“Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growi

“Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, and expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development, seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development” 

Preamble, Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation (15 April 1994), Marrakesh, Morocco 

Critically assess the extent to which (if any) the WTO Rules adversely affect the environment by constraining the development and application of domestic environmental protection policies.

  Outline how WTO Rules and Jurisprudence could be reformed to support environmental protection outcomes in the context of world trade. 

Your response should address the application of GATT Article XX and two WTO dispute settlement cases brought against the United States 

• United States — Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products

 • United States — Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline