A study of Kickstarter projects showed that 54.2% were successful, that is, achieved its goal and raised at least the targeted goal amount.

A study of Kickstarter projects showed that 54.2% were successful,

that is, achieved its goal and raised at least the targeted goal

amount. In an effort to identify network dynamics that influences

success, projects were subdivided into projects of owners who had

backed other projects before, during or after creating their project

(owners with backing history) and projects of owners without backing

history. The results are as follows:

Project Owner’s Backing

History

Project Outcome

Backing

History

No Backing

History Total

Successful 17,667 19,202 36,869

Not successful 10,921 20,267 31,188

Total 28,588 39,469 68,057

Source: Data extracted from Zvilichovsky et al., “Playing Both

Sides of the Market: Success and Reciprocity on Crowdfunding

Platforms,” bit.ly/OoyhqZ.

a. Construct contingency tables based on total percentages, row

percentages, and column percentages.

In November 2013, the National Small Business Association

(NSBA) surveyed small business owners with fewer than 500

employees. The purpose of the study was to gain insight into how

America’s small businesses are dealing with rising health care

costs, what kind of benefits they offer, and how the Affordable

Care Act (ACA) is impacting their business. Small business owners

were asked if they offered a health benefits plan to their employees

that included fitness programs and/or gym memberships,

and if so, what portion (%) of the employee’s cost for the plan the

business paid. The following frequency distribution was formed to

summarize the portion of plan cost paid for 70 small businesses

who offer this health-related benefit to employees:

Portion of Plan Cost Paid (%) Frequency

less than 1% 17

1% to 20% 7

21% to 50% 7

51% to 75% 4

76% to 100% 35

Source: Data extracted from “NSBA 2014 Small Business

Health Care Survey,” bit.ly/NaQwzb.

a. What percentage of small businesses pays less than 21% of the

employee monthly health-care premium?

b. What percentage of small businesses pays between 21% and

75% of the employee monthly health-care premium?

c. What percentage of small businesses pays more than 75% of

the employee monthly health-care premium?