english 1301-Extra credit

Chicago Manual of Style Sample Paper (Title o ne -quarter page down from top) Your Name Here (At the hal f-page mark) Course Name Here Instructor’s Name Here April 11, XXXX (All double -spaced) (Insert a page brea k here to maintain a separation between your title page and p age one .) Last Name 1 Although various styles exist for formatting papers and documenting research, you may be expected to use The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago , or CMS ) if you are writing a paper for a history class or certain humanities classes . Chicago itself has more than one form and is in its sixteenth edition , but the following guidelines are for the form commonly required in student papers. Chicago papers usually have a title page, as shown in this guide. Notice that the title page has no page numb er, but the following pages do. Use this sample title page as a guide when constructing your own. Numbering Pages and Formatting B ody of Paper Other basic Chicago formatting features to observe include page numbering, proper f ont size and style, and proper margins. Inserting page numbers in your paper is easy using Microsoft Word 2007 or a later version . The numbering begins with the first page of the body, as shown in this guide, and continues thr oughout the rest of the paper. Simply select “Insert” and “Page number.” Choose “Top of Page” and “Plain number 3.” Type your last name, leaving a sp ace between it and the page number. Unless you r instructor specifies differently, use twelve -point font and a standard, easy -to-read font style , such as Times New Roman. Then use the same size and font style throughout the rest of the paper. Also throughout the paper provide one -inch margin s at the top, bottom, and sides of the page s, and double -space the body of the paper . You should also check your formatting to remove extra space between paragraphs. Click on the corner arrow in the “Paragraph” box in your ruler. Go to “Spacing .” Set “B efore” and “After” each to 0 pt. Unless otherwise specified by your instructor, do not use headings for sections (despite this template example), and instead, use topic sentences and transitional sentences to indicate different topics in your paper. Last Name 2 Ident ifying and Documenting Borrowed Material Identifying borrowed material and docume nting it correctly are crucial . Failure to do so is plagiarism. Place short quotat ions in quotations marks, and be sure to anchor your quotation with a signal phrase. In other words, tell the reader where/who is the source of the quotation. I f the quotation is over four lines, set it apart as a block quotation unless your professor specifies otherwise. Introduce the block quotation in your own words, followed by a colon. Then indent the entire quoted passage one -half inch from the left margin. Do not put it in quotation marks; the block format itself identifies the passage as a word -for -word quotation. Double -space the quoted lines. Chicago normally uses either footno tes or endnotes to document borrowed materia l, whether it is quoted or paraphrased . Endnotes go at the end of your document, footnotes go at the foot of the page that contains the text for the information that you are referencing. Ask your professor which he/she prefers. If you have a minimum number of pages your paper needs to reach, y ou may want to consider footnotes. Those will take up space at the bottom of your page. But, you may need to double check with your instructor regarding his/her policy. Some who specify a minimum number of pages for your paper, may require you to length en the paper to account for the lines lost to footnotes. Endnotes are added on a separate page at the end of your document, but that page does not count as one of your pages of text. Your endnotes page will be before the bibliography. Footnotes and endn otes have the opposite formatting of Bibliographic entries. The first line of each is indented, but subsequent lines are not. The author’s first name is listed before last name, and parts of the entry are s eparated by commas, not periods. You may Last Name 3 also u se f ootnotes or endnotes for other purposes, such as defining a term, explaining a statement in the paper, or telling where to find additional information .1 Footnotes and endnotes , no matter which you use, are introduced into the paper in the same way. At the end of the sentence or clause containing the borrowed material, place a superscript ed number to guide the reader to the note . To insert the note using Microsoft 2007 or a later version , follow these instructions. First, click the “References” tab and select “Insert Footnote” or “Insert Endnote.” The superscripted number will automatically appear where you placed it in the body and also at the bottom of the page or end of the paper , where the note itself will begin. (You may need to change the Roman numeral to an Arabic numeral.) Indent thi s number five spaces at the bottom o f page and then begin the footnote . Also, you may need to reset the font and size for all of your footnotes or endnote to Times New Rom an 12 point. For example, the quotation, “proslavery argument was not merely a defense or rationalization of slavery ,” from Eric Foner is cited below. 2 Indent only the first line of the note . Single -space each note that runs over one line, but double -space between notes if you have additional ones on the same page. Repeat this process for each citation — each time you insert a new footnote, it will increase in number, even if you are referencing the same source. Proper formatting is illustrated in the footnote s below. 3 1 These are called explanatory footnotes (or endnotes). You may use these to add in any information that you feel is crucial to your paper but not necessary to include in your main text. It is possible that you may have both an explanatory footnote (or en dnote) and a citation reference in the same footnote (or endnote). 2 Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 66. 3 This handout has currently been revised. Please contact the Writing Center if you see mistakes or have questions. Last Name 4 The content and format of the individual notes themselves depend on the kind of source used, such as books, websites, newspapers, journals, and the like. However, each usually begin s with the author’s first name then last , then the title of work, publication information, and pages cited. Remember, history is a social science. Someone should be able to look at your evidence (the sources you used) and draw the same conclusions, just as if he or she was replicating a scienc e experiment. For examples of the various kinds of footnotes and endnotes and more instructions on formatting them, see the website: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citat ionguide.html . This paragraph contains quotations or borrowed material and examples of footnotes for different types of sources. Again, if your paragraph has this many quotations strung together, you wi ll want to rewrite it. This paragraph simply demonstrates anchored quotations and proper citations. The South mobilized for war in December of 1860, and the C.S.A. President, Jefferson Davis, had “an impressive record of public service.” 4 Davis was also known to have had a “content ious personality.” 5 Others have referred to him as the “most curious of chieftains.” 6 The Constitution of the Confederate States of America set his term limit to six years. 7 Seventeen -year old South Carolinian, Emma LeConte, had great admiration for Dav is. During the Civil War, she remarked, “I heard that Jeff Davis said that he would defend Carolina at all 4 Jacqueline Jones, Peter H. Wood, Thomas Borstelmann, Elain Tyler May, and Vicki L. Ruiz, Created Equal: A History of the United States , vo l. 1, Fourth Edition (Boston: Pearson, 2014), 345. 5 A & E Television Netword, LLC., “Jefferson Davis,” History.com , November 15, 2015, http://www.history.com/topics/american -civil -war/jefferson -davis . 6 Frank E. Vandiver, “ Jefferson Davis --Leader Without Legend,” The Journal of Southern History 43, no. 1 (February 1977), 6 . 7 C.S. Const. art. II, §1, cl. 1. Last Name 5 hazards. I hope it is true.” 8 During his presidency, Davis believed that his cause was just and right. He stated, “We have committed no crime… [w] e will be free! We will govern ourselves.” 9 His legacy has been immortalized by many, and he has even been the subject of a documentary that aired in 2008. 10 Some words of caution when writing notes: according to the Chicago Manual of Style , italicize , do not underline, titles of longer works such as titles of books, journals, magazines, and newspapers ; but p lace titles of shorter works, such as titles of articles, short stories, and songs , in quotation marks. Always observe proper punctuation within the entries , and end each entry with a period. Using Convenient Shortcuts in Writing Footnotes and Endnotes Chicago include s some shortcuts for recording footnote and endnote content . If the note cites the same source as the preceding one , then simply use the abbreviated Latin word ibid . (italicized here because it is a word being used as a word) , which means “in the same place,” instead of repeating the information . Capitalize the word, and always follow it with a period since it is a n abbreviation. However, use this word only if the new citation is identical to the 8 Emma LeConte, “Diary, 1864 -1865,” Documenting the American South , accessed July 9, 2015, http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/leconteemma/leconte.html , January 2, 1865, pg. 3 . 9 Jefferson Davis, interview by Colonel Jaques, Richmond, VA, July 16, 1864. This interview has also been printed in a newspaper article. It could also be cited as follows. J.R.

Gilmore, “ PEACE PROSPECTS SOUTH.; Interesting Narrative of the Mission of Messrs. Jaques and Gilmore to Richmond. Interview and Conversation With Jefferson Dav is. HOW THEY WENT TO RICHMOND. THE REBEL OFFICERS. IN RICHMOND. THE NEXT DAY. SECRETARY BENJAMIN. JEFFERSON DAVIS. MR. DAVIS ON THE CONFEDERATE PROSPECTS. MR. DAVIS REFUSES AN AR MISTICE. CLOSE OF THE INTERVIEW, ” The New York Times , August 18, 1864, http:// www.nytimes.com/1864/08/18/news/peace -prospects -south -interesting -narrative -mission - messrs -jaques -gilmore.html?pagewanted=1 . 10 Jefferson Davis: An American President, TV Movie, directed by Brian Gary (2008; Los Angeles, CA: Flying Chaucer Films, 2008). Last Name 6 preceding one . For example, in describing the coming Civil War, Foner argued, “in free society labor and capital were in constant antagonism.” 11 If the page number is different, then follow the word ibid . with the new page number , as in the sample footnote below . Another quotation from Foner, such as “the ex -Democrats were ‘the soul of the Republicans,’” could be cited like this. 12 If the source has been cited previously , but not directly above, then you may provide only the author’s last name and page number instead of the full citation . Another option is to use a shortened citation instead of ibid . The short citation includes the author’s last name and page number if you are using only one source from the author. If you are using more than one source from an author, the shortened citation should include the author’s last name, a shortened title , and a page number. The citation would look like this. 13 Another short cut to keep in mind is when you have more than one quotation from the same source in the same paragraph. If that is the case, and you do not have any other different sources that need to be cited between those from that same sou rce, you are allowed to simply do one footnote or endnote citation at the end of the last quotation from that source in that paragraph. The reader should know that your footnote/endnote applies to all of the quotations in that paragraph prior to that cita tion. However, if you have a quotation from a different source in between those from the same source, you will need to do a citation for that other source as well. The following is an example of the above, but keep in mind that any paragraph that relies this heavily on outside sources should be rewritten to include more original thought. In regards to the roots of Bacon’s Rebellion, Jones et. al. considered Nathaniel Bacon an “ambitious 11 Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men , 66. 12 Ibid.,145. 13 Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 68. Last Name 7 gentlemen.” They explained that Bacon “threw himself into the conf lict,” and his “army continued to grow.” 14 Historian Eric Foner adds, “Bacon promised freedom… to all who joined his ranks… and became the rule of Virginia.” 15 However, Bacon died of dysentery and, Jones et. al. concludes, the “revolt had been crushed, but its impact proved huge.” 16 Including a Final List of Sources Used At the end of your paper, y our professor may request you to list each source cited and/or consulted using a works cited page , reference list , or a bibliography . A Bibliography contains all studies that have informed your work. A Works Cited page contains only the sources that have been cited (as a footnote or an endnote) in your paper. If you are required to use a certain amount of sources, you may want to include a Bibliography instea d of a Works Cited. As with notes, the format of specific entries in a bibliography depends on the kind of sources used, such as books, websites, newspapers, etc. Each usually begins with the author’s last name, but for more thorough formatting guideline s and examples, see the CPC Writing Center handout “Chicago Manual of Style Samples, ” pages 2 -3. Basic guidelines for formatting the bibliography page itself are easy. On a new page, type “Works Cited,” “References ,” or “Bibliography,” depending on which type you r instructor requests. Regardless of which you choose, each should be separated into Primary Sources (documents that come from the time that you are studying) and Secondary Sources (sources that use Primary Sources to draw conclusions about the time that you are studying). Then list the entries in alph abetical order, by the author’s last name. Separate main parts of the entry by 14 Jones et. al., 103 -104. 15 Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty : An American History , vol. 2, Second Seagull Edition (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012) , 103. 16 Jones, et. al., 103. Last Name 8 periods, not commas, and end each entry with a period. Single -space each entry, but double - space between entries . Begin the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, but indent any subsequent lines of that entry (this is opposite of footnote and endnote formatting) . This kind of indention, called the hanging indent, is the opposite of that used for footnotes and endnotes. If your professor is requiring an annotated bibliography, ask what he/she wants in your annotation. This requirement varies by instructor, but most agree that an annotation should go beyond rephrasing the post -colonic title. For more information on Chicago style, pick up the Chicago handouts in the CPC Writing Center, in A104 , attend the free “Chicago, My Kind of Style” workshop offered every Spring and Fall Semester by the CPC Writing Center , and/or consult the website : http://chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationsguide.html .17 17 Credit: Bonnie Ford and Betty Correll, CPC Writing Center . Last Name 9 Chicago Grammar Tips Further vs. Farther Further measures degree, farther measures distance. College courses challenged him to push himself further than he had thought possible. The marathon caused him to run farther than he thought possible. Who vs. W hom Who = He, she, they Whom = Him, her, them Who bought the present? He did. She did. They did. To whom is the present going? To her. To him. To them. Apostrophes for Possession not plural Decades should not have apostrophes : 1920s, 1980s, 2010s Decades with apostrophes indicate possession: 1980’s = it belongs to the year 1980. Names should have ‘s added or es’ added. The shoes belong to James. Those are James’s shoes. The dog belongs to the Walters Family. That is the Walterses’ dog. Exceptions for Moses and Jesus. That is Jesus’ hammer. That is Moses’ basket. Exceptions for names that end with “s” and have an “eez” sound. Those are Socrates’ books. Last Name 10 That is Xerxes’ staff. Exceptions for the United States and Texas. If there is only one, apostrophes can be added with the s. Texas’ Constitution or Texas’s Constit ution The United States’ Constitution or the United States’s Constitution The Chicago Manual of Style says if you don’t like the way it looks, rephrase. Italicizing T itles Book, Movie, Journal titles, etc. should be italicized. Article titles should be placed in quotation marks. Names of space crafts and boats should be italicized. Last Name 11 Works Cited Primary Sources Confederate States Constitution. A rt. II, §1, cl. 1. Davis, Jefferso n. Interview by Colonel Jaques . July 16, 1864. Richmond, VA . LeConte, Emma. “Diary, 1864 -1865. ” Documenting the American South . January 2, 1865. http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/leconteemma/leconte.html . Secondary Sources A & E Television Networks, LLC. “Jefferson Davis. ” History.com . November 15, 2015. http://www.history.com/topics/american -civil -war/jefferson -davis. Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War . Oxford: Oxford University Pr ess, 1995. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty : An American History. Vol. 1. Second Seagull Edition, New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2012 . Jefferson Davis: An American President . Los Angeles : Flying Chaucer F ilms, 2008. TV Movie, 228 min. Jones, Jacqueline , Peter H. Wood, Thomas Borstelmann, Elain Tyler May, and Vicki L. Ruiz . Created Equal: A History of the United States . Vol. 1. Fourth Edition. Boston: Pearson, 2014. Vandiver, Frank E. “Jeffers on Davis --Leader Without Legend. ” The Journal of Southern History 43, no. 1 (February 1977): 3 -18.