Can someone please help me with the questions below?

10. If x is causally sufficient for y, then it is necessary that y is

___________________________________________________ for x. Ch 17

11. Construct an evil twin for the following valid argument (it has the form Modus Ponens): Ch 15 (Logic)

P1: If not-A then (not-B provided C follows from D)

P2: Not-A

C: Not-B provided C follows from D

12. It is always the best policy in deciding upon what is the most plausible implicit premise to select one whose form is a conditionalization. (i) True (ii) False (iii) Neither true nor false (iv) Both true and false Ch 14

13. If x is a node in a hierarchically organized tree structure, then it is

________________________________ for all nodes in the tree structure higher than it. Ch 17

14. P1: _____________________ of all Rutgers-Newark students will get drunk this weekend. P2: Booze-Head is a Rutgers-Newark student. It can be inductively concluded about Booze-Head from these premises that he will not get drunk this weekend. (Read the material on statistical syllogism.) Ch 19

15. When we conjecture x causes y and perform an experiment to prove this is so, how do we rule out the case that y causes x, where x and y occur simultaneously? (Read the material on performing scientific experiments.) Ch 18

________________________________________________________________________

16. If you encounter a substitution instance of Disjunctive Syllogism in which the second premise is false, is it rational to believe the conclusion? Ch 2 and Ch 15

(i) YES (ii) NO (iii) There is no determinate answer (iv) It is unknown

17. "Of course the Civil War was good for the South. It was good for the entire nation." (Name the fallacy) [23,24]

_______________________________________________________________________

18. "How can anyone seriously believe in evolution? I certainly don't. How can you take seriously a theory that claims that humans are just monkeys with less hair and bigger brains and that our ancestors were apes?" (Name the fallacy) [23,24]

____________________________________________________________________________

19. "I should not get a speeding ticket for driving 66 MPH, because my driving did not all of a sudden get more dangerous when I passed the speed limit of 65 MPH." (Name the fallacy) [23,24]

_____________________________________________________________________________

20. "Jason is violently and passionately opposed to all cases of euthanasia. Therefore, all cases of euthanasia are morally wrong for Jason.

(Name the fallacy) [23,24]