1.Define causality , and list and define the three factors that are needed for it to be established. 2.What is the difference between correlation and...

1. Define causality, and list and define the three factors that are needed for it to be established.

2. What is the difference between correlation and causation? Which is harder to prove and why? Use an example to explain your answer.

3. What is validity and reliability? What are the differences between them both?    

4. The instructor of an introductory sociology class asks his students to fill out a questionnaire that he hopes to analyze and eventually publish. He tells the students that if they choose NOT to fill out the questionnaire, they will have points deducted from their next test. Which golden rule(s) of research does this situation violate? Can you think of any potential white coat effects that come into play? Give at least one suggestion of how the instructor could handle the situation in a more ethical manner.

5. what is a formal hypothesis about the relationship between student engagement in college and academic performance. Identify the independent and dependent variables, and operationalize these variables. Explain why your operationalization scheme is valid.