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Biological reactions during matabolisim
For each of the metabolic processes listed, identify all molecules that upregulate the given process, and all molecules that downregulate the given process. Specify the exact enzyme or step with which the regulatory molecule interacts. a) glycolysis, b) gluconeogenesis, c) glycogenolysis, d) glycogen synthesis, e) the Citric Acid Cycle, f) the Electron Transport Chain & ATP Synthase, and g) the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
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** ** ********** ***** ********* are regulated **** in **** **** glycolysis ** ****** **** energy ** the **** ** low ** ********** will ** **** **** ******* *** activated ** * **** ** ****** and inhibited **** ****** ** ******** ******************* ** ********* ** **** levels of *** and is *** **** ****** ** ********** *** ********** AMP reverses the ********** ** *** *** ** the ***** ** *** to *** ** ******* ** *********** *** activity of ********** Glycolysis is stimulated when ****** available to *** **** falls and ** is ******* when ****** increases ********** is ******* *** ** regulate glycolysis It ** ********* by ******* *********** *** ******* ******* ******* and ******** are both converted ** ******* 6-phosphate **** **** ******** ** ** **** ************* ********** ** ********* ******* *** **** has ****** ** ****** ** ****** ******* will **** at ****** concentrations ** *** ***** ** be ********* to ******** *** ******* The ***** ********* ****** ** ******** ****** *** ******** pyruvate kinase ** **** glycolysis Alanine also inhibits ******** ****** ******* ******** is **** as * ******** block for amino acids and a **** concentration of alanine ******* **** ******** ****** aren't *******
B)
*************** ** ****** when energy ****** *** **** *** ******* levels *** *** *** opposite ** **** glycolysis ** ****** ** **** *** ******* are ********* ********** ** ***** ** ********** **** **** **** *** ******* ** ********* *** other ** ***** ******** inhibited and ***** *****
******** ***************** is ********* by *** *** stimulated ** *** exactly opposite of *** ********** counterpart ******************* Both ******** *********** *** ******************* *** ********* by ADP ***** ******* *** the *********** ** ******** ****** in *********** **
****
** ********** *** *************** *** ************ ********* glycogenolysis and glycogen ********* *** ********* ** ******** ways ************** *** ********* ** ******** **** glucose *********** ** ********** ** the presence of ******** *** epinephrine in the *********** ** **** ***** *** ******** ********* * **** ******* ***** ********** activates protein ****** * **** ************** phophorylase kinase ***** ********* glycogen phosphorylase Glycogenolysis ** **** **** **** *** *********** ******** *** **** from *** ***** stream ******* *** *********** hormones the **** ******* ** ********* *** protein *********** * **************** glycogen phosphorylase ** ************ ***
synethesis
of glygogen ** ********* ********** ** ************** When ******** and *********** are ******* ** *** *********** *** **** cascade is ********** ** discussed in **** * ******* kinase * ************** glycogen ******** *** this *************** ******** the ****** ******** ** activating ** ** **** **** ******** ************** **** *** **** cascade ** withdrawn ******* ************* * **** *************** glycogen ******** *********** ******** ********* **** *** *** same stimulus **** simultaneously **** **** *** ******* *** **** ** *** ***** ** The ****** **** *****
**
******* ********* ******* ******* regulation large amounts ** **** *** ATP ***** be ****** *** pyruvate ************* complex *** ***** ***** ** the CAC is ********* ** *** ******** ****** CoA *** **** Pyruvate ************* ** also ********* ** phosphorylation ********** ** **** levels ** **** *** *** **** **** and *** are low pyruvate ************* ** dephosphorylated *** activated *** ****** **** cycle itself ** ********* ** **** ****** Isocitrate ************* ** ********** by *** *** ********* by *** *** NADH α-ketoglutarate ************* ** inhibited ** its ******** ******** CoA *** **** *** is **** ********* by *** F) *** electron ********* ***** is stimulated
**
high ****** ** ADP *** ********* ** **** ****** of *** ************ there *** **** ******* **** inhibit ETC ******** ** *********** ****** ******** ******** in ****** ************** ******* azide *** ****** ******** block electron flow ** ********** c oxidase ********** ** ********** ***** prevents ****** **** through *** ******** ** *** ******* ********* pathway ** primarily ********** **
***
****** ** ***** *** ***** enzyme ******* 6-phosphate dehydrogenase ** inhibited by ***** ******* ***** ** needed ** *** ******** ******** *** *** ********