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Complete 4 page APA formatted essay: Epistemological and Psychology.Development Epistemology was coined by James Frederick Ferrier back in the 1800s but the concept has already existed since the Greek
Complete 4 page APA formatted essay: Epistemological and Psychology.
Development Epistemology was coined by James Frederick Ferrier back in the 1800s but the concept has already existed since the Greek antiquity. Its history could be traced as far back as Plato’s and Aristotle’s time wherein the field was primarily concerned with the definition of knowledge and what legitimates it. At this stage, epistemology has already started to inquire on the sources of knowledge or how individuals acquire it, although in a lesser degree. Throughout the years, the field has become increasingly typified by focus on the limitations of knowledge besides its core objectives. The focus of contemporary epistemology, wrote Schwartz (2006), is deeply influenced by the work of Descartes and his method of doubt, particularly in the Meditations on First Philosophy wherein he investigated the nature and limitations of knowledge. According to him, Descartes attempted in this work to find the foundational principles upon which human knowledge rests by trying to determine some sort of fact that individuals can be entirely certain of. (p. 166) The idea is to identify facts that are beyond skepticism so that the basis of knowledge can really be determined. Contemporary epistemology has identified with this Cartesian notion, emphasizing the question of the justification of knowledge in the face of skepticism. (Schwartz, p.166) The current epistemological concerns are divergent with the traditional principle fundamentally because they focus on the specific circumstances in which knowledge is acquired and not with how the traditional theory views the justification of belief as independent of the knower or the way such individual acquired it. Many scholars label this as naturalized (or naturalistic) epistemology, a hybrid of traditional and scientific epistemology, which attempts “to bring traditional concerns and ideal theories down to empirical earth by applying them to humans and members of other natural species in ways that take account of their natural development.” (Giere, 1992, p. 208) This development figures prominently in the epistemological theory with regards to how individuals acquire knowledge of themselves and of the world and how science acquires knowledge through others, issues that are also crucial in modern psychology. Acquisition of Knowledge There are several theories about which individuals acquire knowledge. But they can roughly be depicted according to two distinct classifications: A priori knowledge and A posteriori knowledge. Kantian theory explains that a priori knowledge is knowledge that one has independently of all possible sense experience whereas the a posteriori knowledge is only possible through experience or introspection. (Barber and Stainton, 2009, p.11) One of the most popular epistemological arguments about knowledge acquisition was that of John Locke’s. His notion is also known as the realist option or a representative realism. The theory explains that there are external objects with which individuals interact in perception and about which they acquire knowledge, indirect knowledge based on the more direct knowledge of the directly perceived sense-data, which represent and are caused in them by objects in their environment. (Bernecker and Pritchard, 2010, p.
