All but one of the following are characteristics of informal organization. Which one of the following is not a legitimate characteristic?

All but one of the following are characteristics of informal organization. Which one of the following is not a legitimate characteristic?

a. It often produces spontaneous personal and social relationships

b. It includes informal groups and informal communication

c. It results in the formulation of standards of conduct or performance

d. Because it often has a negative impact on the organization, its use should be discouraged

The organizational structure that is built around specialized areas that tend to parallel the departments in many organizations is the

a. Product structure

b. Line and staff structure

c. Matrix structure

d. Functional structure