A study by Caspi, Henry, Moffitt and Silva revealed that temperamental style in early childhood might be linked to adjustment style behavior problems...

A study by Caspi, Henry, Moffitt and Silva revealed that temperamental style in early childhood might be linked to adjustment style behavior problems during adolescence. The study involved a cohort of 1,037 children born between April 1, 1972 and March 31, 1973, in Dunedin, New Zealand. At ages 3, 4, 7, and 9, the behavior of each child was rated in terms of 22 aspects of temperament. Having followed the children for 12 years, the researcher relied on outcome data from teachers and parents who rated the children at ages 9, 11, 13 and 15 on two widely used behavior problem checklists to assess adjustment behavior problems.

The results, among both boys and girls, there was a significant positive correlation between lack of control at ages 3 and 5 and teacher and parent reports of antisocial behavior and conduct disorder at ages 9 and 11. In addition, boys and girls characterized as lacking in control in early childhood were less likely to be rated in adolescence as mature and confident. The authors suggest that certain temperamental characteristics in young children are actually early, "subclinical" manifestations of more extreme behavior disorders.

1. .What type of research design is used in this study? (e.g., cross-sectional, longitudinal, cross-sequential). Identify why this design is appropriate for this hypothesis?
2. What explanation do the researchers offer for their results? Does this explanation make sense based on the evidence they gathered?Explain
3. What might be an alternative explanation for the results of this study? What psychological theory from chapter 2 best supports your alternative explanation? Explain your choice using facts from the theory.
4. What method of data collection was applied in this research? Given the method used in this study, canthe researchers draw a cause and effect connection between temperament and behavior disorders?