Stanle y”). MGM Stu dios, Inc. v. Gro kster, Ltd . art. 2, sec. 2 ). (US Const., The New En glish Bibl e (Gen. 1.1-2) . publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 8BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 8 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 9 13. MULTIVOLUME WORK If you cite more than one volume of a multivolume work, each time you cite one of the volumes, give the volume and the page number(s) in paren- theses, separated by a colon and a space. Sandburg concludes with the following sentence about those paying last respects to Lincoln: “All day long and through the night the unbroken line moved, the home town having its farewell” (4: 413). If your works cited list includes only a single volume of a multivolume work, give just the page number in parentheses.

14. TWO OR MORE WORKS CITED TOGETHER If you’re citing two or more works closely together, you will sometimes need to provide a parenthetical reference for each one. Tanner (7) and Smith (viii) have looked at works from a cultural perspective. If you include both in the same parentheses, separate the references with a semicolon. Critics have looked at both Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein from a cultural perspective (Tanner 7; Smith viii). 15. SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE When you are quoting text that you found quoted in another source, use the abbreviation qtd. in in the parenthetical reference. Charlotte Brontë wrote to G. H. Lewes: “Why do you like Miss Austen so very much? I am puzzled on that point” (qtd. in Tanner 7). 16. WORK WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS For works without page numbers, including many online sources, identify the source using the author or other information either in a signal phrase or in parentheses. Sandbur g (4: 413) . viii ). Smith 7; (Tanner (qtd. in Tanner 7). BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 9BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 9 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 10 Studies show that music training helps children to be better at multitask- ing later in life (”Hearing the Music”). If the source has chapter, paragraph, or section numbers, use them with the abbreviations ch., par., or sec.: (“Hearing the Music,” par. 2). Alternatively, you can refer to a heading on a screen to help readers locate text. Under the heading “The Impact of the Railroad,” Rawls notes that the transcontinental railroad was called an iron horse and a greedy octopus. For an audio or a video recording, give the hours, minutes, and seconds (separated by colons) as shown on the player: (00:05-08:30).

17. AN ENTIRE WORK OR A ONE-PAGE ARTICLE If you cite an entire work rather than a part of it, or if you cite a single- page article, there’s no need to include page numbers. Throughout life, John Adams strove to succeed (McCullough). NOTES Sometimes you may need to give information that doesn’t fi t into the text itself — to thank people who helped you, to provide additional details, to refer readers to other sources, or to add comments about sources. Such information can be given in a footnote (at the bottom of the page) or an endnote (on a separate page with the heading Notes just before your works cited list). Put a superscript number at the appropriate point in your text, signaling to readers to look for the note with the corresponding number.

If you have multiple notes, number them consecutively throughout your paper. TEXT This essay will argue that small liberal arts colleges should not recruit athletes and, more specifically, that giving student athletes preferential treatment undermines the larger educational goals. 1 publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 10BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 10 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 11 NOTE 1. I want to thank all those who have contributed to my thinking on this topic, especially my classmates and my teacher Marian Johnson. LIST OF WORKS CITED A works cited list provides full bibliographic information for every source cited in your text. See page 40 for guidelines on formatting this list and page 48 for a sample works cited list.

Core Elements The new MLA style provides a list of “core elements” for documenting sources, advising writers to list as many of them as possible in the order that MLA specifi es.  We’ve used these general principles to provide tem- plates and examples for documenting 53 kinds of sources college writers most often need to cite, and the following general guidelines for how to treat each of the core elements.

AUTHORS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS • If there is one author, list the name last name fi rst: Morrison, Toni. • If there are two authors, list the fi rst author last name fi rst and the second one fi rst name fi rst: Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Put their names in the order given in the work. • If there are three or more authors, give the fi rst author’s name followed by et al.: Rose, Mike, et al. • Include any middle names or initials: Heath, Shirley Brice; Toklas, Alice B. • If you’re citing an editor, translator, or others who are not authors, specify their role. For works with multiple contributors, put the one whose work you wish to highlight before the title, and list any others you want to mention after the title. For contributors named before the title, put the label after the name: Fincher, David, director. For BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 11 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 11 25/06/16 5:20 PM 25/06/16 5:20 PM MLA Style 12 those named after the title, specify their role fi rst: directed by David Fincher. TITLES • Include any subtitles and capitalize all the words in titles and subtitles except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions (to, at, from, and so on), and coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor, yet) — unless they are the fi rst or last word of a title or subtitle.

• Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, and other long whole works (Pride and Prejudice, Wired), even if they are part of a larger work.

• Enclose in quotation marks the titles of short works and sources that are part of larger works: “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” • To document a source that has no title, describe it without italics or quotation marks: Letter to the author, Review of doo wop concert.

PUBLICATION INFORMATION • Write publishers’ names in full, but omit words like Company or Inc.

• For university presses, use U for “University” and P for “Press”:

Princeton UP, U of California P.

DATES • Whether to give just the year or to include the month and day depends on the source. Give the full date that you fi nd there.

• For books, give the year of publication: 1948. If a book lists more than one date, use the most recent one.

• Periodicals may be published annually, monthly, seasonally, weekly, or daily. Give the full date that you fi nd in the periodical: 2011, Apr.

2011, Spring 2011, 16 Apr. 2011.

• Abbreviate the months except for May, June, and July: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.

• Because online sources often change or even disappear, provide the date on which you accessed them: Accessed 6 June 2015. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 12BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 12 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 13 • If an online source includes the time when it was posted or modifi ed, include the time along with the date: 18 Oct. 2005, 9:20 a.m.

LOCATION • For most print articles and other short works, help readers locate the source by giving a page number or range of pages: p. 24, pp. 24-35. For those that are not on consecutive pages, give the fi rst page number with a plus sign: pp. 24+.

• For online sources, give the URL, omitting http:// or https://. If a source has a permalink, give that.

• For sources found in a database, give the DOI for any that have one.

Otherwise, give the URL.

• For physical objects that you fi nd in a museum, archive, or some other place, give the name of the place and its city: Menil Collection, Houston.

Omit the city if it’s part of the place’s name: Boston Public Library.

• For performances or other live presentations, name the venue and its city: Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles. Omit the city if it’s part of the place’s name: Berkeley Repertory Theatre.

PUNCTUATION • Use a period after the author name(s) that start an entry (Morrison, Toni.) and the title of the source you’re documenting (Beloved.) • Use a comma between the author’s last and fi rst names: Morrison, Toni.

• Sometimes you’ll need to provide information about more than one work for a single source — for instance, when you cite an article from a periodical that you access through a database. MLA refers to the periodical and database (or any other entity that holds a source) as “containers.” Use commas between elements within each container and put a period at the end of each container. For example: Semuels, Alana. “The Future Will Be Quiet.” The Atlantic, Apr. 2016, pp. 19-20. ProQuest, search.proquest.com/docview/ 1777443553?accountid+42654. Accessed 5 Apr. 2016. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 13BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 13 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 14 The guidelines below should help you document kinds of sources you’re likely to use. The fi rst section shows how to acknowledge authors and other contributors and applies to all kinds of sources — print, online, or others. Later sections show how to treat titles, publication information, location, and access information for many specifi c kinds of sources. In general, provide as much information as possible for each source — enough to tell readers how to fi nd a source if they wish to access it themselves.

Authors and Other Contributors When you name authors and other contributors in your citations, you are crediting them for their work and letting readers know who’s in on the con- versation. The following guidelines for citing authors and other contribu- tors apply to all sources you cite: in print, online, or in some other media.

1. ONE AUTHOR Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Date.

Anderson, Curtis. The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More. Hyperion, 2006. 2. TWO AUTHORS 1st Author’s Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Author’s First and Last Names. Title. Publisher, Date.

Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Singular Texts/Plural Authors:

Perspectives on Collaborative Writing. Southern Illinois UP, 1990. 3. THREE OR MORE AUTHORS 1st Author’s Last Name, First Name, et al. Title. Publisher, Date.

Sebranek, Patrick, et al. Writers INC: A Guide to Writing, Thinking, and Learning. Write Source, 1990. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 14BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 14 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 15 4. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR Give the author’s name in the fi rst entry, and then use three hyphens in the author slot for each of the subsequent works, listing them alphabeti- cally by the fi rst important word of each title. Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title That Comes First Alphabetically.

Publisher, Date.

- - -. Title That Comes Next Alphabetically. Publisher, Date.

Kaplan, Robert D. The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. Random House, 2000.

- - -. Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus. Random House, 2000. 5. AUTHOR AND EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Role by First and Last Names, Publisher, Date.

Austen, Jane. Emma. Edited by Stephen M. Parrish, W. W. Norton, 2000.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage Books, 1993. Start with the editor or translator if you are focusing on that contribution rather than the author’s. Pevear, Richard, and Larissa Volokhonsky, translators. Crime and Punishment. By Fyodor Dostoevsky, Vintage Books, 1993. 6. NO AUTHOR OR EDITOR When there’s no known author or editor, start with the title. The Turner Collection in the Clore Gallery. Tate Publications, 1987.

“Being Invisible Closer to Reality.“ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 11 Aug. 2008, p. A3. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 15BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 15 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 16 7. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR Organization Name. Title. Publisher, Date.

Diagram Group. The Macmillan Visual Desk Reference. Macmillan, 1993. For a government publication, give the name of the government fi rst, fol- lowed by the names of any department and agency. United States, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health. Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Government Printing Office, 2004. When the organization is both author and publisher, start with the title and list the organization only as the publisher. Stylebook on Religion 2000: A Reference Guide and Usage Manual.

Catholic News Service, 2002. Articles and Other Short Works Articles, essays, reviews, and other shorts works are found in journals, magazines, newspapers, other periodicals, and books — all of which you may fi nd in print, online, or in a database. For most short works, you’ll need to provide information about the author, the titles of both the short work and the longer work, any page numbers, and various kinds of publication information, all explained below.

8. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PRINT Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal, Volume, Issue, Date, Pages. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 16BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 16 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 17 Documentation Map (MLA) Article in a Print Journal Title of article Author Name of journal Volume Issue Year Neuhaus, Jessamyn. “Marge Simpson, Blue-Haired Housewife: Defining Domesticity on The Simpsons .” The Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 43, no. 4, 2010, pp. 761-81. Neuhaus, Jessam yn. “Mar ge Simpson, Blue-Haired Housewife: Definin g Domesticit y on The Sim pson s.”The Journal o f Po pular Culture, vol. 43, no. 4, 2010, pp. 761-81. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 17 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 17 24/06/16 5:56 PM 24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 18 Cooney, Brian C. “Considering Robinson Crusoe’s ‘Liberty of Conscience’ in an Age of Terror.” College English, vol. 69, no. 3, Jan. 2007, pp. 197-215.

ONLINE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal, Volume, Issue, Date, Pages (if any), URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Gleckman, Jason. “Shakespeare as Poet or Playwright? The Player’s Speech in Hamlet.” Early Modern Literary Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, Jan. 2006, purl.oclc.org/emls/11-3/glechaml.htm. Accessed 31 Mar. 2015. 9. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE PRINT Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine, Date, Pages.

Neyfakh, Leon. “The Future of Getting Arrested.” The Atlantic, Jan.-Feb.

2015, pp. 26+.

ONLINE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine, Date on web, Pages (if any), URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Khazan, Olga. “Forgetting and Remembering Your First Language.” The Atlantic, 24 July 2014, www.theatlantic.com/international/ archive/2014/07/learning-forgetting-and-remembering-your-first- language/374906/. Accessed 2 Apr. 2015. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 18BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 18 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 19 Documentation Map (MLA) Article in an Online Magazine Segal, Michael. “The Hit Book That Came from Mars.” Nautilus, 8 Jan. 2015, nautil.us/issue/20/creativity/the-hit-book-that- came-from-mars. Accessed 10 Oct. 2016.

8 Jan. 2015, nautil.us/issue/20/creativit y/the-hit-book-that - “The Hit Book That Came from Mars.” Nautilus , Segal, Michael.

came- from-mars. Accessed 10 Oct. 2016 . Name of magazine Author Date Title of article URL B UL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 19 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 19 24/06/16 5:56 PM 24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 20 10. ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER PRINT Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper, Date, Pages.

Saulny, Susan, and Jacques Steinberg. “On College Forms, a Question of Race Can Perplex.” The New York Times, 14 June 2011, p. A1. To document a particular edition of a newspaper, list the edition (late ed., natl. ed., and so on) after the date. If a section of the newspaper is num- bered, put that detail after the edition information. Burns, John F., and Miguel Helft. “Under Pressure, YouTube Withdraws Muslim Cleric’s Videos.” The New York Times, 4 Nov. 2010, late ed., sec. 1, p. 13.

ONLINE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper, Date on web, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Banerjee, Neela. “Proposed Religion-Based Program for Federal Inmates Is Canceled.” The New York Times, 28 Oct. 2006, www.nytimes.

com/2006/10/28/us/28prison.html?_r=0. Accessed 4 Apr. 2015. 11. ARTICLE ACCESSED THROUGH A DATABASE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Periodical, Volume, Issue, Date, Pages. Name of Database, DOI or URL.

Accessed Day Month Year.

Stalter, Sunny. “Subway Ride and Subway System in Hart Crane’s ‘The Tunnel.’” Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 33, no. 2, Jan. 2010, pp. 70- 91. JSTOR, doi: 10.2979/jml.2010.33.2.70. Accessed 30 Mar.

2015. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 20BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 20 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 21 Documentation Map (MLA) Journal Article Accessed through a Database Title of article Pages Volume, issue, date Author Name of periodical URL Neuhaus, Jessamyn. “Marge Simpson, Blue-Haired Housewife: Defi ning Domesticity on The Simpsons. ” Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 43, no. 4, Aug. 2010, pp. 761-81. SPORT Discus with Full Text , ezproxy. libraries.wright.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

direct=true&db=a9h&AN=52300944&site=ehost-live. Accessed 24 Mar.

2016.

no. 4, Au g. 2010, pp. 7 61-81. libraries.wri ght.edu/login?ur l=http://searc h.ebsco host.com/ login.aspx ? direct =true&db =a9h& AN= 523009 44&site=ehost -live. A ccessed 24 M ar. 2016. Name of database ezpro xy. vol. 43 , B UL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 21 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 21 24/06/16 5:56 PM 24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 22 12. ENTRY IN A REFERENCE WORK PRINT Author’s Last Name, First Name (if any). “Title of Entry.” Title of Reference Book, edited by Editor’s First and Last Names (if any), Edition number, Publisher, Date, Pages.

“California.” The New Columbia Encyclopedia, edited by William H.

Harris and Judith S. Levey, 4th ed., Columbia UP, 1975, pp. 423-24. If there’s no author given, start with the title of the entry.  “Feminism.” Longman Dictionary of American English, Longman, 1983, p. 252.

ONLINE Document online reference works the same as print ones, adding the URL and access date after the date of publication. “Baseball.” The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, edited by Paul Lagassé, 6th ed., Columbia UP, 2012. www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia.

Accessed 25 May 2016. 13. EDITORIAL PRINT “Title of Editorial.” Editorial. Name of Periodical, Date, Page.

“Gas, Cigarettes Are Safe to Tax.” Editorial. The Lakeville Journal, 17 Feb.

2005, p. A10. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 22BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 22 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 23 ONLINE “Title of Editorial.” Editorial. Name of Periodical, Date on web, URL.

Accessed Day Month Year.

“Keep the Drinking Age at 21.” Editorial. Chicago Tribune, 28 Aug.

2008, articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-08-26/news/0808250487_1_ binge-drinking-drinking-age-alcohol-related-crashes. Accessed 26 Apr. 2015. 14. LETTER TO THE EDITOR Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Letter (if any).” Letter. Name of Periodical, Date on web, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Pinker, Steven. “Language Arts.” Letter. The New Yorker, 4 June 2012, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/06/04/language-arts-2. Accessed 6 Apr. 2015. 15. REVIEW PRINT Reviewer’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Review of Title, by Author’s First and Last Names. Name of Periodical, Date, Pages.

Frank, Jeffrey. “Body Count.” Review of The Exception, by Christian Jungersen. The New Yorker, 30 July 2007, pp. 86-87. If a review has no author or title, start with what’s being reviewed: Review of Ways to Disappear, by Idra Novey. The New Yorker, 28 Mar.

2016, p. 79. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 23BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 23 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 24 ONLINE Reviewer’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Review of Title, by Author’s First and Last Names. Name of Periodical, Date, URL.

Accessed Day Month Year.

Donadio, Rachel. “Italy’s Great, Mysterious Storyteller.” Review of My Brilliant Friend, by Elena Ferrante. The New York Review of Books, 18 Dec. 2014, www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/ 12/18/italys-great-mysterious-storyteller. Accessed 28 Sept. 2015. 16. COMMENT ON AN ONLINE ARTICLE Commenter. Comment on “Title of Article.” Name of Periodical, Date posted, Time posted, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Nick. Comment on “The Case for Reparations.” The Atlantic, 22 May 2014, 3:04 p.m., www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/05/ how-to-comment-on-reparations/371422/#article-comments.

Accessed 8 May 2015. Books and Parts of Books For most books, you’ll need to provide information about the author, the title, the publisher, and the year of publication. If you found the book inside a larger volume, a database, or some other work, be sure to specify that as well. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 24BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 24 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 25 17. BASIC ENTRIES FOR A BOOK PRINT Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Year of publication.

Watson, Brad. Miss Jane. W. W. Norton, 2016.

EBOOK Document an ebook as you would a print book, but add information about the ebook — or the type of ebook if you know it. Watson, Brad. Miss Jane. Ebook, W. W. Norton, 2016.

Watson, Brad. Miss Jane. Kindle ed., W. W. Norton, 2016.

IN A DATABASE Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Year of publication.

Name of Database, DOI or URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Anderson, Sherwood. Winesburg, Ohio. B. W. Huebsch, 1919. Bartleby.com, www.bartleby.com/156/. Accessed 8 Apr. 2015. 18. ANTHOLOGY Last Name, First Name, editor. Title. Publisher, Year of publication.

Hall, Donald, editor. The Oxford Book of Children’s Verse in America. Oxford UP, 1985. 19. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Title of Anthology, edited by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Pages.

Achebe, Chinua. “Uncle Ben’s Choice.” The Seagull Reader: Literature, edited by Joseph Kelly, W. W. Norton, 2005, pp. 23-27. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 25 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 25 28/06/16 10:19 AM 28/06/16 10:19 AM MLA Style 26 Fontanella-Khan, Amana. Pink Sari Revolution: A Tale of Women and Power in India. W. W. Norton, 2013. Fontanella-Khan , Amana. Pink Sari Revolution: A Tale of Women an d Power in In dia.W. W. Norton, 2013. Documentation Map (MLA) Print Book Title Subtitle Author Publisher Year of publication BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 26 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 26 24/06/16 5:56 PM 24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 27 TWO OR MORE WORKS FROM ONE ANTHOLOGY Prepare an entry for each selection by author and title, followed by the anthology editors’ last names and the pages of the selection. Then include an entry for the anthology itself (see no. 18). Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Anthology Editors’ Last Names, Pages.

Hiestand, Emily. “Afternoon Tea.” Kitchen and Jones, pp. 65-67.

Ozick, Cynthia. “The Shock of Teapots.” Kitchen and Jones, pp. 68-\ 71. 20. MULTIVOLUME WORK ALL VOLUMES Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Publisher, Year(s) of publication. Number of vols.

Churchill, Winston. The Second World War. Houghton Mifflin, 1948-53. 6 vols.

SINGLE VOLUME Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Vol. number, Publisher, Year of publication. Number of vols.

Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. Vol. 2, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1939. 4 vols. 21. BOOK IN A SERIES Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edited by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication. Series Title.

Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. Edited by Barbara T. Christian, Rutgers UP, 1994. Women Writers: Texts and Contexts. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 27 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 27 30/06/16 11:47 AM 30/06/16 11:47 AM MLA Style 28 22. GRAPHIC NARRATIVE Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Year of publication.

Bechdel, Alison. Fun Home: A Family Tragicomedy. Houghton Mifflin, 2006. If the work has both an author and an illustrator, start with the one whose work is more relevant to your research, and label the role of anyone who’s not an author. Pekar, Harvey. Bob & Harv’s Comics. Illustrated by R. Crumb, Running Press, 1996.

Crumb, R., illustrator. Bob & Harv’s Comics. By Harvey Pekar, Running Press, 1996. 23. SACRED TEXT If you cite a specifi c edition of a religious text, you need to include it in your works cited list. The New English Bible with the Apocrypha. Oxford UP, 1971.

The Torah: A Modern Commentary. Edited by W. Gunther Plaut, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1981. 24. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Name or number of edition, Publisher, Year of publication.

Fowler, H. W. A Dictionary of Modern English. 2nd ed., Oxford UP, 1965. 25. REPUBLISHED WORK Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Year of original publication.

Current publisher, Year of republication.

Bierce, Ambrose. Civil War Stories. 1909. Dover, 1994. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 28BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 28 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 29 26. FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORD Part Author’s Last Name, First Name. Name of Part. Title of Book, by Author’s First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Pages.

Tanner, Tony. Introduction. Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, Penguin, 1972, pp. 7-46. 27. PUBLISHED LETTER Letter Writer’s Last Name, First Name. Letter to First and Last Names. Day Month Year. Title of Book, edited by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Pages.

White, E. B. Letter to Carol Angell. 28 May 1970. Letters of E. B. White, edited by Dorothy Lobarno Guth, Harper & Row, 1976, p. 600. 28. PAPER AT A CONFERENCE PAPER PUBLISHED IN CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Paper.” Title of Published Conference Proceedings, edited by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Pages.

Flower, Linda. “Literate Action.” Composition in the Twenty-first Century:

Crisis and Change, edited by Lynn Z. Bloom et al., Southern Illinois UP, 1996, pp. 249-60.

PAPER HEARD AT A CONFERENCE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Paper.” Title of Conference, Day Month Year, Location, City.

Hern, Katie. “Inside an Accelerated Reading and Writing Classroom.” Conference on Acceleration in Developmental Education, 15 June 2016, Sheraton Inner Harbor Hotel, Baltimore. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 29BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 29 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 30 29. DISSERTATION Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Diss. Institution, Year, Publisher, Year of publication.

Goggin, Peter N. A New Literacy Map of Research and Scholarship in Computers and Writing. Diss. Indiana U of Pennsylvania, 2000, University Microfilms International, 2001. For an unpublished dissertation, put the title in quotation marks, and end with the institution and the year. Kim, Loel. “Students Respond to Teacher Comments: A Comparison of Online Written and Voice Modalities.” Diss. Carnegie Mellon U, 1998. Websites Many sources are available in multiple media — for example, a print peri- odical that is also on the web and contained in digital databases — but some are published only on websites. This section covers the latter.

30. ENTIRE WEBSITE Last Name, First Name, role. Title of Site. Publisher, Date, URL.

Accessed Day Month Year.

Zalta, Edward N., principal editor. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language, Stanford U, 1995-2015, plato.stanford.edu/index.html. Accessed 21 Apr. 2015.

PERSONAL WEBSITE Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Site. Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Heath, Shirley Brice. Shirley Brice Heath. 2015, shirleybriceheath.net.

Accessed 6 June 2015. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 30BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 30 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 31 Documentation Map (MLA) Work on a Website McIlwain, John, et al. “Housing in America: Integrating Housing, Health, and Resilience in a Changing Environment.” Urban Land Institute, Urban Land Institute, 28 Aug. 2014, uli.org/report/housing-in- america-housing-health-resilience. Accessed 17 Sept. 2015. McI lwain, Jo hn, et a l. “Housin g in America: Inte gratin g Housin g, Hea lth, and Resi lience in a C hanging Environment.” Urban Lan d Institute , Urban Lan d Institute, 28 Au g. 2014, u li.or g/report/ housin g-in- america- housin g-health-resi lience. Accesse d 17 Sept. 2015 . Authors Date posted Title of work URL Title of site Publisher B UL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 31 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 31 24/06/16 5:56 PM 24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 32 31. WORK ON A WEBSITE Author’s Last Name, First Name (if any). “Title of Work.” Title of Site, Publisher, Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

“Global Minnesota: Immigrants Past and Present.” Immigration History Research Center, U of Minnesota, 2015, cla.umn.edu.ihrc. Accessed 25 May 2016. 32. BLOG ENTRY Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Blog Entry.” Title of Blog, Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Hollmichel, Stefanie. “Bringing Up the Bodies.” So Many Books, 10 Feb.

2014, somanybooksblog.com/2014/02/10/bring-up-the-bodies/.

Accessed 12 Feb. 2014. Document a whole blog as you would an entire website (no. 30) and a comment on a blog as you would a comment on an online article (no. 16).

33. WIKI “Title of Entry.” Title of Wiki, Publisher, Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

“Pi.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Aug. 2013, en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Pi. Accessed 25 Oct. 2013. Personal Communication and Social Media 34. PERSONAL LETTER Sender’s Last Name, First Name. Letter to the author. Day Month Year.

Quindlen, Anna. Letter to the author. 11 Apr. 2013. 35. EMAIL Sender’s Last Name, First Name. “Subject Line.” Received by First and Last Names, Day Month Year. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 32BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 32 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 33 Smith, William. “Teaching Grammar — Some Thoughts.” Received by Richard Bullock, 19 Nov. 2013. 36. TEXT MESSAGE Sender’s Last Name, First Name. Text message. Received by First and Last Names, Day Month Year.

Douglass, Joanne. Text message. Received by Kim Yi, 4 June 2015. 37. POST TO AN ONLINE FORUM Author. “Subject line” or “Full text of short untitled post.” Name of Forum, Day Month Year, URL. @somekiryu. “What’s the hardest part about writing for you?” Reddit, 22 Apr. 2016, redd.it/4fyni0. 38. POST TO TWITTER, FACEBOOK, OR OTHER SOCIAL MEDIA Author. “Full text of short untitled post” or “Title” or Descriptive label.

Name of Site, Day Month Year, Time, URL.

@POTUS (Barack Obama). “I’m proud of the @NBA for taking a stand against gun violence. Sympathy for victims isn’t enough — change requires all of us speaking up.” Twitter, 23 Dec. 2015, 1:21 p.m., twitter.com/POTUS/status/679773729749078016.

Black Lives Matter. “Rise and Grind! Did you sign this petition yet?

We now have a sign on for ORGANIZATIONS to lend their support.” Facebook, 23 Oct. 2015, 11:30 a.m., www.facebook.com/ BlackLivesMatter/photos/a.294807204023865.1073741829.

180212755483311/504711973033386/?type=3&theater.

@quarterlifepoetry. Illustrated poem about girl at Target. Instagram, 22 Jan. 2015, www.instagram.com/p/yLO6fSurRH/. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 33BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 33 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 34 Audio, Visual, and Other Sources 39. ADVERTISEMENT PRINT Name of Product or Company. Advertisement or Description of ad.

Title of Periodical, Date, Page.

Cal Alumni Association. Sports Merchandise ad. California, Spring 2016, p. 3.

AUDIO OR VIDEO Name of Product or Company. Advertisement or Description of ad. Date. Name of Host Site, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Chrysler. Super Bowl commercial. 6 Feb. 2011. YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKLZ254Y_jtc. Accessed 1 May 2015. 40. ART ORIGINAL Artist’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Year created, Site, City.

Van Gogh, Vincent. The Potato Eaters. 1885, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

REPRODUCTION Artist’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Year created. Title of Book, by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Page.

Van Gogh, Vincent. The Potato Eaters. 1885. History of Art: A Survey of the Major Visual Arts from the Dawn of History to the Present Day, by H. W. Janson, Prentice-Hall/Harry N. Abrams, 1969, p. 508.

ONLINE Artist’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Year created. Name of Site, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Warhol, Andy. Self-portrait. 1979. J. Paul Getty Museum, www.getty.

edu/art/collection/objects/106971/andy-warhol-self-portrait- american-1979/. Accessed 20 Jan. 2015. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 34BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 34 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 35 41. CARTOON PRINT Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Cartoon.”Title of Periodical, Date, Page.

Chast, Roz. “The Three Wise Men of Thanksgiving.” The New Yorker, 1 Dec. 2003, p. 174.

ONLINE Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Cartoon.” Title of Site, Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Munroe, Randall. “Up Goer Five.” xkcd, 12 Nov. 2012, xkcd.com/1133/.

Accessed 22 Apr. 2015. 42. SUPREME COURT CASE First Plaintiff v. First Defendant. United States Reports citation. Name of Court, Year of decision, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

District of Columbia v. Heller. 554 US 570. Supreme Court of the US, 2008, www.lawcornell.edu/supct/html/07-290.ZS.html. Accessed 3 June 2016. 43. FILM Name individuals based on the focus of your project — the director, the screenwriter, the cinematographer, or someone else. Title of Film. Role by First and Last Names, Production Studio, Date.

Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Directed by Blake Edwards, Paramount, 1961.

STREAMING Title of Film. Role by First and Last Names, Production Studio, Date. Streaming Service, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Interstellar. Directed by Christopher Nolan, Paramount, 2014. Amazon Prime Video, www.amazon.com/Interstellar-Matthew-McConaughey/ dp/B00TU9UFTS. Accessed 2 May 2015. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 35BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 35 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 36 44. INTERVIEW If the interview has a title, put it in quotation marks following the sub- ject’s name. BROADCAST Subject’s Last Name, First Name. Interview or “Title of Interview.” Title of Program, Network, Day Month Year.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Interview. Fresh Air, NPR, 9 Apr. 2002.

PUBLISHED Subject’s Last Name, First Name. Interview or “Title of Interview.” Title of Publication, Date, Pages.

Stone, Oliver. Interview. Esquire, Nov. 2004, pp. 170-71.

PERSONAL Subject’s Last Name, First Name. Personal interview. Day Month Year.

Roddick, Andy. Personal interview. 17 Aug. 2013. 45. MAP “Title of Map.” Publisher, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

“National Highway System.“ US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/images/nhs.pdf.

Accessed 10 May 2015. 46. MUSICAL SCORE Composer’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Composition. Year of composition. Publisher, Year of publication.

Stravinsky, Igor. Petrushka. 1911. W. W. Norton, 1967. 47. ONLINE VIDEO Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Name of Host Site, Date, URL.

Accessed Day Month Year. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 36BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 36 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 37 Westbrook, Adam. Cause/Effect: The Unexpected Origins of Terrible Things.

Vimeo, 9 Sept. 2014, vimeo.com/105681474. Accessed 20 Dec. 2015. 48. ORAL PRESENTATION Presenter’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Presentation.” Sponsoring Institution, Date, Location.

Cassin, Michael. “Nature in the Raw — The Art of Landscape Painting.” Berkshire Institute for Lifelong Learning, 24 Mar. 2005, Clark Art Institute, Williamstown. 49. PODCAST If you accessed a podcast online, give the URL and date of access; if you accessed it through a service such as iTunes or Spotify, indicate that instead. Last Name, First Name, role. “Title of Episode.” Title of Program, season, episode, Sponsor, Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Koenig, Sarah, host. “DUSTWUN.” Serial, season 2, episode 1, WBEZ, 10 Dec.

2015, serialpodcast.org/season-two/1/dustwun. Accessed 23 Apr. 2016.

Foss, Gilad, writer and performer. “Aquaman’s Brother-in-Law.” Superhero Temp Agency, season 1, episode 1, 16 Apr. 2015. iTunes. 50. RADIO PROGRAM Last Name, First Name, role. “Title of Episode.” Title of Program, Station, Day Month Year of broadcast, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Glass, Ira, host. “In Defense of Ignorance.” This American Life, WBEZ, 22 Apr. 2016, thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/585/ in-defense-of-ignorance. Accessed 2 May 2016. 51. SOUND RECORDING ONLINE Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Title of Album, Distributor, Date.

Name of Audio Service. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 37BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 37 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 38 Simone, Nina. “To Be Young, Gifted and Black.” Black Gold, RCA Records, 1969. Spotify.

CD Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Title of Album, Distributor, Date.

Brown, Greg. “Canned Goods.” The Live One, Red House, 1995. 52. TV SHOW ORIGINAL BROADCAST “Title of Episode.” Title of Show, role by First and Last Names, season, episode, Network, Day Month Year.

“The Silencer.” Criminal Minds, written by Erica Messer, season 8, episode 1, NBC, 26 Sept. 2012.

DVD “Title of Episode.” Broadcast Year. Title of DVD, role by First and Last Names, season, episode, Production Studio, Release Year, disc number.

“The Pants Tent.” 2003. Curb Your Enthusiasm: Season One, performance by Larry David, season 1, episode 1, HBO Video, 2006, disc 1.

ONLINE “Title of Episode.” Title of Show, season, episode, role by First and Last Names (if any), Production Studio, Day Month Year. Name of Host Site, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

“Shadows in the Glass.” Marvel’s Daredevil, season 1, episode 8, Netflix, 10 Apr. 2015. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/80018198?trackId =13752289&tctx=0%2C7%2Cbcfd6259-6e64-4d51-95ab-2a9f747e- abf0-158552415. Accessed 3 Nov. 2015. 53. VIDEO GAME Last Name, First Name, role. Title of Game. Distributor, Date of release. Gaming System or Platform. publication title author BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 38 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 38 25/06/16 5:20 PM 25/06/16 5:20 PM MLA Style 39 Metzen, Chris, and James Waugh, writers. StarCraft II: Legacy of the Void. Blizzard Entertainment, 2015. OS X. FORMATTING A RESEARCH PAPER Name, course, title. MLA does not require a separate title page. In the upper left-hand corner of your first page, include your name, your professor’s name, the name of the course, and the date. Center the title of your paper on the line after the date; capitalize it as you would a book title. Page numbers. In the upper right-hand corner of each page, one-half inch below the top of the page, include your last name and the page num- ber. Number pages consecutively throughout your paper. Font, spacing, margins, and indents. Choose a font that is easy to read (such as Times New Roman) and that provides a clear contrast between regu- lar and italic text. Double-space the entire paper, including your works cited list. Set one-inch margins at the top, bottom, and sides of your text; do not justify your text. The first line of each paragraph should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. Long quotations. When quoting more than three lines of poetry, more than four lines of prose, or dialogue between characters in a drama, set off the quotation from the rest of your text, indenting it one-half inch (or five spaces) from the left margin. Do not use quotation marks, and put any parenthetical documentation after the final punctuation. In Eastward to Tartary, Kaplan captures ancient and contemporary Antioch for us:

At the height of its glory in the Roman-Byzantine age, when it had an amphitheater, public baths, aqueducts, and sewage pipes, half a million people lived in Antioch. Today the population is only 125,000. With sour relations between Turkey and Syria, and unstable politics throughout the Middle East, Antioch is now a backwater — seedy and tumbledown, with relatively few tourists.

I found it altogether charming. (123) BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 39BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 39 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 40 In the first stanza of Arnold’s “Dover Beach,” the exclamations\ make clear that the speaker is addressing someone who is also present in the scene:\ Come to the window, sweet is the night air!

Only, from the long line of spray Where the sea meets the moon-blanched land, Listen! You hear the grating roar Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling. (6-10) Be careful to maintain the poet’s line breaks. If a line does not fi t on one line of your paper, put the extra words on the next line. Indent that line an additional quarter inch (or two spaces).

Illustrations. Insert illustrations close to the text that discusses them.

For tables, provide a number (Table 1) and a title on separate lines above the table. Below the table, provide a caption and information about the \ source. For graphs, photos, and other figures, provide a figure number (Fig. 1), caption, and source information below the figure. If you give only brief source information (such as a parenthetical note), or if the sou\ rce is cited elsewhere in your text, include it in your list of works cited. Be\ sure to make clear how any illustrations relate to your point. List of Works Cited. Start your list on a new page, following any notes.

Center the title and double-space the entire list. Begin each entry at t\ he left margin, and indent subsequent lines one-half inch (or five spaces)\ .

Alphabetize the list by authors’ last names (or by editors’ or tr\ anslators’ names, if appropriate). Alphabetize works with no author or editor by title, disregarding A, An, and The. To cite more than one work by a single author, list them as in no. 4 on page 15. SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER The following report was written by Dylan Borchers for a fi rst-year writing course. It’s formatted according to the guidelines of the MLA (style.mla.org). BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 40 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 40 25/06/16 5:21 PM 25/06/16 5:21 PM MLA Style 41 Borchers 1 Dylan Borchers Professor Bullock English 102, Section 4 4 May 2012 Against the Odds:

Harry S. Truman and the Election of 1948 Just over a week before Election Day in 1948, a New York Times article noted “[t]he popular view that Gov. Thomas E.

Dewey’s election as President is a foregone conclusion” (Egan). \ This assessment of the race between incumbent Democrat Harry S. Truman and Dewey, his Republican challenger, was echoed a week later when Life magazine published a photograph whose caption labeled Dewey “The Next President” (Photo of Truman 37).\ In a Newsweek survey of fifty prominent political writers, each one predicted Truman’s defeat, and Time correspondents declared that Dewey would carry 39 of the 48 states (Donaldson 210). Nearly every major media outlet across the United States endorsed Dewey and lambasted Truman. As historian Robert H. Ferrell observes, even Truman’s wife, Bess, thought he would be beaten (270).

The results of an election are not so easily predicted, as the famous photograph in fig. 1 shows. Not only did Truman win the election, but he won by a significant margin, with 303 electoral votes and 24,179,259 popular votes, compared to Dewey’s 189 electoral votes and 21,991,291 popular votes (Donaldson 204-07).

In fact, many historians and political analysts argue that Truman }1 2}” • 1” • • •• • Title centered.

Double-spaced throughout. 1” 1” •• • 1” • Author named in signal phrase, page number in parentheses.

Last name and page number.

No page number needed for one- page source. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 41 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 41 30/06/16 11:48 AM 30/06/16 11:48 AM MLA Style 42 would have won by an even greater margin had third-party Progressive candidate Henry A. Wallace not split the Democratic vote in New York State and Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond not won four states in the South (McCullough 711). Although Truman’s defeat was heavily predicted, those predictions themselves, Dewey’s passiveness as a campaigner, and Truman’s zeal turned the tide for a Truman victory.

In the months preceding the election, public opinion polls predicted that Dewey would win by a large margin. Pollster Elmo Roper stopped polling in September, believing there was no reason to continue, given a seemingly inevitable Dewey landslide. Although the margin narrowed as the election drew near, the other pollsters Borchers 2 •Fig. 1. President Harry S. Truman holds up an edition of the Chicago Daily Tribune that mistakenly announced “Dewey Defeats Truman” (Rollins). Illustration is positioned close to the text to which it relates, with figure number, caption, and parenthetical documentation. B UL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 42 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 42 24/06/16 5:56 PM 24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 43 Borchers 3 predicted a Dewey win by at least 5 percent (Donaldson 209). Many historians believe that these predictions aided the president in the long run. First, surveys showing Dewey in the lead may have prompted some of Dewey’s supporters to feel overconfident about their candidate’s chances and therefore to stay home from the polls on Election Day. Second, these same surveys may have energized Democrats to mount late get-out-the-vote efforts (“1948 Truman- Dewey Election”). Other analysts believe that the overwhelming predictions of a Truman loss also kept at home some Democrats who approved of Truman’s policies but saw a Truman loss as inevitable.

According to political analyst Samuel Lubell, those Democrats may have saved Dewey from an even greater defeat (Hamby, Man 465).

Whatever the impact on the voters, the polling numbers had a decided effect on Dewey.

Historians and political analysts alike cite Dewey’s overly cautious campaign as one of the main reasons Truman was able to achieve victory. Dewey firmly believed in public opinion polls.

With all indications pointing to an easy victory, Dewey and his staff believed that all he had to do was bide his time and make no foolish mistakes. Dewey himself said, “When you’re leading, don’t talk” (Smith 30). Each of Dewey’s speeches was well crafted and well rehearsed. As the leader in the race, he kept his remarks faultlessly positive, with the result that he failed to deliver a solid message or even mention Truman or any of Truman’s policies.

Eventually, Dewey began to be perceived as aloof and stuffy. One • • 1” • No signal phrase; author and page number in parentheses.

Paragraphs indented }1 2} inch or 5 spaces. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 43BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 43 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 44 observer compared him to the plastic groom on top of a wedding cake (Hamby, “Harry S. Truman”), and others noted his stiff, cold demeanor (McCullough 671–74).

As his campaign continued, observers noted that Dewey seemed uncomfortable in crowds, unable to connect with ordinary people. And he made a number of blunders. One took place at a train stop when the candidate, commenting on the number of children in the crowd, said he was glad they had been let out of school for his arrival. Unfortunately for Dewey, it was a Saturday (“1948: The Great Truman Surprise”). Such gaffes gave voters the feeling that Dewey was out of touch with the public.

Again and again through the autumn of 1948, Dewey’s campaign speeches failed to address the issues, with the candidate declaring that he did not want to “get down in the gutter” (Smith 515). When told by fellow Republicans that he was losing ground, Dewey insisted that his campaign not alter its course. Even Time magazine, though it endorsed and praised him, conceded that his speeches were dull (McCullough 696). According to historian Zachary Karabell, they were “notable only for taking place, not for any specific message” (244). Dewey’s numbers in the polls slipped in the weeks before the election, but he still held a comfortable lead over Truman. It would take Truman’s famous whistle-stop campaign to make the difference.

Few candidates in US history have campaigned for the presidency with more passion and faith than Harry Truman. In Borchers 4 • • Two works cited within the same sentence.

Title used when there’s no known author. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 44BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 44 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 45 Borchers 5 the autumn of 1948, he wrote to his sister, “It will be the greatest campaign any President ever made. Win, lose, or draw, people will know where I stand” (91). For thirty-three days, Truman traveled the nation, giving hundreds of speeches from the back of the Ferdinand Magellan railroad car. In the same letter, he described the pace: “We made about 140 stops and I spoke over 147 times, shook hands with at least 30,000 and am in good condition to start out again tomorrow for Wilmington, Philadelphia, Jersey City, Newark, Albany and Buffalo” (91). McCullough writes of Truman’s campaign:

No President in history had ever gone so far in quest of support from the people, or with less cause for the effort, to judge by informed opinion. . . . As a test of his skills and judgment as a professional politician, not to say his stamina and disposition at age sixty-four, it would be like no other experience in his long, often difficult career, as he himself understood perfectly. More than any other event in his public life, or in his presidency thus far, it would reveal the kind of man he was. (655) He spoke in large cities and small towns, defending his policies and attacking Republicans. As a former farmer and relatively late bloomer, Truman was able to connect with the public.

He developed an energetic style, usually speaking from notes rather than from a prepared speech, and often mingled with the crowds that met his train. These crowds grew larger as the campaign • • Parenthetical reference after final punctuation.

Quotations of more than 4 lines indented }1 2} inch (5 spaces) and double-spaced. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 45BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 45 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 46 progressed. In Chicago, over half a million people lined the streets as he passed, and in St. Paul the crowd numbered over 25,000.

When Dewey entered St. Paul two days later, he was greeted by only 7,000 supporters (“1948 Truman-Dewey Election”). Reporters brushed off the large crowds as mere curiosity seekers wanting to see a president (McCullough 682). Yet Truman persisted, even if he often seemed to be the only one who thought he could win. By going directly to the American people and connecting with them, Truman built the momentum needed to surpass Dewey and win the election.

The legacy and lessons of Truman’s whistle-stop campaign continue to be studied by political analysts, and politicians today often mimic his campaign methods by scheduling multiple visits to key states, as Truman did. He visited California, Illinois, and Ohio 48 times, compared with 6 visits to those states by Dewey.

Political scientist Thomas M. Holbrook concludes that his strategic campaigning in those states and others gave Truman the electoral votes he needed to win (61, 65).

The 1948 election also had an effect on pollsters, who, as Elmo Roper admitted, “couldn’t have been more wrong.” Life magazine’s editors concluded that pollsters as well as reporters and commentators were too convinced of a Dewey victory to analyze the polls seriously, especially the opinions of undecided voters (Karabell 256). Pollsters assumed that undecided voters would vote in the same proportion as decided voters — and that turned out Borchers 6 BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 46BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 46 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 47 to be a false assumption (Karabell 257). In fact, the lopsidedness of the polls might have led voters who supported Truman to call themselves undecided out of an unwillingness to associate themselves with the losing side, further skewing the polls’ results (McDonald et al. 152). Such errors led pollsters to change their methods significantly after the 1948 election.

After the election, many political analysts, journalists, and historians concluded that the Truman upset was in fact a victory for the American people, who, the New Republic noted, “couldn’t be ticketed by the polls, knew its own mind and had picked the rather unlikely but courageous figure of Truman to carry its banner” (T.R.B. 3). How “unlikely” is unclear, however; Truman biographer Alonzo Hamby notes that “polls of scholars consistently rank Truman among the top eight presidents in American history” (Man 641). But despite Truman’s high standing, and despite the fact that the whistle-stop campaign is now part of our political landscape, politicians have increasingly imitated the style of the Dewey campaign, with its “packaged candidate who ran so as not to lose, who steered clear of controversy, and who made a good show of appearing presidential” (Karabell 266). The election of 1948 shows that voters are not necessarily swayed by polls, but it may have presaged the packaging of candidates by public relations experts, to the detriment of public debate on the issues in future presidential elections.Borchers 7 • Work by 3 or more authors is shortened using et al. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 47BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 47 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 48 Works Cited Donaldson, Gary A. Truman Defeats Dewey. UP of Kentucky, 1999.

Egan, Leo. “Talk Is Now Turning to the Dewey Cabinet.” The New York Times, 20 Oct. 1948, p. 8E, www.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1948/10/26/issue.html. Accessed 18 Apr. 2012.

Ferrell, Robert H. Harry S. Truman: A Life. U of Missouri P, 1994.

Hamby, Alonzo L., editor. “Harry S. Truman: Campaigns and Elections.” American President, Miller Center, U of Virginia, 11 Jan. 2012, millercenter.org/president/biography/truman- campaigns-and-elections. Accessed 17 Mar. 2012.

- - -. Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman. Oxford UP, 1995.

Holbrook, Thomas M. “Did the Whistle-Stop Campaign Matter?” PS:

Political Science and Politics, vol. 35, no. 1, Mar. 2002, pp. 59-66.

Karabell, Zachary. The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election. Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.

McCullough, David. Truman. Simon and Schuster, 1992.

McDonald, Daniel G., et al. “The Spiral of Silence in the 1948 Presidential Election.” Communication Research, vol. 28, no. 2, Apr. 2001, pp. 139-55.

“1948: The Great Truman Surprise.” The Press and the Presidency, Dept. of Political Science and International Affairs, Kennesaw State U, 29 Oct. 2003, kennesaw.edu/pols.3380/pres/1984.html.

Accessed 10 Apr. 2012.Borchers 8• • • • 1” • Heading centered.

Alphabetized by authors’ last names.

Double-spaced.

Each entry begins at the left margin; subsequent lines are indented.

Multiple works by a single author listed alphabetically by title. For second and subsequent works, replace author’s name with three hyphens.

Sources beginning with numerals are alphabetized as if the number were spelled out. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 48BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 48 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM MLA Style 49 “1948 Truman-Dewey Election.” American Political History, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, State U of New Jersey, 1995-2012, www.eagleton.rutgers.edu/research/ americanhistory/ap_trumandewey.php. Accessed 18 Apr. 2012.

Photo of Truman in San Francisco. “The Next President Travels by Ferry Boat over the Broad Waters of San Francisco Bay.” Life, 1 Nov. 1948, p. 37. Google Books, books.google.com/books?id= ekoEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Accessed 20 Apr. 2012.

Rollins, Byron. “President Truman with Chicago Daily Tribune Headline of ‘Dewey Defeats Truman.’ ” Associated Press, 4 Nov.

1948. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum, www.trumanlibrary.

org/photographs/view.php?id=25248. Accessed 20 Apr. 2012.

Roper, Elmo. “Roper Eats Crow; Seeks Reason for Vote Upset.” Evening Independent, 6 Nov. 1948, p. 10. Google News, news.

google.com/newspapers?nid=PZE8UkGerEcC&dat=19481106& printsec=frontpage&hl=en. Accessed 13 Apr. 2012.

Smith, Richard Norton. Thomas E. Dewey and His Times. Simon and Schuster, 1982.

T.R.B. “Washington Wire.” The New Republic, 15 Nov. 1948, pp. 3-4.

EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db =tsh&AN=14779640&site=ehost-live. Accessed 20 Apr. 2012.

Truman, Harry S. “Campaigning, Letter, October 5, 1948.” Harry S.

Truman, edited by Robert H. Ferrell, CQ P, 2003, p. 91.Borchers 9 • Every source used is in the list of works cited.

A range of dates is given for web projects developed over a period of time. BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 49BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 49 24/06/16 5:56 PM24/06/16 5:56 PM