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1. Why do the humors reflect the speculative theories of Greek natural philosophy? (Refer to Empedocles.) How does this help doctors in a practical
1. Why do the humors reflect the speculative theories of Greek natural philosophy? (Refer to Empedocles.) How does this help doctors in a practical way to treat their patients? How does it limit their ability to help?
2. How does Galen explain the role of spirit (pneuma) in his theory of blood creation and distribution? Why is his view valuable even if flawed?
3. Describe one of Harvey's proofs of circulation (i.e., morphological or mathematical). How does he show that Galen's beliefs are wrong?
4. What are two of the key components of blood and why couldn't scientists in Harvey's time understand them?
5. How did cell theory support vitalism and also change the focus of pathology?
6. Why is Bernard's theory of experimentation so useful for physiological research? Why is it controversial?
7. How does chemistry blur the boundaries between living things (as studied from a vitalistic point of view) and non-living things (mechanism)?
8. How did Medieval Christianity and Islam adapt the views of Galen to suit their beliefs? Note the relevance of final causes/teleology.
9. How does physiology help us to understand the relationship between tissue, organ and system? Discuss in relation to a specific example.
Pathology and infectious diseases
1. Why is the organismic theory of pathology seen as the "medical model"?
2. How could one disease or condition be understood using multiple models of pathology? (E.g., organismic and invasion by living organisms and genetic.)
3. Why is vaccination a better method of managing smallpox than variolization?
4. What were the social and medical consequences of the bubonic plague?
5. Why is the concept of "disease" an abstraction from subjective experiences of "illness"?
6. How did the public health strategies used to manage cholera or the bubonic plague help to contribute to its spread?
7. What is the value of a nosological approach to disease? What are the limitations of the nosological approach?
8. How is pathological anatomy illustrated in the autopsy reading by Wilkinson?
9. What does the Charles Smith scandal tell us about the limitations of pathology?
