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Please visit our website at http;// www.ablongman.com ISBN 0-321-17278-7 123456789 10—CRW —06 05 04 03 Contents Contents by Argumentative Type xi Preface xvii Introduction 1 The Environment 5 Introduction 5 James Fenlmore Cooper The Slaughter of the Pigeons 8 Thomas Cole Schroon Lake 1846 15 Carleton Watkins Photos ofYosemite 16 John Muir Save the Hetch Hetchy Valley! 19 Photos of Hetch Hetchy Valley 27 Aldo Leopold The Land Ethic 29 William Cronon The Trouble with Wilderness 46 Rachel Carson Chapters 1 and 2 from Silent Spring 74 ! "#" • Struggles for Liberation: Slavery, Women ’s Rights, Civil Rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) is widely recognized as a central figure in the “first generation ” of the women ’s movement, despite the fact that she had seven children to raise while the movement was getting started in the 1840s. Stanton, along with Lucretia Mott (a Quaker activist from Philadelphia), began planning the 1848 Seneca Falls Con ­ vention after they were denied entry to the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840. The Seneca Falls Women ’s Rights Convention was a watershed moment in the history of the women ’s movement, for the meeting and the ideas that emergedfi'om it were widely reported (and widely criticized). Like Thomas Jefferson before her, Stanton drafted an original version of the Declaration that was ratified with minor changes by conference dele ­ gates. Stanton remained active in the fight for extension of rights to women throughout the remainder of her life, although oftentimes she needed to veil her identity by writing speeches for others, including for Susan B. Anthony, with whom she worked (sometimes more cordially than other times) up until her death in 1902. Stanton aho coedited a women ’s rights newspaper, The Revolution (1868-1870), and served as president of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1869 to 1892. Many subsequent women ’s activists consider Elizabeth Cady Stanton to be the first and perhaps most influential theorist of women s legal, social, eco­ nomic, and religious rights in the history of women s rights in America. Elizabeth Cady Stanton The Seneca Falls Declaration 1. Declaration of Sentiments When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the eartli a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of nature and of nature ’s God entitle them, a de­ Fuzabeth Cady Stanton The Seneca Falb Declaration • 263 6T1. cTiWT6. .P .zT PWo1oP1i P' 4V1Io1l cTWEocTi .zV. .zT: izPE5l lT V 65VcT .zT 6VEiTi .zV. o4WT5 .zT4 .P iE6z V 6PEciTn ”T zP5l .zTiT .cE.zi .P 9T iT5'rTFolT1.g .zV. 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PEc P9kT6.n ”T izV55 T4W5P: V,T1.iu 6oc6E5V.T .cV6.iu WT.o.oP1 .zT C.V.T V1l vV.oP1V5 5T,oi5V.EcTiu V1l T1lTVFPc .P T15oi. .zT WE5Wo. V1l .zT WcTii o1 PEc 9TzV5'n ”T zPWT .zoi hP1FT1.oP1 po55 9T 'P55PpTl 9: V iTcoTi P' hP1FT1.oP1i T49cV6o1, TFTc: WVc. P' .zT 6PE1.c:n 2. Resolutions WHEREAS, The great precept of nature is conceded to be, that “man shall pursue his own true and substantial happiness. ” Blackstone in his Commentaries remarks, that this law of Nature being coeval with mankind, and dictated hy God himself, is of course superior in obliga ­ tion to any other. It is binding over all the globe, in all countries and at a times; no human laws are of any vahdity if contrary to this, and such of them as are valid, derive all their force, and all their validity, Md all their authority, mediately and immediately, from this original- therefore, ’ Resolved, That such laws as conflict, in any way with the true and substantial happiness of woman, are contrary to the great precept of Btt T Struggles for Liberation: Slavery, Women's Rights, Civil Rights 1V.EcT V1l P' 1P FV5olo.:u 'Pc .zoi oi [iEWTcoPc o1 P95o,V.oP1 .P V1: P.zTcn \ *TiP5FTlu LzV. V55 5Vpi pzo6z WcTFT1. pP4V1 'cP4 P66EW:o1, iE6z V i.V.oP1 o1 iP6oT.: Vi zTc 6P1i6oT16T izV55 lo6.V.Tu Pc pzo6z W5V6T zTc o1 V WPio.oP1 o1'TcoPc .P .zV. P' 4V1u VcT 6P1.cVc: .P .zT ,cTV. WcT6TW. 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'Pc zTcu V1l .zV. o. oi .o4T izT izPE5l 4PFT o1 .zT TclVc,Tl iWzTcT pzo6z zTc ,cTV. hcTV.Pc zVi Viio,1Tl zTcn *TiP5FTlu LzV. o. oi .zT lE.: P' .zT pP4T1 P' .zoi 6PE1.c: .P iT6EcT .P .zT4iT5FTi .zToc iV6cTl co,z. .P .zT T5T6.oFT 'cV16zoiTn 2lizabktii CADvSTAvroN The Seneca Falls Declaration • 267Resolved, That the equality of human rights results neccssarilv from the fact of the identíty of the race in capabilities and responsibilities. Resolved, therefore. That, being invested by the Creator udth the same capabdities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their ex­ ercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause by ever> ’ righteous means; and especially in regard to the great subjects of morals and religion, it is self-evidently her right to participate with her brother in teaching them, both in private and in public, by writing and by speaking, by any instrumentahties proper to be used, and in any assemblies proper to be held; and this being a self-evident truth growing out of the di­ vinely implanted principles of human nature, any custom or authority adverse to it, whether modem or wearing the hoarv sanction of antiq ­ uity, is to be regarded as a self-evident falsehood, and at war with mankind.

Resolved, That the speedy success of our cause depends upon the zeal ­ ous and unthing efforts of bodi men and women, for the overthrow' of the monopoly of the pulj)it, and for the securing to women an equal participation with men in the various trades, professions, and com- merce. Questions for Discussion How does imitating the Declaration of Independence help Cadys argurnenl? What grievances articulated in the Declaration are still at issue today? "C4 • Struggles for Liberation: Slavery, Women's Rights, Civil Rights Like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who wrote a number of Anthony ’s speeches, Susan B. Anthony (1820-1S96) was one of the most prominent figures in the fight for women ’s rights in the nineteenth centuiy. Her career closely parallels Stanton ’s, and the two coedited The Revolution (a women ’s rights newspaper) although Anthony was afar more public and contro ­ versial figure. Although her main cause was suffrage (she served with Stanton on the National Woman Suffrage Association and headed up that organization between 1892 and 1900), she also spoke and worked on be­ half of temperance, abolitionism, educational reform, and workplace re­ form (including the right of women to form unions). Anthony delivered the following speech (shortened here for reasons of space) a number of times after she was arrested in New York State and fined $100 for illegally vot ­ ing in the 1872 presidential election. In it, she addresses her fellow citi ­ zens as if they were jurors. Susan B. Anthony On Women ’s Right to Suffrage Friends and Fellow-citizens: I stand before you tonight, under indict ­ ment for the alleged crime of having voted at the last Presidential elec­ tion, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus voting, I not only committed no crime, hut, instead, simply exercised my citizen ’s right, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution, beyond the power of any State to deny. Our democratic-repubhcan government is based on the idea of the natural right of every individual member thereof to a voice and a vote in making and executing the laws. We assert the province of govern ­ ment to he to secure the people in the enjoyment of their unalienable rig hts. We throw to the winds the old dogma that governments can give rights. Before governments were organized, no one denies that each individual possessed the right to protect his own life, liberty and property. And when 100 or 1,000,000 people enter into a free govern ­ ment, they do not barter away their natural rights; they simply pledge themselves to protect each other in the enjoyment of them, through prescrihed judicial and legislative tribunals. They agree to abandon SuSAX B. AnT}]ONV On Women ’s Right lo Suffrage • 271 .zT 4T.zPli P' 9cE.T 'Pc6T o1 .zT VlkEi.4T1. P' .zToc lo''TcT16Tiu V1l VlPW. .5oPiT P' 6oFo5o3V.oP1n vPc 6V1 :PE 'o1l V pPcl o1 V1: P' .zT ,cV1l lP6E4T1.i 5T'. Ei 9: .zT 'V.zTci .zV. ViiE4Ti 'Pc ,PFTc14T1. .zT WPpTc .P 6cTV.T Pc .P 6P1 V 'Tc co,z.in LzT MT65VcV.oP1 P' f1lTWT1lT16Tu .zT R1o.Tl C.V.Ti hP1i.o.E.oP1u .zT 6P1i.o.E.oP1i P' .zT iTFTcV5 C.V.Ti V1l .zT Pc,V1o6 5Vpi P' .zT .Tcco.PcoTiu V55 V5oIT WcPWPiT .P WcP.T6. .zT WTPW5T o1 .zT TRV Tc6oiT P' .zToc JPlr,oFT1 co,z.in vP. P1T P' .zT4 WcT.T1li .P 9Ti.Pp co,z.in Q55 4T1 VcT 6cTV.Tl TWEV5u V1l T1lPpTl 9: .5oToc hcTV.Pc po.z 6Tc.Vo1 E1V5oT1V95T co,z.in Q4P1, .zTiT VcT z'Tu 5o9Tc.: V1l .zT WEciEo. P' zVWWo1Tiin LzV. .P iT6EcT .zTiTu ,PFTc14T1.i VcT o1i.o.E.Tl V4P1, 4T1u lTcoFo1, .zToc kEi. WPpTci 'cP4 .zT 6P1iT1. P' .zT ,PFTc1Tln (TcT oi 1P izVlPp P' ,PFTc14T1. VE.zPco.: PFTc co,z.iu 1Pc TR65E V ioP1 P' V1: 65Vii 'cP4 .zToc 'E55 V1l TWEV5 T1kP:4T1.n (TcT oi WcP V 1PE16Tl .zT co,z. P' V_ 4T1u V1l [6P1iTWET1.5:u \ Vi .zT `EVITc WcTV6zTc iVolu P' V55 pP4T1u \ .P V FPo6T o1 .zT ,PFTc14T1.n CEcT5:u .zT co,z. P' .zT pzP5T WTPW5T .P FP.T oi zTcT 65TVc5: o4W5oTln 2Pc zPpTFTc lTi.cE6.oFT .P .zToc zVWWo1Tii .zoi ,PFTc14T1. 4o,z. 9T V 6P4Tu V loi'cV16zoiTl 65Vii 6PE5l 1To.zTc V5.Tc 1Pc V9P5oiz o.u 1Pc o1i.o V .E.T V 1Tp P1Tu TR6TW. 9: .zT P5l 9cE.T 'Pc6T 4T.zPl P' o1iEccT6.oP1 V1l cT9T55oP1n w1TrzV5' P' .zT WTPW5T P' .zoi 1V.oP1 .PlV: VcT E..Tc5: WPpTc5Tii .P 95P. 'cP4 .zT i.V.E.T 9PPIi V1 E1kEi. 5Vpu Pc .P pco.T .zTcT V 1Tp V1l V kEi. P1Tn LzT pP4T1u loiiV.oi'oTl Vi .zT: VcT po.z .zoi 'Pc4 P' ,PFTc14T1.u .zV. T1'Pc6Ti .VRV.oP1 po.zPE. cTWcTiT1.Vr .oP1u .zV. 6P4WT5i .zT4 .P P9T: 5Vpi .P pzo6z .zT: zVFT 1TFTc ,oFT1 .zToc 6P1iT1.u .zV. o4WcoiP1i V1l zV1,i .zT4 po.zPE. V .coV5 9: V kEc: P' .zToc WTTciu .zV. cP9i .zT4u o1 4VccoV,Tu P' .zT 6Ei.Pl: P' .zT1r Pp1 WTciP1iu pV,Ti V1l 6zo5lcT1u S VcT .zoi zV5' P' .zT WTPW5T 5T'. pzP55: V. .zT 4Tc6: P' .zT P.zTc zV5'u o1 locT6. FoP5V.oP1 P' .zT iWoco. V1l 5T..Tc P' .zT lT65VcV.oP1i P' .zT 'cV4Tci P' .zoi ,PFTc14T1.u TFTc: P1T P' pzo6z pVi 9ViTl P1 .zT o44E.V95T Wco16oW5T P' TWEV5 co,z.i .P V55n LzT WcTV495T P' .zT 2TlTcV5 hP1i.o.E.oP1 iV:ig ”Tu .zT WTPW5T P' .zT R1o.Tl C.V.Tiu o1 PclTc .P 'Pc4 V 4PcT WTc'T6. E1oP1u Ti.V95oiz kEi.o6Tu o1iEcT domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare and secure the bless ­ ings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America. "C" • Struggles for Liberation: Slavery, tVomen's Rights, Civil Rights f. pVi pTu .zT WTPW5Tu 1P. pTu .zT pzo.T 4V5T 6o.o3T1iu 1Pc :T. pTu .zT 4V5T 6o.o3T1i0 9E. pTu .zT pzP5T WTPW5Tu pzP 'Pc4Tl .zoi R1oP1n Q1l pT 'Pc4Tl o.u 1P. .P ,oFT .zT 95Tiio1,i P' 5o9Tc.:u 9E. .P iT6EcT .zT40 1P. .P .zT zV5' P' PEciT5FTi V1l .zT zV5' P' P.oc WPi.Tco.:u 9E. .P .zT pzP5T WTPW5T SepP4T1 Vi pT55 Vi 4T1n Q1l o. oi lPp1co,z. 4P6I V Tc: .P .V5I .P pP4T1 P' .zToc T1kP:4T1. P' .zT 95Tiio1,i P' 5o9Tc.: p5.o5T .zT: Vc6 lT1oTl .zT EiT P' .zT P15: 4TV1i P' iT6Eco1, .zT4 WcP V FolTl 9F .zoi lT4P6cV.o6rcTWE95o6V1 ,PFTc14T1.S .zT 9V55P.n n n n 2Pc V1: C.V.T .P 4VIT iTR V WEV5o'o6V.oP1 .zV. 4Ei. TFTc cTiE5. o1 .zT loi'cV16zoiT4T1. P' P1T T1.ocT zV5' P' .zT WTPW5Tu oi .P WVii V 9o55 P' V..Vo1lTcu Pc V1 ex post facto law, and is therefore a violation of the supreme law of the land. By it, the blessings of liberty are forever with ­ held from women and their female posterity. To them, this government has no jusi powers derived from the consent of the governed. To them this government is not a democracy. It is not a republic. It is an odious aristocracy; a hateful oligarchy of sex. The most hateful aristocracy ever established on the face of the globe. An oligarchy of wealth, where the rich govern the poor; an oligarchy of learning, where the educated govern the ignorant; or even an oligarchy of race, where the Saxon rules the African, might be endured; but this oligarchy of sex, which makes father, brothers, husband, sons, the ojigarchs over the mother and sisters, the wife and daughters of every household; which ordains all men sovereigns, all women subjects, carries dissension, discord and rebellion into every home of the nation. And this most odious aristoc ­ racy exists, too, in the face of Section 4, of Article 4, which says: “1 he United States shall guarantee to every State in the f .nion a Republican form of government. ” What, I ask you, is the distinctive difference between ihe inhabi ­ tants of a monarchical and those of a republican form of government, save that in the monarchical the people are subjects, helpless, power ­ less, bound to obey laws made by superiors— while in the republican, the people are citizens, iqjlividual sovereigns, all clothed with cqttal power, to make and umnake both their laws and law makers, and the moment you deprive a person of his right to voice in the government, you degrade him from the status of a citizen of the republic, to that of a subject, and it matters very little to liim whetlter his monarch be an individual tyrant, as is the Czar of Russia, or a 15,000,000 headed monster, as here in the United States; he is a powerless subject, serf or slave; not a free and independent citizen in any sense. 10 But, it is urged, the use of the masculine pronouns he, his, and him, in all the constitutions and laws, is proof that only men were Sl'SAX B. Antiiont On Women''s Right to Suffrage * 273 4TV1. .P 9T o165ElTl o1 .zToc WcPFoioP1in f' :PE o1ioi. P1 .zoi FTcioP1 P' .zT 5T..To P' .zT 5Vpu pT izV55 o1ioi. .zV. :PE 9T 6P1ioi.T1.u V1l V66TW. .zT P.zTc zPc1 P' .zT lo5T44Vu pzo6z pPE5l 6P4WT5 :PE .P TRT4W. pP4T1 'cP4 .VRV.oP1 'Pc .zT iEWWPc. P' .zT ,PFTc41T1.n V1l 'cP4 WT1V5.oTi 'Pc .zT FoP5V.oP1 P' 5Vpin f1 V55 .zT WT1V5.oTi V1l 9EclT1i P' .zT ,PFTc14T1.u OTR6TW. .zT 4o5o.Vc:nZ pP4T1 VcT cT6IP1Tl Vi 6o.o3T1iu TWEV55: po.z 4T1n Q5iPu o1 V55 .zT WcoFo5T,Ti V1l o44E1o.oTiu iVFT .zPiT P' .zT kEc: 9PR V1l 9V55P. 9PRu .zT .pP 'E1lV4T1.V5 WcoFo5T,Ti P1 pzo6z cTi. V55 .zT P.zTcin LzT R1o.Tl C.V.Ti ,PFTc14T1. 1P. P15: .VRTiu 'o1Tiu o4WcoiP1i V1l zV1,i pP4T1u 9E. o. V55Ppi .zT4 .P WcTrT4W. 5V1liu cT,oi.Tc izoWiu V1l .VIT PE. WViiWPc. V1l 1V.EcV5o3V.oP1 WVWTcin n n n dE.n pzV.TFTc cPP4 .zTcT pVi 'Pc V lPE9.u E1lTc .zT P5l cT,o4Tu .zT VlPW.oP1 P' .zT 'PEc.TT1.z V4T1l4T1. iT..5Tl .zV. WETi.oP1 'Pc V TFTcu o1 o.i 'oci. iT1.T16Tg [Q55 WTciP1i 9Pc1 Pc 1V.EcV5o3Tl o1 .zT R1o.Tl C.V.Ti V1l iE9kT6. .P .zT kEcoilo6.oP1 .zTcTP'u VcT 6o.o3T1i P' .zT R1o.Tl C.V.Ti V1l P' .zT C.V.T pzTcTo1 .zT: cTiolTn \ Q1l .zT iT6P1l iT..5Ti .zT TWEV5 i.V.Ei P' V55 WTciP1i S V55 6o.o3T1ig vP C.V.T izV55 4VIT Pc T1'Pc6T V1: 5Vp pzo6z izV55 V9col,T .zT WcoFo V 5T,Ti Pc o44E1o.oTi P' 6o.o3T1i0 1Pc izV55 V1: C.V.T lTWcoFT V1: WTciP1 P' 5o'Tu 5o9Tc.:m Pc WcPWTc.:u FV.5oPE. lET WcP6Tii P' 5Vpu 1Pc lT1: .P V1: WTciP1 po.zo1 o.i kEcoilo6.oP1 .zT TWEV5 WcP.T6.oP1 P' .zT 5Vpin \ Y zT P15: WETi.oP1 5T'. .P 9T iT..5Tlu 1Ppu oig QcT pP4T1 WTciP1iX Q1l f zVcl5: 9T5oTFT V1: P' PEc PWWP1T1.i po55 zVFT .zT zVclozPPl .P iV: 'zT: VcT 1P.n dTo1, WTciP1iu .zT1u pP4T1 VcT 6o.o3T1iu V1l 1P C.V.T zVi V co,z. .P 4VIT V1: 1Tp 5Vpu Pc .P T1'Pc6T V1: P5l 5Vpu .zV. izV55 V9col,T .zToc WcoFo5T,Ti Pc o44E1o.oTin (T16Tu TFTc: loi6co4o1V.oP1 V,Vo1i. pP4T1 o1 .zT 6P1i.o.E.oP1i V1l 5Vpi P' .zT iTFTcV5 C.V.Tiu oi .PrlV: 1E55 V1l FPolu WcT6oiT5: Vi oi TFTc: P1T V,Vo1i. 1T,cPTin D fi .zT co,z. .P FP.T P1T P' .zT WcoFo5T,Ti Pc o4o44o.o6i P' 6o.o3T1iX Y .zo1I .zT loi'cV16zoiTl TRrcT9T5iu V1l .zT TRri.V.T WcoiP1Tci po55 V55 V,cTT po.z 4Tu .zV. o. oi 1P. P15: P1T P' .5oT4u 9E. .zT P1T po.zPE. pzo6z V55 .zT P.zTci VcT 1P.zo1,n CTTI 'oci. .zT Io1,lP4 P' .zT 9V55P.u V1l V55 .zo1,i T5iT izV55 9T ,oFT1 .zTTu oi .zT WP5o.o6V5 o1kE16.oP1n Q1l o. oi EWP1 .5ooi kEi. o1.TcWcT.V.oP1 P' .zT R1o.Tl C.V.Ti hP1i.o.E.oP1 .zV. PEc vV.oP1V5 ”P4V1 CE''cV,T QiiP6oV.oP1u pzo6z 6T5T9cV.Ti .zT .pT1.:r'o5.z V11oFTciVc: P' .zT pP4V1 Ui co,z.i 4PFT V 4T1. o1 vTp xPcI P1 .zT t.z P' ’V: 1TR.u zVi 9ViTl V55 o.i Vc,E4T1.i V1l V6.oP1 .zT WVi. 'oFT FTVcin ”T 1P 5P1,Tc WT.o.oP1 ST,oi5V.EcT Pc hP1,cTii .P ,oFT Ei .zT co,z. .P FP.Tn ”T VWWTV5 .P .zT pP4T1 6FTuca UFmzTc6 .P TRTc6oiT .zToc .PP fP1b A w "C9 * Struggles for Liberation: Slavery, IVomens Rights, Civil Right: 1T,5T6.Tl rc6o.o3T1 Ui co,z. .P FP.TnP U ”T VWWTV5 .P .zT o1iWT6.Pci P' T5T6 V .oP1 TFTo:pzTcT .P cT6ToFT .zT FP.Ti P' V55 R1o.Tl C.V.Ti 6o.o3T1i Vi o. oi .zToc lE.: .P lPn ”T VWWTV5 .P R1o.Tl C.V.Ti 6P44oiioP1Tci V1l 4Vc V izV5i .P VccTi. .zT o1iWT6.Pci pzP cTkT6. .zT 1V4Ti V1l FP.Ti P' R1o.Tl C.V.Ti 6o.o3T1iu Vi o. oi .zToc lE.: .P lPu V1l 5TVFT .zPiT V5P1T pzPu 5oIT PEc To,z.z pVcl o1iWT6.Pciu WTc'Pc4 .zToc lE.oTi 'Vo.z'E55: V1l pT55n ”T ViI .zT kEcoTi .P 'Vo5 .P cT.Ec1 FTclo6.i P' [,Eo5.: \ V,Vo1i. zP1 V Ti.u 5VprV9olo1,u .VRrWV:o1, R1o.Tl C.V.Ti 6o.o3T1i 'Pc P''Tco1, .zToc FP.Ti V. PEc T5T6.oP1in wc V,Vo1i. o1.T55o,T1.u pPc.z: :PE1, 4T1u o1V iWT6.Pci P' T5T6.oP1iu 'Pc cT6ToFo1, V1l 6PE1.o1, iE6z 6o.o3T1i U FP.Tin ”T ViI .zT kEl,Ti .P cT1lTc .cET V1l E1WcTkElo6Tl PWo1oP1i P' .zT 5Vpn V1l pzTcTFTc .zTcT oi cPP4 'Pc V lPE9. .P ,oFT o.i 9T1T'o. P1 .zT iolT P' 5o9Tc.: V1l TWEV5 co,z.i .P pP4T1u cT4T49Tco1, .zV. [.zT .cET cE5T P' o1.TcWcT.V.oP1 E1lTc PEc 1V.oP1V5 hP1i.o.E.oP1u TiWT6oV55: i4TT o.i V4T1l4T1.iu oi .zV. V1:.zo1, 'Pc zE4V1 co,z.i oi 6P1i.o.E.oP1V5u TFTcF.zo1, V,Vo1i. zE4V1 co,z.i oi E16P1i.o.E.oP1V5n U Q1l o. oi P1 .zoi 'o1T .zV. pT WcPWPiT .P 'o,z. PEc 9V..5T 'Pc .zT 9V5 V 5P.S V55 WTV6TV95Fu 9E. 1TFTc.zT5Tii WTcioi.T1.5: .zcPE,z .P 6P4W5T.T .coE4Wzu pzT1 V55 R1o.Tl C.V.Ti 6o.o3T1i izV55 9T cT6P,1o3Tl Vi TWEV5i 9T'PcT .zT 5Vpn Questions for Discussion How would you characterize Anthony ’s tactics? What fonns of evidence does she favor? Why are these forms best suited to her likely audience?

What kind of response is Anthony trying to elicit from her audience? así,!d *-:,'^.6íy eC^ L,II-!:^ DiN^'^.6 • 275 The suffrage movement for women developed alongside improvements in literacy and a consequent expansion in the number of newspapers and magazines. Hence the movement was a frequent subject for both satire and support not only by writers but by illustrators, photographers, and cartoonists. Posters and political cartoons at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth represented specific events and argued about the issue. In the process, cartoonists and engravers offered images of men and women in contemporary dress in the midst of daily ac- twities: Images of hen-pecked men and domineering ivomen reflected male fears about the loss of power —and established stereotypes about ivomen 's liberation that persist in visual rhetoric today. Visual Arguments:

The Suffrage Movement This lithograph by the famous and prolific Currier and Ives depicts a crowd of women joining the National Woman Suffrage Association. The women are shown voting for Susan Sharp Tongue (Susan B. Anthony) at a table supervised by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.