Barbara meets with her family doctor to discuss ways to stop her smoking habit, which is up to a pack a day now.

Barbara meets with her family doctor to discuss ways to stop her smoking habit, which is up to a pack a day now. The doctor recommends basing her cessation program on asking herself questions regarding her daily routine, triggers for smoking, personal interests, and stress reduction techniques, as well as potential obstacles to stopping. This approach utilizes the ______ effect.

a.self-reference