12-8. Why is it important for an organization to have a strate- pic plan for information systems? What major areas are covered in an organization's

12-8. Why is it important for an organization to have a strate- pic plan for information systems? What major areas are covered in an organization's IT strategic plan?

12-9. What are two IT funding models that organizations use to determine how IT expenses are allocated and costs recovered? How are IT expenses charged in each model? How does each funding model affect human behavior? 

12-10. What is an acceptable-use policy? What are example elements of an acceptable-use policy? Why do organi- zations implement an acceptable-use policy? How are acceptable-use policies affect human behavior?

12-11. What is project portfolio management? Why do organi- nations need project portfolio management?

12-12. What is the purpose of a program management office (PMO)? What are typical services provided by a pro- gram management office? How does a PMO use dash- boards? Why is collecting consistent data a challenge for the PMO?

12-13. What is disaster recovery? What are the major tasks associated with disaster recovery?

12-14. What is business continuity? What are the major tasks associated with planning for business continuity?

12-15. What is a cognitive bias? What are examples of cogni- tive biases? What is a black swan phenomenon? How

do cognitive biases and black swan phenomena affect strategic planning for information systems?