8-page APA style LITERATURE REVIEW. 250 words abstract submission first.

**************** ************* Cognitive ********** TherapyStudent ********** ***** *** ************** ******* **************************** **** study **** to investigate the relationship ******* social determinants ** health ****** issues *** *** ********* ********** ******* (CBT) ** ******* *** literature review **** *********** * discussion of **** issues *** ******* ********** with *** ************ ********** **** issuesBackground: ****** ************ of ****** (SDoH) *** * collection ** ******** that ****** ** ************ or ************ ****** ********* At **** ***** ** **** ****** ** ********** ** the ******* interaction of ****** ******* **** ** economic *** ****** *************** ************** ***** ********* ********** **** ********* ******** *********** biology and ******* ********* *** ** useful ** *** treatment ** mental disorders ******* ** insomnia depression substance ****** *** ************** ****** ******** (PTSD) ******* *** ******* *** literature ****** is ********* **** CINHAHL **** list **** *** PMC ******** **** **** ** **** *** ********** ********* peer-reviewed ******** ******** to **** *** CBT *** evidence was selected ***** ** *** *********** ******** and current ****** *** ******** *** ****** ***** ** the ***** of ******** ****** selectionResult *** ********* *** ******** ********* *** ******** **** 2018 ** **** established **** cognitive-behavioral ******* was ***** to be an effective ************ ** ********* *** **** associated ****** **** ** depression insomnia substance ***** and *************** *** *********** of cognitive-behavioral ******* **** associated ****** such as ********** ******** ****** *** PTSD **** ** alleviating negative thoughts ********* ****** *** ********** symptoms *** ********* ********** of ********* ************** ****** ************* ** ****** ****** insomnia ********** ********* ********** therapy ***** ********* *********** ************* ********* ********** TherapyIntroduction The ****** ************ of ****** ***** to * ******* ** ******* **** ****** ** ************ ** ************ ****** state ** **** ***** of **** ****** is ********** ** *** complex *********** ** the ****** ********** ** which people *** **** **** **** *** *** including ******** *** social *************** discrimination ********* experience **** habits ******** environment ******* *** ******* endowment ******* ** ** 2021) According ** ************** ** ** 2020) inequities in daily living ********** *** unequal allocation ** ***** ****** *** ********* ****** ** ****** ************* **** **** * *********** ****** ** ******* and ******* ***************** living in ******* *** ****** ** ******* a ************ ********* ** ****** a **** and ****** home Additionally * **** ** * ****** and a **** school education ******** ********** ******* ** secure *********** *********** **** cover ***** ***** ***** ***** ********** ********* health ********* *** ****** ********* *** physical *********** exposes ********* to ******** of ************** *** ****** ************ ** ************* **** *** ******* *************** neighborhoods *** ****** and ************* ****** ***** ** ********** *** ********* such as ****** dioxide *** other ***** *** ****** ****** ******** for ***** *** live ****** to ***** ****** boundariesThere *** ********** ******* ********* **** ******* sexual conduct *** ******* *** ** ****** ***** As * ****** ** ******** income ****** ** ** ****** neighborhood *** being ******* ** ****** ****** ********* bullying *** ********* may *** ********** ** ** increase ** aggression *** ********** ************ ***** variables ********** ** ************ negative coping ********** such as ********** ***** *********** ******** ******* ** ***** children childhood ****** *** PTSD-related ********* ***** ***** ******** ***** CBT ** * **** ** ******* that ******* ** *** link ******* ******** feelings *** ********* *** appears ** ** ****** ** ******** ****** diseases ******* ** insomnia ********** ********* ********* *** post-traumatic ****** ******** (PSTD)CBT has **** ***** to ****** ***** ******** in ***** **** ****** ******* *** ******* it ******** **** the ***** ** functioning ****** ** * result ** **** **** of ******* ******* ** al ***** *** *********** variable ** the efficacy ** cognitive-behavioral therapy ** resolving some ** *** SDoH symptoms *** dependent variable ** *** ****** ** *** ** risk ********* ********** **** **** *** ******* ** **** literature ****** ** ** ****** a systematic ******** ** ******* ******** *** ** ********** ******** ******* ********* the association between cognitive behavioral ******* (CBT) therapy and *** **** ********** **** ****** ************ ** ********* ****** ** *** ********** is ********* ** ********* journals in * ******* ** ********* ********* ***** ********** by *** ****** Health ****** ** ****** ****** ****** ******* **** *** *** ******* ******** ***** ********* ******* * varied ***** ** ******** that **** ********* ********* ******** *** ********** ****** ***** ******** *** ********* *** ********* ************* ******** **** **** *********** *** ******* Cognitive-behavioral ******* ***** and ****** determinants ** health **** used ** identify **** ******* ****** The ************ chosen **** ****** ********* ** ***** quality of evidence and **** published ******* 2018 *** **** The ******** *** not ******* ******** ********* ****** **** ** the focus *** ** current publicationsMethodologyThe research *** ********* ********* ************** databases **** ** ****** ******* **** ******** ****** Public Health Agency ** Canada (PHAC) ****** Central **** *** the ********** ** ******** ******* **** the keywords ********* ****** depression ********* abuse race gender ****** ******* ******** **** and CBT ***** **** ****** ***** items **** ******** **** the *** terms ************* ************ ** ****** and ********* ********** ******* **** combined ***** ******* **** returned when ********* *** ********* ********** ********* PTSD ********** ********* ***** *** ******* ******** **** ********* PubMed ******** ****** ** results **** returned ************ ********* ****** *** **** **** ***** **** ********** ***** a combination ** **** of *********** ******* ******** and ***** ******** **** The ******* **** *** ** choose ******** **** *** ******** ***** of ******** ***** Twenty ******** were ****** from *** ******* ********* ** **** ******** Book ******** **** ******** due ***** **** ** ********** and reliability ******** ************ *** journals were ******** ** *** ********** ****** *** ** the search ******* *** *** *********** variable cognitive behavioral therapy *** the ********* ******** ****** *********** of health ****** ************** *** SynthesisThe *********** ******* **** *** insomnia *** **** ********** ************ *** *** intervention *** been ********** ** * ******* ****** ** ******** insomnia-related disorders ******** research has *********** * **** ******* social ************ ** ****** *** mental health ******** (Alcántara ** ** 2020) ********** *** sleeplessness are intimately ******* ** ****** determinants ** ****** ***** ******* ******* *** physical *********** early ********* *********** ******** *** ******* ******* behavior access to ****** care ****** *** ****** ********* Cheng ** ** ****** ****** ******** history of ********** chronic illness childhood trauma social ********* *** stressful ****** ** **** *** depression *** ***************** et ** ****** ************ this finding ** identifying *************** **** contribute ** insomnia as ********** ** unhealthy behavior **** ** staying ***** longer or ****** ** ** ********** atmosphere Fernandez-Mendoza ** ** ****** identified environmental ****** ******** ****** childhood ********* *** neighborhood *** ****** ** significant ******* of ****** associated **** ********* ************* Caffeine use and ***** use are *** ********* ********** ******* ******** ***** **** contribute ** *** ********* ********** ** insomnia symptoms among adolescents ***** ** al(2020) study discovered **** ***** ************* persist ************* **** among racial ******** ****** **** ***** ***** ************ ** ** ****** *********** * **** between **** *** ***** deprivation *** ****** According to ***** et ** ****** ***** individuals *** ****** sleep quality and more ******** ***** **** ***** *********** *********** in ******** *** ******** ** a ****** ** ****** ********* and ********* ********* against threats *** triggers ***** ** ***** ************ Increased rates ** ************* ********** ** ** ********* chance of ********** ******* ****** ************* **** ** ******* ******** ********** and ************** ******* ****** ** ** 2020) ********* ****** ** associated **** drug ***** ********** ******* ******** *** other ****** ****** problemsAccording ** **** et ** ****** prior ******** has ****** **** ********* ***** ** connected with * **** of *************** which is ********** with ********* ************ and * ******* **** ** *********** ******** and ****** dysfunction ***** et al (2021) ********** * **** ********* ** ****** ************ *** ********* ********* ******** ** ************* ******* **** ** ****** education *** ************ According ** Wang ** ** (2019) teenagers are **** ****** ** ***** **** as * result ** ******** ******** ***** ******** being ****** out ** ***** ***** sexually *** ******** ****** *** ************ ******** ******* as * ****** ** ****** health ******** ******* **** ********* ********* ***** ***** ******** ******** larger family *********** can ****** ** ************ ****** ****** difficulties *** ********* abuse **** ***** ****** ******** **** may ******** * ******* of pressures *** ******* Jain et ** (2022) ********** sexual prejudice ** * role ** ************ ******* *** ***** as **** ** physical *** ********* *********** *** LGBT people ******** ** ** ****** ********** ************* ******** ********* **** climatic ********** ** ************ to children's mental health ********* Climate crises ****** ******** of sadness *** ***** ***** ***** *** ******** and ****** concentration ******* ****** is ******* ** *** **** ** the ******** ******************* ********** **** *********** * **** ******* ********* behavioral ******* ***** *** ******** ********** ************* ************ of health ****** Insomnia is * type ** sleep ******* that affects ****** ********* ** *** ******* ********** ******** *** * ****** ****** ** ** ************ daily **** psychosocial *** vocational functioning and a disproportionate ****** ** ******* ********* to Majd ** ** ****** *** *** * ********** ****** ** ******** anxiety *** ********** in ******** ********* ********* ***** ** al(2019) 's study on cognitive ********** ******* ********* ********* ******** **** *** for ******** *** * ****** ********* ************ *** depression *************** its ********** ************* **** medication *** ********** to ** effective *** hence ** ** used ** * *** ***** for ********* *** ********** **** ** ** ****** advocate ********** *** via *** smartphone *** ** **** ** accessible ** * ***** ******** *** ** ********** ********* therapy ** *** ******* ************ *** insomnia *** **** is ******** ****** ******** **** ********** *** it **** ***** * **** ** *** ******** and ********** **** sleeplessness ******** depression *** *********** *** ******** of depression ** compared ** ******* sleepers Cognitive-behavioral ********* (CBT) *** ****** ** be ********* ** reprogramming ******** **** atrial ************ ideas and ***** ********* ** Malm ** al ****** ****** ************ ******* ** fatigue *** ***** ***** ******** ******* *********** ** ****** * full ******* ****** **** of **** ************ **** cognitive-behavioral ******* ***** programs *** ********** in ******** psychological ************ ** ******* ******** *** ******** ** *** ********** **** ***************** cognitive behavioral ******* ***** ******** ******* ******* ******* and ******** ******** **** ***** to accept ***** ******** without ******* ******** ******* ** ** 2022) ************ ** *** ********** **** ***************** cognitive ********** ******* ** ********** ** reducing ****** illness related to anxiety ******* *** ********** ************ ** ******** with *** somatic ******* ********* **** ** ** ****** found that ***************** *** *** ********** ** ******** PTSD symptoms **** ** ********* ************* ********* ******* and negative ******** **** ** shame *** *********** ***** ****** ****** ********** **** ***************** cognitive behavioral therapy ***** ********* nonjudgmental ******** ********* ********** *** group ******* and *** be appropriate *** traumatized adolescents ************ *** was ***** ** **** ******** *************** *** ************* well-being in ***** ****** *** *** experienced childhood ************ (Joss ** ** (2019) ************ **** et ** ****** ********** **** ******************** ******* ** * beneficial ******** *** ******** ********* *** *** ********** *** is ****** *** ******** ********* *** and *********** ***** ** ** increase ** the ********** ** **** spent ** ******** ************* ******** *** ********* *********** *** ******** and *********** ** **** **** multiple ******* *********** * **** *********** ******* social determinants of ****** ****** and ****** ******* **** ******** will focus ** **** ****** ************ ** health: ****** *** ********* ********* ********** ******** *********** ****** **** ****** ******* *** ****** ****** ** well as healthy behavior Childhood trauma *** ****** ********* are *** variables **** ********** ** ********** *** insomnia ********* trauma ** caused ** * variety of conditions ********* *** child's *** ****** physical and ****** *********** Children's ******** ******* ** ***** during their early *********** ***** which ***** **** ******* continual **** *** *** **** susceptible ** ************ ******** **** ****** and ****** ***** ** well ** parental neglectChild ***** and ******* *** ********** **** a ******* of ****** including ********** feeding ************ ************ physical ********** *** *** grades ********* ***** and ******* *** **** ** the development ** trauma and **** ***** ** life ****** et ** ****** ***************** ** al (2021) ***** parental ****** ***** ********* ****** ******** *** ******** *********** ** ****** factors ********** **** an ********* risk ** ****** *** ************* ************ ******** environments **** a direct ****** ** their ****** ** people *** always aware ** what is ***** ** around **** ************ personal ******* and ******** ********** relationships *** influenced ** ***** physical environmentAdditionally ******** *********** factors ******* early childhood exposure to ****** ********* dangerous conditions ********* misuse *** ***** deprivation ******** ******** and * **** **** of ********* can ****** ** ****** *** abuse ** youngsters which *** ********** ** ******* * neighborhood **** ** ******** ******** and has * large percentage ** ********** ********* may **** a **** ********** ** ********** and ***** **** ************ may continue ** ****** ********* ** ******* **** ** **** ********* *** excessive ***** Majd ** ** ****** ********** ***** as * ****** ** ******** *** depressive ******** ********** with ********************* *** **** in * ********* *********** * noisy neighborhood ** who have **** abused ** * youngster may **** ******* ******** **** ********** is ********* by ******** ** al ****** *** identified *** ******** ************ as * significant *********** to feelings of grief *** guilt changes in ***** patterns *** ********** ************* Climate ****** ** * ********* ****** that ******* ******** not **** ********* ******* ****** adds uncertainty ** *** ******* causing ******* ****** *** ******* ************ This causes ******** ** sadness *** guilt disrupts ***** ******** ********* ******* *** ****** *** impairs ********** ******************** ********** ****** predictor ** ****** ******** ** **** behavior ** a role ** ********** sleeplessness and sadness According ** Fernandez-Mendoza et ** ****** ********* ********* such ** ********* ****** *********** and ********* ****** ***** *** contribute to individuals remaining awake *** extended ******* ** **** Caffeine ******** ********** **** **** ** ********* for **** people to **** ****** ** * ****** ********* caffeine *** ********* *** ********** of ******** ******** in *********** *** ***** ********** **** being ***** *** ** ******** ****** of **** *********** to ****** ****** problems **** ** depression *** ****** ******* ****** *********** of ****** **** *** been *********** ** a ****** ** ****** aggression and ********* *************** ** ***** ** al ****** ***** differences ******* **** frequently among ****** ********** **** ** whites ******** ethnic ****** **** a **************** ****** ** ****** and ********* ** terms ** ********* ********** and ****** acceptance *** ********** ** ************** victimization *** ****** ********* heightens ***** ********* of their ****** *********** which *********** ** ******* *** sleep *********** ******** *** **** associated with ** increase in obesity ******** ********** *** cardiovascular ******* ******* *** * **** ** education are *********** ************ ** economic ********** and ******** the majority ** ****** **** finding *********** ************ *********** *** ** ******* ************ ********* ******** *** ********** of ******* *** children ******** ******** ******* the fact **** Canada ** *** ** *** ********* **** a **** ******** ** ****** *** ******* bumble ** some provinces ** * ****** * significant **** ** homelessness *** **** raised ** ******* studies Ayano et ** ****** ****** **** homelessness is ********** **** an ******** ** disability ***** ********* ***** *** ******* ************ homelessness reduces ******** access ** ****** ********** *** ********* ***** reliance on ******** ****** ********** **** ***** is a **** ** negative copying ********** **** *********** ** ********** **** ** ******** in *** ***** ** addiction depression *** suicideNumerous studies **** ***** ********* ********** ******* as an effective ********* for * variety ** ****** ****** disorders ********* depression ******** *** ********* dependence According ** Malm ** ** ****** *** ******************** therapy (CBT) ******* ** ********* ** the ********* *** in *** management ** ************* issues connected with cardiac ******** ************* challenges include ********* ********** ******** *** ******** which contribute to a **** ** ******* *** ********** symptoms *** utilization ** mindfulness-based ********* behavioral therapy ****** helpful ** altering ******* ******* without passing ******** Additionally ** *** ********** **** ***************** CBT ** effective ** reducing ****** ******* associated with anxiety ******* *** ********** ************ in ******** **** *** somatic *********** ** al ****** ********** **** ***************** *** *** ********* in treating PTSD-related symptoms such ** avoidance ************ ********* ******** *** negative ******* **** as shame *** guilt ** children *** *** *********** * ********* ***** Additionally *** *** ***** to ** beneficial in ******** **** ******* it ****** * ****** ******** ** ************* ********* the ********* ********** *** group ******* ****** it ********* for ******** *********** adolescents (Horesh *** ****** ***** ************ ***************** ********* ********** ******* ******** self-compassion and psychological ****** ** ***** ****** **** * history ** ********* ************ ********** **** CBT was effective ** addressing ************** ******** ***** ** ** (2019)Finally cognitive ********** ******* was demonstrated to ** an ********* ******** *** ******** ********* ***** *** ********** Wang et al ****** ***** that *** ********** ** days ** ********** is housed ************* ******** and **** *** decreased *** to *** ********* *** management strategies This ********* **** *** *** effective ** reducing ************* ******** ********* with childhood *********** ******** environment ****** **** *** *** socioeconomic ************** ***** ********* delivered ******************** ********* for ******** *** a ****** ********** technique for avoiding ********** (Cheng et ** ***** **** ** ** ***** ** a ****** *** is ***** ** ** ******* ** *** ********* *** management ** ********** ********* ******** *** ***************** *** ** *** ********* ********** ** the ******* ** * lack ** follow-up ** the ******* ******************** treatment ***** ******* *** ******* ** potential *********** ********* that ***** ****** the goal of ************ the ******** Due to ******** *********** it *** ********* ** ****** peer-reviewed ******** **** *** relevant to *** ******** ***** ******** ****** to some ********* ** ********** ** **** way I was **** ** ****** *** abstract ***** included ******* *********** **** ***** not be fully relied **** in **** ******** ************ *** ****** relied on some ******* that ********* **** **** ****** replies ******** **** the ********* *** not ******* *** ******** diagnosis Due to *** ************ **** ** ********** conducting research ** this **** *** ***** and ***** of discussion may be ******** ** ******** levels **** ******** ** *** **** ** ** *********** ************* study analyzed ******** ********* ** ******* excluding ***** ********* ** ***** ********* This ******* **** pertinent studies ********* ** ******* ******** **** ***** ******** may have been ********** ****** et al ***** Additionally ******* *********** **** a limited ****** **** ******** *** **************** ** the ********** **** ************ **** not randomly ******** ** *** ******** *** **** ****** ******** ********* ** ***** ************ ** ****** *** intervention ****** thus two ****** **** ****** ** a ****** ** **** ****** ***** ** ** ***** Due ** *** **** **** ******* ******* ***** *********** ** ******* *** ***** ********** future ******* **** ******* a ******* number ** male ************ *** * ******* ****** ************** ** ***************** **** ** *** ******** ************ in some articles **** chosen *** ***** *********** such ** *********** ********* ******* ****** care facilities *** *********** ******** ***** allowed for *** ********** of *** *********** ** ***** *** **** ********** engaged **** ******* services ******* ** ** ***** **** ****** introduces **** into *** findings by reporting * ******* ****** ** youth exposed to ****** ****** ********** *** ***** ************* **** *** **** ******* **** participants *** ******** selected ******** some ********* research *** funded the ******* was not actively engaged ** **** collection analysis ** presentation of *** ******** *** ** ******* ******** were ******** ** *** ******** ******** *** evaluated *** **** ********** ***** Conclusion *** ******** ******** ******** * ****** association ******* ************* determinants of health and cognitive-behavioral ********* ************ ****** *** race ************** economic hardship *** a **** of ********* are all ******** ** ****** ************ ** health **** contribute ** ****** ******* This ******* ********** *********** ** replicate bad ********* **** as drug misuse and ****** isolation ********** ****** and ********** are impacted ** **** ***** social ********* *** ********** symptoms ********* **** childhood trauma prejudice *** **** ******************** ******* ***** ** ****** ** ******** depressive ******** ************* stress ******** (PSTD) *** ********* ******** ********* *** ********** *** ********** ********* **** limitations *** ** ************ on ******* ****** a **** ** ******** ****** *** * ***** ******** ********* *** ******** *** ********** *********** ***** **** can ******* ** ***** ********** stress posttraumatic ****** disorder and negative ******** *** ******************************************** C **** * * Cosenzo L G ****** * * Penedo * * ***** Williams * * (2020) ****** ************ ** ********** ** *** ************* ** ****** behavior change ************** scientific **** *** opportunities ****** ********** Review 14(1) ******* *********************************************** A * Boersma * * ************* M * ***** **** * * (2018) Cognitive ****** ***** ****************** *** ******* ** life ** homeless ***** adultsChildren and ***** ******** Review94 ************ G ****** * **** * ****** L ***** Dachew * A ****** Systematic ****** and ************* ** *** ********** ** depressive ******** ********* *** ***** ********** ********* among ******** peopleBMJ ********* ******* *************************************************** M Rodsari A * ***** ******** * ****** *** ************* ** cognitive-behavioral ******* ** improving ******** ** ******** with * ******* *** ************** Determinants of Health7 ******* J E ****** R A & ******** * * ****** ***************** treatments *** posttraumatic ****** ********* a review ** *** ********* ********** *** neurobiological ******** ******* ** ********** & neuroscience: *** ***** ****** ************************************ P Cuellar * Johnson D * ******** D * ****** C * ******** ******** * ****** * ******** M * ***** Drake * * ****** ****** ************** as a mediator ** ****** *********** ** ******** ******** ***** ****** **** ********* ***************************************** P ******** D A ******* * Joseph C * Espie * A ***** ***** C * (2019) ********** prevention *** ******* ********* behavioral ******* *** insomnia: * ********** ********** ***** ***** ****** ****** *************************************************** * Bourchtein * Calhoun * ****** K Snyder * * ** * ***** ****** E ****** ******* history of insomnia ******** ** *** ********** from ********* ** adolescence: ********** ***** ****** *********** *** risk ***************** ******* ***************************************** * ***** * ******** * ***** E ************* * Harridan * ***** ***** * (2021) A ****** ***** ***** Cognitive ********** ******* Intervention ** ******* Depression in ********* ****** *********** Interviews *** ************ ********** ****** ********** ****** **** ************ ******** M * ******* * M ***** ****** S * ****** *** ********* ******* social and ecological determinants of ****** health *** ******** and ***** ** *** ******* ****** ************* journal ** environmental ******** and public ****** ***** ************************************** * & Gordon * ****** ***************** ******* for *********** ************ ** underutilized ************ interventionJournal ** **** *** *********** *********** J P ****** * * Hao * Leonard * ****** A M **** Y * ***** *********** C ****** The ******** ******* ** ******* mental ****** conditions *** ************* use on being ** **** of clinical ********** ***** ********** ****** and homeless transitional *** ***** living in *** Francisco ************** ******** ******** https://doiorg/101371/journalpone0265397Joss D **** * ***** * * & ******* * * ****** ******* ** * mindfulness-based intervention on *************** and ************* ****** ***** ***** ****** **** * history ** ********* ********************* in psychology ******** W * & ******** * (2021) ****** ************ ** health ************ ******** *** ***** ********************* ************* ************** D * ****** * * ***** ***** * * ****** ****** ************ ** ****** associated **** ****** ****** ***** ** mothers **** ******** **** 0–5 ************ ** ******* *********** ************* * ******** * Ekblad * Karlström * *** * & Pakpour * H ****** ******* ** ***** ***************** cognitive ********** ******* ** ************** ******* of life *** sense ** ********* ** ****** fibrillation **************** ******* ** ************** ************ ******* **** ***************************** * * ***** H * ******* * Gallegos * M ****** * * & ******* * * (2022) * ********** ******** ***** ** ******************** ******* *** ******** ** augment ************* ****** ******** ********* ** ********* of ************* ********************* and ******************* 50-62Shokoohi * ***** G R Kaida A ***** * * ************** * ****** * * Lloyd-Smith * ****** * Loutfy * ***** CHIWOS ******** Team ****** ******** ** ****** ************ ** ****** ********** **** **** *** ***** women ****** **** HIV ** ******* * ****** ***** ******** ********* ********* ******** ****** *********** ********************************** * * **** * Magwood * ****** * ******** * ***** V ***** Andermann * (2019) *** ****** ** ************* for ***** ************ ************ on housing mental ****** ********* *** and ****** ********* * ********** reviewBMC ****** *********** 1-22 ***************************************************** * ***** L P ******* * * ******** * Durant * * ******* * * ***** ******** Heart Association ******* ** ************** *** ****** Nursing; ******* on Clinical *********** *** ******* on ************ *** ********** ****** ********** ****** ************ of ****** ** the **** ** ******** **** heart ******** * ********** statement **** *** ******** ***** ***************************** ********* **** ********************************