Drug legalization Unit Paper #4

APA Format for In-Text Citations Paraphrasing: · If you state something in your paper that is a statist ic (meaning a number of some kind), a fact that you got from somewhere else, or an idea th at is not yours, you MUST have an in-text citation.

· If you are giving your opinion on something, you sho uld also be using in-text citations to bolster your argument and help prove your point.

· Here is what an in-text citation should look like. N ote that the period goes AFTER the parentheses. And you do not need to put all the infor mation that is in reference list into an in-text citation:

Previous tests of anomie theory have been used to explain drug use, general delinquency, a nd fluctuations in overall crime rates (Agnew, 1980; Antonaccio et al., 2014; Baron, 2006; Cao, 2004; Menard, 1995; Menard, 1997; Zhao & Cao, 2010). OR To examine institutional means further, Menard (1995) found that only 48-66% of respondents stated a college education was important and educational aspirations and expecta tions seem to decrease with age. Direct Quote · If you are directly quoting from somewhere else, you should be using an in-text citation.

· Here is what an in-text citation should look like fo r a direct quote. Note that the period goes AFTER the parentheses. And you do not need to p ut all the information that is in reference list into an in-text citation:

Merton also dis cusses the idea of “wrecked by success” ( 1964, p. 220), in that some people’s goals will grow ever higher, regardless of what they have already achieved. OR As Durkheim (1897) stated, “According to accepted ideas, for example, a certain way of livi ng is considered the upper limit to which a workman may aspire in his efforts to improve his existence, and there is another limit below which he is not willingly permitt ed to fall unless he has seriously bemeaned himself” (p. 249). OR He stated, “Poverty as such, and consequent limitation of opportunity, are not sufficient to induce a conspicuously high rate of criminal behavior” ( Merton, 1938, p. 681).

APA Format for Reference List Entries Every single reference list entry MUST have an in-te xt citation AND every in-text citation MUST have a reference list entry. Simply having a reference list with NO in-text citations is NOT appropriate and is considered plagiarism. Here are the appropriate reference list entries for the in-text citations above. Note that they are in alphabet ical order.

Agnew, R. (1980). Success and anomie: A study of the effect of goals on anomie. The Sociological Quarterly, 21 :53-64.

Antonaccio, O., Smith, W. R., & Gostjev, F. A. (2014). Anomic strain and external constraints: A reassessment of Merton’s anomie/strain theory using data from Ukraine. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology . DOI:

10.1177/0306624X14533071.

Baron, S. W. (2006). Street youth, strain theory, and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34:209- 223.

Cao, L. (2004). Is American society more anomic? A test of Merton's theory wit h cross ænational data. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice , 28 :15-32.

Durkheim, E. (1897). Suicide: A study in sociology . New York, NY: Free Press.

Menard, S. (1995). Developmental test of Mertonian anomie theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32:136-174. DOI: 10.1177/0022427895032002002 Menard, S. (1997). A developmental test of Cloward’s differential -opportunity theory. The Future of Anomie Theory, 142-186.

Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3:672-682.

Merton, R. K. (1964). Anomie, anomia, and social interaction: Contexts of deviant behavior. In Marshall B. Clinard (ed.), Anomie and Deviant Behavior: A Discussion and Critique. New York: Free Press, 213-242.

Zhao, R. & Cao, L. (2010). Social change and anomie: A cross-national study. Social Forces, 88 :1209-1230.

You can see by the formatting above that there are di fferent ways to do reference entries based on what type of material you are citing. Some of the things above are journal articles (the journal name is in italics), others are books (the n ame of the book is in italics), and some are chapters in a book. You need to make sure you use the appropriate entry. Including every single piece of information you can find about a source is n ot correct.