Can an invertible matrix have an eigenvalue equal to 0?

No.

A matrix is nonsingular (i.e. invertible) iff its determinant is nonzero.

To prove this, we note that to solve the eigenvalue equation

##Avecv = lambdavecv##,

we have that

##lambdavecv - Avecv = vec0##

##=> (lambdaI - A)vecv = vec0##

and hence, for a nontrivial solution,

##|lambdaI - A| = 0##.

Let ##A## be an ##NxxN## matrix. If we did have ##lambda = 0##, then:

##|0*I - A| = 0##

##|-A| = 0##

##=> (-1)^n|A| = 0##

Note that a matrix inverse can be defined as:

##A^(-1) = 1/|A| adj(A)##,

where ##|A|## is the determinant of ##A## and ##adj(A)## is the classical adjoint, or the adjugate, of ##A## (the transpose of the cofactor matrix).

Clearly, ##(-1)^(n) ne 0##. Thus, the evaluation of the above yields ##0## iff ##|A| = 0##, which would invalidate the expression for evaluating the inverse, since ##1/0## is undefined.

So, if the determinant of ##A## is ##0##, which is the consequence of setting ##lambda = 0## to solve an eigenvalue problem, then the matrix is not invertible.