18rh century debate

***** 18th ******* *** **** * ******* ** ********** ****** ***** ******** It represents a ***** ** transition between ******** *** ****** periods *** ******* ** ****** power ** *** 18th ******* *** characterized ** the **** ** ********** states in ******* century Earlier *** ********** regarded this ****** as ****** **** *** recent ********** have ***** ** ***** **** ******* ****** ** separate ******** ********** elements of ******** and ********** ******* ******** is ********* ** study *** **** ******* ****** ***** ******** for ************* the ****** ** ********* ****** which emerged ** this ****** **** ******* has been largely ******** ** *** ******* of *** ****** empire However ****** ******** ***** on **** ******* ** an ***** ** ***** certain ****** ******* ***** **** *** ****** ******** ** the ******** ** ****** ****** Therefore ** ******* ** ***** **** to study 18th ******* ** a ****** in which **** ******** features existed **** *********** ********************** ********* **** phase ********** a ************ *** between the ******** *** ****** period *** earliest interpretation of **** century ** contained in *** **** **** ********** ******* ** ****** *** II and *** **** ** Mughal ****** Volum ** in ***** the **** ******* *** *********** **** *********** ****** *** *** ******* ****** ** ********** ** the **** *** postulate of **** ******* ********** **** ***** Ali ****** ** the **** of ********* states ** *** **** ******* *** feel **** ***** should be ******** within *** ***** **** ** ****** decline ******* ***** ** *** ******* on the crisis of ****** ************ in the 18th ******* *** early **** ******* laid ******** ** *** ******** *********** ** ***** ** *** **** ******* **** was * ****** ********* from *** ‘overall decay’ ****** of **** century ******* ********* **** these ********** recently historians **** tried ** ******* *** successor ****** *** ********* of *** ****** ** *** **** ******* These comprised of ***** ********* ****** ****** Marathas Sikhs *** ***** polities *** ******** ** ********* *** ****** *** the ************* from *** Mughal ******** ****** ** the ******* ****** The 18th century polities ****** **** be **** ** *** ******* ** ********** with the ****** ********* ****** and **** ******* introduced ** **** *** *** political ********* Thus *** **** century ********* *** ********* ************** from ****** ******* ** ******* *********** *** the ***** ******** ****** ** *** ***** ***** ********* ** ******* as before but *** ***** groups ******* their political allegiance **** *** decline of Mughal ****** *** virtually independent ********* performed the **** of ********** ** ******* *** *** ***** ****** used these ********* *** ********** ***** *** armies This income also ********** into ***** *** urban ******* ***** ******* *********** ******* types of ********* ********** ******* ** **** ****** ******* from ********* ****** ** ********** ***** ***** *** ******** **** the ******** ** ************** under *** ************ in ******** Times However *** ***** ******* writers ** ****** ******* (Elliot **** **** painted the 18th ******* ** ****** colour ***** they ****** ** *********** **** their predecessors **** *********** *** ************ ******* ***** also ********* the ****** ** ******** *** ******* ******* **** ********** ** the ****** *** **** *** ******* ** *** ****** empire ***** ******** was ********* ******** The contemporary ********** **** ****** lower officials ** ******************* ******* some of **** **** ****** ****** ********* ** ****** *** wrote ***** ** ************ ** **** ***** **** in ********* *** ******** ****** ** ***** ** Ghulam Husain ***** ** ****** *** ****** ** Riyaz ** Salatin ********** for *** ******* ** instructing *** ******* ********* and laboured under ******* ******** **** was a **** ** *** broader ******* of ********* colonial ********* *** ******* ** *** *********** power *** *** ********* *** the reversals which *** ***** ****** ******** were mirrored ** ***** ***** ******** ******** like * **** ******* **** *** **** ******* *** ****** between *** grandeur ** *** ******* *** *** ********* ** colonial ruleThe ****** ** Maasir ** ***** writes: ******* ***** ******** invasion resulted ** a ******* ** *** ********** ** ***** *** ** * short while ** ******** to ****** *** in **** in ***** ***** ** ** now better *** ***** ************** industries and ************* are ************** *** **** ***** Ashobs ******* ******* ** *** contemporary ***** Mir *** ***** **** been ******** ** ***** ******* *** ********** ***** The poets ****** *** destruction ** ***** and **** and *** degeneration ** the ethics *** ********** *** ************** ** ***** Zatalli ******* ** **** ******* ****** ** *** ***** ** a pattern of life and ******* ** a ***** of ****** ******* who **** ********** ** creative ******* ****** ******** *** ***** ** ************** categories (weavers ******** etc) **** *** ******* ****** milieu It seems that *** ******* ********** ** *** **** century were *** guided by any **** or ********* ******* *** ****** ****** ** *** ******** ****** Col * *** *** *** *********** the historians *** officials *** ******* *** ********** ** **** century represent *** ***** ********* category Dow in *** History ** ********* ****** to ******* **** as ********** ******* *** ******* *** ********* **** to ****** ********* ******* glorification of Akbar made ****** ******** ** ***** *** publication of Francis Gladwin’s ********** ******* *********** ** ************ ** the ********** of ***** Kirkpatrik ******** **** Mughal **** was ***** ** * variegated set ** **** and ********* ********** ***** found ****** **** **** Cornwallis too The ******* of ****** maladministration *** ********** ** British ********* ** *** 19th century *** *** Henry ***** ******* in *** *************** ***** ** *** ********** ** Mohammadan ***** **** view ***** *** ******* ******* ** ******* as **** ** ****** historians **** Sir ******** **** Sir ******** ****** and ** R C MajumdarSir ******** ****** ********** * **** *** ********* ** the **** ******* ***** *** **** refuted *** ********** by ******** **** ***** *** Satish ******* *** ******** Alam ** ** ***** ** ** untenable ******* ******** on ************ ***** ****** the ********* ************ which *** * consequence of *********** ***** *** nobles *** ***** extravagant ********** *** **** ******* ideology ** ****** **** influenced the *********** ** ******* of **** period *** regarded * ********** system ** imparting ********* as ******* to *** regional or ***** ********* ** ********* and ***** ***** ******* about ******************** ******* ***** ************** ** ****** ******* ** ** ******* ** *** ****** ***** ******* ******** *** insights into the understanding ** *** ******* ** degeneration ** Mughal empire *** *** **** century *** ***** point ******* from *** ***** ** personalities held responsible *** the *********** ** *** 18th ******* ** the analysis *** ********** of the administrative ********** of ****** empire ** ***** ** ********** *** decay ** Mughal ***** ** the ***** context ** socio-economic *** ********* ******** in ***** western ****** ** *** 18th ******* *** ******** *** decline as a **** ** ******** degerationSatish ******* ** skeptical ********* ******** deterioration in *** ******** or successor ****** ***** ******* in *** **** ** political ********** from *** ********* Mughal ****** *** **** ***** ********** into *** British ******** system ** refers ** them ** possessing a vibrant political ***** ******** ******** **** ******** ******* ** *** ***** **** ** the **** ******* the ************* subas ** *** ***** **** ********* ** ******* *** ****** to ** ******* *********** multivariate ************** ** ****** rather **** a positive ********* ** ********** ** regards ***** ** ***** * ******* ** progressive ********** **** ***** for ********* ** * ******** ********* ****** *** in *** ****** **** he finds *** *********** which ******* to ************* in *** ****** ****** ** *** sphere of ****** *** ******** growthAthar *** ****** * * ********** ************* ******** **** ****** to establishment ** ******* *********** *** ****** ** ** the ****** ** *** **** century ***** ** in his ************ address ** the ****** ******* Congress in **** ***** ** unentangle *** complicated web ** ********** perceptions ********* **** century He points *** ******* ***** Ali identifies transition with *** ******** ** ****** ****** and **** with the ******** ************* gap ** ***** ************ regimes ********** ****** *** **** ** ******* ******** ***** *** **** *** **** century ******** in *** middle ***** ** **** century ****** ******* studies *** **** ******* ** ******** ****** ******* *** indigenous *** ********* *********** represented ** ****** *** ******* respectively ********* *** 18th century ******* *** studied ** *** ******* ** ***** continuity **** ******* ****** *** the changes ************ ********** and ***** ***** ************* ** *** ******* systemSarkar’s understanding of 18th ******* is ******* reflected ** the following ********** **** History ** ****** ****** University) Vol *** ***** **** June **** *** ****** **** ** ***** ended *** her modern age began **** ***** ****** at *** ***** ****** ************ *** ****** * ***** ****** Its ******* *** **** *** very **** *** **** *** country’s administration *** become ********** ********* *** inefficient *** *** **** of *** people *** **** reduced ** *** ******* poverty ignorance *** ***** *********** ** a ***** selfish ***** *** ******** ****** class ******** ******* ****** the ********* *** **** *** ****** *** *********** **** ******* *** ****** of ******** **** was ********** ** *** debauchery fashionable ** *** Court and *** ************** ******** *** ****** *** ******** ** **** and ******* such * ********** decadent ******* *** ******** *********** ****** of Empire struck **** ********** force ***** ** *** ** ****** *** ********* administration *** ** be ******* ** *** country *** ******** ** *** ******* if **** for the **** ** *** ******** peace on ***** their ***** ******** *** *** ******* ** ***** *** ********* ******* ***** could ** ************* ** the ***** ** less than one ********** ** the twenty ***** **** ******* ** ****** ******** *********** the land ***** ** recover **** *** ****** ** ******* ********* *** political life *** felt *** *********** ***** of the *** ******* **** *** **** *** *** ***** of * ********** ******** ******* ***** ** stir ** ***** ******* under *** wand ** * ****** **** magician”Satish Chandra produced *** ****** **** ********** *** Politics at *** ****** court1707-1739’ ** **** ********* ** *** the *** of ************* reign *********** *** ********* ** 18th ******* *** **** **** ******** ****** was ****** ** transition ******* ***** ** *** ***** **** ** *** Mughal ******** ****** ** ******** *** ********** ** *** socio-political ****** ** follows: ********* problems ***** ** **** ******* *** ********* cultivation could ***** *** **** was ****** ******** *** *** rapid expansion of industry *** trade based on the ************ ** new technology and *** ******* ** old ******** ********* **** ************ *** ******** social ***** encompassed trade and industry in *** narrow a ****** ***** * ***** improvement ** the situation was ****** *** ********** of *** *** *********** Century SuccessorStatesState ** Medieval ***** ** * ****** ** ******** ********* in the **** twenty years Satish Chandra laid stress ** *** ********* ** the ****** ***** ** **** *** avenues **** *** tripolar ************ ******* *** ****** *** ********* *** *** ********* ********* ********** who cultivates **** *** ****** *** ******** was under stress In **** the ******* **** **** ** ****** ******* ***** ******** *** ***** **** ** the **** ******* as * **** *** was ******** by him ** *** *** ********* ** *** **** of *** ******* ******** ************* *** Indologists) **** *** **** century was teeming **** ************* and ****** *** *** ****** *** ********* *** the *********** ** ****** existed *** ****** ************* important work *** ******* ** ***** ***** ****** ‘The ******** ****** of ****** ***** ************ ***** ****** ** the Maratha ************* and ********** ********** ***** ** thought were responsible *** ******** *** *********** *** ******* ruination of *** peasantry He ***** ************* letters ** evidence ** *** ******* pillaging in *** ********* of *** 18th ******** ******** ** no ******** ** ******** ***** the ******** have not ****** * ****** and ***** **** *** not chastised **** **** *********** ********** ********** **** ** *** country *** been ******** ******** *** ** *** ***** is ********* *** ******** have ******** **** ** ***** **** **************** ******* official ****** **** for *** Marathas ********* ** ***** ****** *** Mughal empire *** been *** *** ************** *** ****** in the agrarian economy *** ********* ** *** peasant ********** ***** took ***** ********** *** *** ** *** ******** ** *** ******** ****** Habib ** ** *** ******* that *** political ****** ***** emerged ************ ** *** ****** ** ****** empire *********** *********** ****** anarchy *** foreign *********** *** state’s ************* ** the ************ ******* *** based ** ********** ********* ***** those who subsisted ** *********** ******* ********* to ******** the ****** and * large part *** ******** ** *** ********* ruling class in urban ***** *** *********** ******** *** there *** ** corresponding ******** in *** agrarian production ***** ******** ** ******** ************** Chandra *** * ***** ************* the ****** ****** ***** as possessing * narrow ***** *********** **** feel **** ** was not broad-based *** absolutist ********* ** *** ***** ** reflected ** the ********* ** *** ******** *** ************** ********* ruling ***** ***** ** opines that “…medieval imperialism… ** the ******* ** ***** **** *** was **** ******* like *** despotism ** Bourbons…finally replaced ** ** ******* ************* and ********** ******** ************** ********* **** ******* was * period ** ********** ******** ** *** modern period ************* ******** * ******* ******* ****** **** ******* Aurangzeb’s ***** ** ******** ** *** ********* ** ****** period? Or ****** *** first **** ** the **** ******* ** ****** ******** as * ****** ** transformation till *** beginnings of *** British *********** ** 1757?Athar Ali ** known for *** ******** ** ************** ******* ** ****** ***** He *** like I ***** and * ******* **** ******** ** economic ******* ***** ****** *** ********* ** *** Mughal ***** edifice *** ***** *** *** *** *** establishment of ******** **** The ****** ******** structure ** considered ** Athar *** as analogous ** a pan-Indian structure ****** ********** ********** ***** **** ** ****** Dakshin ****** Madura Nayakdom ** ******* ***** **** ***** **** **** ******* *** pale ** Mughal hegemony **** **** ***** ******** **** *** ******** state **** ******* *********** *** ********* ******** ******* parasitical ***** ********* ******** ******** ****** ***** *** considerably ******* ********* *** **** ******** ****** Ali I ****** *** ********* ** **** century *** ****** **** The ********* ******* ** ***** ********** *** ** ******** ** *** *********** ******* ** * * ****** depicting18th century as a **** ******** *** ******** ***** ********** ** state ********** ** **** century ******** ********* states **** Hyderabad ***** *** Bengal which were part ** ********* empire *** emerged due ** *** disintegration ** Mughal ****** ******************* ********* *** * ************ ** the Mughal model2) *** ******* *********** **** ***** and Afghans **** ** ***** ** * consequence ** *** crisis ***** had weakened *** Mughal ******** structure3) ***** ****** ***** ** Mysore ***** ***** Ali **** *** **** *********** *** ********* *** *********** ******* *** ********* ****** and ***** states ********** ******* thus “while they ***** *** certain Mughal administrative ************ for their *** purposes ***** ***** of government *** ** *** ***** ************ ** *** ****** *** ***** *** ** ********** with ***** ****** *** ******* ****** ******* the 18th ******* ** a period ** ****** ** ******* ** Mughal ******* *** ********* ** colonialism *** **** ******** ** ******* **** **** ********* The focus of ****** ****** ** ************ ********** *********** *** ******* ** *** ********** ******** ** unwarranted *** ************** aspect ** ****** Empire ** ******* **** stability and ****** ** *** ****** that *** ******** ******** ***** emerged with *** ******* ** ****** ****** *** regarded ** ********** **** *********** of *** ******* ****** *** **** challenged in many ******** ******** ***** **** etc)In the 1983 ******* ******** ******** ****** ******* was able ** discover ************* for ******** ****** in *** 18th ******* He refers ** *** ********** and ************ ********** in *** sphere ** ***** production **** ******** trade dadni ***** ** ********* *** ********* means *** ********** to ********* cash **** ********* ******* and other ********** of ***** fiscal ********** which *** ** *** ********* ** ******** class ** * ******** ** ******** *** ****** ********** He referred ** *** categorizaiton ( ** rural ******* into *** ****** – *** ******** ** ********** *** *** ******* or others) *** ******** class was *** ***** *********** ********** ** *** ***** strata *** ********* ******* (malik) ** ******* ***** ***** kashta) *** those *** held ******** positions at the village level ***** *********** *** **** ** *** ***** ****** (elite) *** they played ** ********* role ** *** new state structures ***** emerged ** *** **** ******* ****** ******* ******** **** ******** **** ******* ************* *** ****** ****** ******** *** *** rural ********** ****** **** in the ******* ****** *** within *** broad ********* of feudal ********** ** finally ****** that ****** **** ******* *** **** ******** with **************** The *** ***** was cracking *** ***** *** * *********** of growth ** ******* areas ********** capable ********* ****** **** pushing ******* **** *** lacking *** ******************* * Cohn ** *** important ******* ** *** ******* ** *** ******** ******** ******* ****** ************ systems ** 18th ******* India: the ******* ********* ******** **** *** ******* ******** ** ******** *** analyse *** **** ******* ** the context ** *** ****** which developed in the ****** administrative *** ******** ****** ** ********* ** ***** the ********* ****** which developed ** the **** ******* especially *** micro system ** *** ******* ********* ** ** autonomous ****** under *** Nawab ** Awadh ***** *** finally ************ to *** ******* ** ******* **** India ******* Cohn did *** ******* the *********** ** *** pan-Indian ******** ********* which ********* ****** His originality lay ** *** ******* ** **** ********** ** the ********* configurations *** *** ******* ** ******** up ** power *** ********* ** the ******* ** **** ****** ** ******** *** ******* ******** According to this approach ********* ********** ******** ** *** **** *** centralized ****** ***** *** at the ******** ** the ****** *** ************ ****** *** **** ******* ** **** ********* ******** ***** groups ************ *** ** the ***** and ********* level The ****** *** ****** an ********* role ** the ************ *** implementation Cohn ****** **** ********* ******* ** pre-modern times *** organized ***** vertical lines ************** The ********* ** the ************** superior ****** *** sustained ******* ********** among *** ********* categories in ******* ******** ***** power was *********** ******* ********** ******* etc *** it could be ********** **** ******* ******* and balance ***** the ******* ****** ** ******* On **** ******* Cohn was **** ** ********* **** types ** political ******* ** ********** India: * ******** * ********* * ******** * ***** *** ****** power *********** *** ******** category18th ******* ******************** ** ******** Times with ** *** ********* ******** system ********* ****** ***** ******* ** a consequence ** *** decline ** ****** ***** *** regarded ** secondary ****** ******** ******** ********* of petty ****** *** owe allegiance to *** ******** ********** ***** *** who are ***** engaged ** *********** ******** ***** ********** *** local ******** were *** kin-based ****** ***** ******* ****** or *********** *** were *********** ** *** secondary ***** ********* ******* the *********** ****** ** *** ****** successor ***** ***** especially *** ******* ******** ******** *** * vis *** Nawab ** Awadh *** *** Rajput ********* ** *** ****** and tappa level **** ******** ******* *** ********* ******* which **** place ** the 18th century **** been ********* ** a transition **** *** ****** ** ******* ** ** the context ** ******** or economic ****** ******* ******** system ******** *** *** ******** and consensus paradigm ******** in ** ***** * ********* *********** ** *** **** century ***** ********* Herman ***** (The ****** ** Indian Civilization ** *** **** ******* and ***** **** Century) was *** ***** scholar to ****** positive ******** in *** **** ******* *** ** **** that *** **** ******* ought to ** studied ** separate ****** and though it was * period of ******* in *** political and ***** ****** *** **** ****** *** ****** ** an ********* sensitivity *** contributed to *** ****** ** cultural development in *********** ******* ****** ** the ******* ** ******* ** **** **** *** nations ****** got ************ in western ****** *** ****** ******* and technology **** **** to ********** Revolution ***** ***** *** **** ******** ** ******** Hodgson and Athar Ali ******* ****** ******* ********** **** the ********* ******* ********** ****** ** *** **** **** ******* ** points *** **** ** **** ** the ***** ***** *** no sharp fall ** agricultural ********** land ******* ****** *** *** ******** ************ ******** was **** **** ** compared ** ******* rule ******* *** *** of the **** century **** the ********* of *** ***** ** *** regional *** local elites in *** face ** ******* ********* *** ******* *** ****** ** *************** ** * consequence ** ******* ******** It is * *********** ***** ******** ** ** Satish ******* **** in *** Riyasati ******** a ******** ******* ******* ** *** **** ** the emergence ** ***** ********* or *********** ***** ***** ** ****** ** *** ****** of ***** *********** and ********** ******** In **** ***** *** Mughal ******** ******* ******* *** ******** ******** *** *** ******** *** ******** by a **** ************ ******** important ***** ***** *** **** ****** ** ******** ** **** the ******** ***** ******* ** ********** to Mughals ** ** ** outcome ** challenge ** *** ****** ******** ***** ***** *** ******* *** long ** is ********* to analyse *** ***** ******* ** ***** ******** to ********** *** they **** *** able to withstand *** ******* ********* Another pertinent issue ** *** fact **** **** ** *** ********** till **** ********* the 18th ******* as merely ** *********** ** * period ** ********** ***** marked *** **** of ******* *** the **** ** British The 18th century *** not been studied ** ***** ** changes ** *** economy *** ******* of the ******** ** the ********* ******* ** ********** However **** the studies which **** **** undertaken from **** perspective ** **** etc *** *** **** ** rid ********** of the ******** *********** ** the earliest ************** ** *** **** century ** a **** *** ********** ** ********** **** ******** Sarkar *** **** ********* ********** ** later scholars ******* ** *********** Mughal ******* ** ************* ** ****** ******** **** ***** Habib Athar Ali *** ****** Chandra *** to ******* ** in the context ** *** ****** in *** ****** administrative system ******* *** ***** historians ********* *** **** ******* ** a period ** ****** ****** * * ****** *********** ** ** the ****** of ********* ** ** a dark *** * N ****** emphasizes ** ************* ** ****** *** characterizes the period as ****** **** ******* Irfan ***** ***** Ali *** * Chandra *** emphasis ** *** ******** ****** ****** ***** *** *** ***** scholar *** saw ******** traits ** the **** ******* He ******** ** ** * period ** ******** ************ Recently * ******* *** various ***** historians *** Bayly Frank ****** ***** **** **** **** ***** ** ****** *** **** ******* as * ****** ***** *** ******* with ************* for ****** **** ******** **** ******** Alam ****** ***** and ****** **** ***** ** ***** ******* regions of ****** ****** ** *** **** ******* *** ***** out **** *** ********* alignments developed as * ****** ** the decline ** ****** ***** ***** *** *** *********** ** *** regions imply ***** On *** basis ** the ******** **** *** various ******* ******** ** ******** *** ****** ** **** century is ******** ***** ************** Century ********* *************** death of ********* ** **** *** ****** ** *** ***** ** Mughal ****** especially *** ******* ***** ** Delhi This *** ******** ** the ********* of ********* states ***** *********** *** subas ** ****** ****** *** ** ******* ******* *** ********* **** undergoing * ***** of ***** or ********* *** **** ****** **** in *** **** ******* *** ****** ************** *** ********* compact and cohesive *** ********** appointed ** *** ****** *** ****** ** *** ********* *********** the ***** ***** ** administrative ******** ********* ***** ******** *** transferable and *** ******* government *** ******** ******* **** the ********** ************** ********** ******* *** ******* officials **** ******* *** ****** posted ***** *** served as * **** ** **** other’s power ****** however *** a ****** ******** ******* the zamindars ** land holders ** *** local ***** enjoyed ********** power *** ********* *** ******** ** revenue collection *** *********** ** *** and order ** *** ************** ********* the ********** officials supervised *** zamindar *** ***** *********** and peasants ** *** **** century the zamindaris ** ****** **** *** ***** *** ********* ** *** ****** *** *** ******** ********** ** ****** themDuring the **** ******* **** *** ********* of *** ******* ********** the provincial government ** ****** also ********* transformation The ***** ** *** ********** in ****** weakened *** *** **** ** ******** *********** *** ******* *** ********** found ** ********* to **** *********** ** ***** *** ** the declining ******** ************ Now * new phenomenon emerged in *** **** ** ** alliance ******* *** *************** ** ****** ***** in *** province (Subedar ****** and the ********* **** ************* ***** incorporated the ********** *** the financial ****** ** ****** ** the **** ******* Aurangzeb *** ********** **** the Maratha ******* ** ****** to ******** ********* *** ******* *** ******* ********* ***** ***** ** *** Agrarian ****** ** ****** ***** points *** **** ** ********** ** *** **** *** ******* ****** *** not ******** **** ** ****** ** *** 18th ******* although ** ***** provinces ** ******** ***** *** ******** *** ****** ** ******** ** ****** *** to *********** ** silver ******* ******* of ***** due ** European traders) in the17th ******* ************ prices soared but *************** the jama *** *** ******** in BengalBengal ** *** **** century *** quite ********** ******** ***** **** on ******* ** extension ** *********** ****** of ***** *** ****** ** ****** *** ******** ** ****** *** ************ ***** ****** ** **** ******* *** **** ******* ** ******** ********** *** revenue demand ** ****** did not increase *** ******** ** *** ************** document (Risala-i-Ziraat ******* ** ***** 1760) ******* ** that *** revenue ****** *** ********* ** ** the **** since ********* ****** *** it *** *** been subject ** ******** ** *** basis of ****** measurement *** officials responsible for revenue ********** ie the ********** who ********* jagirs *** ********* and ***** ************ ****** ************ ******** the ******* to *** center in ********** **** the ******** **** ** ****** whereas *** ****** collection was **** ****** Therefore *** mansabdars ********* etc **** ******** **** ******* ** the **** ** *** centre Hardpressed *** ***** ** finance **** ******* *** Marathas Aurangzeb decided ** ********** *** revenue ************** in ****** ***** *** **** *** lowand ** remitted **** * ***** *** ** the central ******** ********* ** **** ** **** ****** ** ******** Times ******* **** **** **** the ****** ** Bengal ** ***** He had earlier ************ *** ***** ** ******* administration ** the ****** ** ****** ** ****** to ** ** ***** revenue ************* *** *** ********* ********* ** ***** *** ***** combined *** ****** of ***** *** Nazim *** ******* ******* ******** the ground *** increase in **** (estimated revenue) *** ***** ******** ********** ** *** 18th century BengalMurshid **** **** *** successful in raising the revenue ********** in Bengal *** increase ** jama in *** **** ******* *** ***** *** % ** compared to the ******* of revenue demand in **** This ******** *** however *** **** **** if ** ******* it **** *** ******** ** *** ***** ********* ** ***** ***** in *** **** ******* *** ******** ** hasil ******* ********* *** ***** *** ** ******** ** **** ** **** in the **** century *** ****** swing in revenue *********** *** *********** ** ************** ** *** ******* ************** in ****** and *** ************* of *** political ********** ** Bengal due ** the ****** of trade *** ******* In **** ****** *** *** ***** ** ********** ********* *** ***** was ******** in ***** zamindaris Money ******* and bankers ******* ** ********* ****** *** **** ******** ******** ** *** zamindars *** ****** as *** ******* ************* ****** ** *** ***** level for *** ******** ******* ******* ********** ** ******* Quli ******** increasing *** revenue demand and ********** ******* measurement *** ******* abiding **** *** *********** ***** for ********* remittances ** Delhi **** *** **** ***** ** act ** a ***** ** *** ********* ********* and others who **** ********* *** ***************** ** ******* *** ********* ***** ***** ** ******* **** Khan *** ********* his *** ** ********** ******* ********** were: *** ****** ** *** mansabdars ** ****** **** ******* ** ****** *** ************ ***** ***** in ****** **** ****** ***** ******* ***** ******* more ******* **** *** ***** ** Orissa) *** **** the ******* ********** **** directly **** *** state ******* *** ***** ***** ** ******* *** **** **** *** zamindars by ********* into their *********** *** ******** **** **** paid revenue ** ********** **** state ****** ** bringing ***** **** ***** ******* ** *** able to ****** **** revenue ********** was proper *** ********* **** **** ** ******* **** *** ******* yielding ******** through ****** ***** ********************* ******* and ************** **** ********* by *** ***** ******* *** officials ** *** *********** ***** *** revenue **** ** *** zamindars *** it ***** that these ***** not **** **** **** ** the ******* ***** ** ********* ** the contemporary evidence ************ *** the ******* ** *** ********** government **** ******** ** make *** ********* *** the ***** ************ *********** *********** for ****** ******* ********** and ********** ********* ****** (documents ******** ** ******* ******** ***** to ********** **** **** ********* ***** *** *** ******* ***** **** the Nazim’s policies **** ***** ** ******* *** ******** *** the ***** intermediate land holders *** affected *** ******** **** ********** ** **** a situation a zamindar *** was *** able to *** *** state demand *** deprived ** *** ******* *** ** was ****** ***** **** ** *** ********** ** ***** ****** or ***** ** * capable *** ***** ******** *** ***** ** **** to ******* the government’s ************* zamindars **** ********** ** ****** big ********** ** ******** ***** ********** under their control *** also *** ** ***** ** lands ** **** by the ***** Rajshahi ********* ** * big zamindari ******* 1700-1727 ******** ***** and ******* **** ******* as ***** ********** ** this ****** ** **** **** ** *** ******* ********* for *** ******** *** provided ** ** large ********** ***** ******* ** this ****** *** ******** ** *** ***** ********** the zamindars who were not able ** pay ***** dues ** time *** ********* *** made prompt remittances ** *** ********** **** ******** *** ***** *********** ********* ***** **** *** ******* *** ***** ******* *** ******* ** a ******** ***** ****** *** ******** **** economically *** ************** Risala-i-ziraat ****** ** the mahajans *** gave ***** ** *** zamindars ** **** *** ****** revenue ******** ** *** ***** ** many ***** *** ********* *** **** *** debt cycle especially ***** the ***** *** stern and strict ** ******* with ********** *********** *** ******* ***** of ***** Seth benefited immensely due to the ******* policies ** *** ***** **** **** **** ** establish a *** *** ******** ******* ***** and became the ********** ** *** ****** ************ of *** ********** ********** ** *** ***** *** to *** ******* of the ***** **** provided ***** ** ********* *** **** ********** ** ******* of revenue *** ** ***** ***** **** ******* ******** and **** **** **** profits **** also provided ****** ** ****** ** *** *** ********* ** the ********** that *** ******** would ** paid ** **** irrespective ** *** ****** ********** and ********* ********* * ************** ********** *********** ****** ******* with big zamindars ** the *** *** ******* ** *** bottom Similarly ** *** case ** moneylenders ***** **** small ************ ******** ** small ********* *** ****** **** catering to ****** *********** *** ****** **** ******* **** ****** ** *** ***** ** ****** *** ***** ** *** ******* ********** ******** ********* ** weaken ******* and **** **** *********** to *** to exercise ******* ******** in provincial matters ** ***** ** ********** *** ******** ** appointing ** official ******** ***** *** were *** relatives *** who **** loyal ** *** *** removing antagonistic ********** *** big ********* **** *** ********** since **** had **** ********* ** ******* ***** zamindaris and the ********** did *** *********** **** ***** activities as long as **** ******* ** the ******** ** ****** their **** The category of moneylenders *** ******* *** ******** *** **** *** the ******** backing in this contextMurshid Quli *** **** ** ********* * **** ******** ** Bengal ** *** interested ** ******* **** the ******* ***** ** *** ******* to ******* ** *** family This *** *** ***** ************* ** *** autonomy ****** ** ****** ***** the centre *** ****** **** **** ** play ** *** ********* ********** ************ henceforthDuring *** ****** ** *********** (son-in-law ** ******** *** ********* ** ******* **** *** **** ******* *** centre *** the province *** further ********** Although he *** *** possess his father-in-law’s ****** but ** was an ********* ************* *** ******** revenues ********* ** be *********** ** ***** ** *** ****** The **** **** ****** now ****** ****** on *** own ********* *********** ******* *** *********** ** *** *** ***** meant **** ** *** ** **** *** ******* of zamindars bankers *** ***** ******* ** ****** The military ******* **** *** ****** could *** ** sought (due ** the ******* of ****** *** ******* of mansabdars) in *** ******* ** *********** ******** ******* ** *** ***** ********** ********* ******** ** *** *** ******* ** ********* *** bankers *** ********* who *** **** ********** ******* and *** been punished ** Murshid **** **** ******** *** ** ******** ******* was *********** ***** *** ** its member ***** **** ***** ***** ********** tried to secure *** ******** ** ******* huge ******* ** ********* ** *** ***** *** ********** administration ** ****** *** ******* out ******* *** *********** between ***** ********* *** ******* **** *** *** in ********** **** *** ****** ****** Thus ** ***** **** *** ************** **** between *** centre *** province had been ******** *** ** *** ** *** ***** of being *** ***** ********** ***** ******** **** ******* ** *** basis ** the ********** **** ** * ***** percentage ** ***** that * ************* ********** ***** *** ********* ***** ******** ****** *** *** carried *** ****** ******* Quli’s ****** ******* ** ********** *** **** ********* to *** *********** ***** *** productivity and ******* were **** ** ****** ** ********** which *** ***** ** ***** ************** In Shujauddin’s period **** policy was ***** ** and ********* ** **** **** ******* ******* ** the period ***** Murshid **** **** **** were ***** *** less comprehensiveThe ********* ** big zamindars ** ******* ******** **** enabled *** ********** government to ******** *** jama *** ***** ** *** subsequent ****** ******************** Century SuccessorStatesState in ******** ***** ***** ********** posed * ******* ******* **** ***** * ***** ************ *** **** ** control *** *** ********* *** *** successor *** not **** to put * ***** ** *** ******* ***** of *** big ********* *** imposition of abwabs ******* ********** *** problem ** ** led ** peasant ******** *** zamindars however ********* ** ******* ** *** ***** *** banker *** *** ******** ******** ******* ******** vis * *** ***** In **** *** Nazim ******** **** *** removed *** ** *** ********** ** *** ***** **** *** *** ********* who ********* * ******** ********* ******** **** ** ***** **** *** coup ** **** ***** a *** ***** in *** history ** *** province ** ****** It ***** the ******** alienation ** the ******** from *** ****** which *** *** ********* being controlled ** ********* ******* *** *** ********* ******** *** ******** was ****** ** *** ******** ** Nazim ** *** pretext that ******** *** *********** and ******** ***** ******* better ********** ** *** ************ ** *** 18th ******* as * ******** of ****** empire ****** *** **** ** move on *** **** of autonomy *** *********** ****** did not ******* * ****** ** ************** but * ************** ** *** Mughal ******* *** **** *** ******** **** introduced ** *** ********* ****** which **** **** ********* ** ****** ** *** **** on ************** and ************* ********** in ***** *