Could someone assist me please?

1.84

5

Data Hypothesis Output

1.81 1.84 t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

1.85 1.84

1.84 Variable 1 Variable 2

1.89 Mean 1.850833333 1.84

1.82 Variance 0.000553788 0

1.86 Observations 12 2

1.86 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0

1.87 df 11

1.88 t Stat 1.594707389 =test t result

1.83 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.069542202

1.85 t Critical one-tail 1.363430318

1.85 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.139084405 =p-value result

t Critical two-tail 1.795884819 =+/-tc for Alpha=0.1 two-tailed

The toolkit form for this is

Summary of results

a) Decision is: Fail to reject H0

b) Test t = 1.59471

c) p-value for this test is = 0.139

d) Critical t value(s) is/are +/- 1.79588 based on alpha=0.1

Since the problem calls for a two-tailed test, we should not use the one-tail results, but if it were

restated as a one-tail problem, then the one-tail and not the two-tail results would apply, although

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the computer calculations would be the same. For the two-tailed test, since the p-value is about

0.14, larger than 0.1, the diameter is not significantly different from 1.84 at the 0.1 level, but

for the one-tailed test it is significantly greater than 1.84 at the 0.1 level since the one-tailed pvalue

is about 0.07, less than 0.1.

To assignment you have to tell whether it is 1-tail or 2-tail by reading the problem

statement. Numbers for both cases are computed, but I require you to tell me which apply!

Also note that the computer always gives the critical t as positive, but, depending on the

alternate 1-tail hypothesis, the critical t might really have to be stated as negative (same

thing happens when using the t-table in the textbook). If the test t is negative, the 1-tailed

critical t is negative. (Neglecting the trivial case where you are trying to show the test value is

negative, but it by random chance turns out to be positive so you automatically fail to reject H0 -

----- book problems never do .)

For 2-tailed hypotheses there are two (+ and ) critical values.

The only disappointment I have with Excel is that the value of alpha that you specify determines

the t Critical output results, but alpha is nowhere restated in the output. Make sure you specify

the correct alpha, or your critical value results will be in error.

In modern research practice alpha is seldom stated and hypotheses usually are stated less

formally than in our text. The result of the test is usually just stated by giving the p-value, which

is recognized as the level of significance of the test. However, our text does not equip us to get

p-values for t-tests as there would have to be a much larger set of tables for us to look them up.

The Excel analysis tools allow us to complete

Graphical presentation of the results for 9.17:

Ideally scale drawings of the t-distribution could be presented, but in practice we just make

approximate diagrams. If you are turning in this assignment in the classroom, a quick hand

sketch is sufficient. For those of you who are turning this in by internet, images of distributions

with tails are present in the data files. You can select and copy the appropriate image and type

numeric values underneath.

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Critical ts

tc=-1.796 tc=+1.796

p-value diagram

-1.595 left tail test t= 1.595

In this case the right-hand (positive) tail is at the (positive) test t value, and since it is a 2-tail problem

you have to indicate the 2nd tail on the left.

Your Task:

There are 8 hypothesis test problems to work out, with 7 of them directly from the book, and I

ask you to do two of them two ways, make 10 problems altogether. You need to use either the

data analysis tool t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances or t-Test: Two-Sample

Assuming Equal Variances, depending on the requirements of the problem and I am

conveniently providing files with the data already set up. First of all, you have to

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decide from the wording of the problem, whether there are one or two tails.

The computer does not tell you whether you have a one-tailed or two-tailed test,

and a major source of student error has been in picking the wrong case. The

problems do not all have 2 tails like the example.

Turn in the Excel file with answers as an email attachment. The assignment used to be divided

into 2 parts, one for Ch 9 and one for Ch 10, with different due dates, but since I grouped 9 and

10 together, it is one assignment. Also, you need to report summary answers as asked in each

problem statement. The computer summaries can be done by adding a summary table next to

the computer output. Copying and pasting text from this file to the spreadsheet can make things

easier. For some of the problems I ask you to copy, paste, and label the diagrams I give you in

the Excel file (see the example above).

Problem 1

9.15 The following data were gathered from a random sample of 11 items.

1200 1175 1080 1275 1201 1387

1090 1280 1400 1287 1225

Use these data and a 5% level of significance to test the following hypotheses, assuming

that the data come from a normally distributed population.

Use the appropriate method in an Excel spreadsheet. Then summarize your results by adding the

following to your spreadsheet (I found I could copy and paste items into the spreadsheet rather than

retyping them).

a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are

e) Sketch or copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the critical t value(s)

f) Sketch or copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the tail boundaries bounding

the p-value tail(s).

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Problem 2

9.16. The following data (in pounds), which were selected randomly from a normally distributed

population of values, represent measurements of a machine part that is supposed to weigh,

on average, 8.3 pounds.

8.1 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.2

8.8 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.7

Use these data and = .01 to test the hypothesis that the parts average 8.3 pounds.

Use the appropriate method in an Excel spreadsheet. Then summarize your results by adding the

following to your spreadsheet .

a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are

e) Sketch or copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the critical t value(s)

f) Sketch or copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the tail boundaries bounding

the p-value tail(s).

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Problem 3

9.18 Suppose a study reports that the average price for a gallon of self-serve regular unleaded

gasoline is $3.76. You believe that the figure is higher in your area of the country. You

decide to test this claim for your part of the United States by randomly calling gasoline

stations. Your random survey of 25 stations produces the following prices.

$3.87 $3.89 $3.76 $3.80 $3.97

3.80 3.83 3.79 3.80 3.84

3.76 3.67 3.87 3.69 3.95

3.75 3.83 3.74 3.65 3.95

3.81 3.74 3.74 3.67 3.70

Assume gasoline prices for a region are normally distributed. Do the data you obtained

provide enough evidence to reject the claim? Use a 1% level of significance.

a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are

e) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the critical t value(s)

f) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the tail boundaries bounding the p-value

tail(s).

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Problem 4

9.6 Downtime in manufacturing is costly and can result in late deliveries, backlogs, failure to

meet orders, and even loss of market share. Suppose a manufacturing plant has been

averaging 23 minutes of downtime per day for the past several years, but during the past

year, there has been a significant effort by both management and production workers to

reduce downtime. In an effort to determine if downtime has been significantly reduced,

company productivity researchers have randomly sampled 31 days over the past several

months from company records and have recorded the daily downtimes shown below in

minutes. Use these data and an alpha of .01 to test to determine if downtime has been

significantly reduced. Assume that daily downtimes are normally distributed in the

population.

19 22 17 19 32 24 16 18 27 17

24 19 23 27 28 19 17 18 26 22

19 15 18 25 23 19 26 21 16 21

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a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are

e) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the critical t value(s)

f) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the tail boundaries bounding the pvalue

tail(s).

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Problem 5 (was beginning assignment 3B)

10.16 According to an Experiential Education Survey published at JobWeb.com, the average

hourly wage of a college student working as a co-op is $15.64 an hour and the average

hourly wage of an intern is $15.44. Assume that such wages are normally distributed in

the population and that the population variances are equal. Suppose these figures were

actually obtained from the data below.

Co-op

Students Interns

$15.34 $15.10

14.75 14.45

15.88 16.21

16.92 14.91

16.84 13.80

17.37 16.02

14.05 16.25

15.41 15.89

16.74 13.99

14.55 16.48

15.25 15.75

14.64 16.42

Use these data and to test to determine if there is a significant

difference in the mean hourly wage of a college co-op student and the

mean hourly wage of an intern.

a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are

e) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the critical t value(s)

f) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the tail boundaries bounding the p-value

tail(s).

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Problem 6

10.20. Some studies have shown that in the United States, men spend more than women buying

gifts and cards on Valentine's Day. Suppose a researcher wants to test this hypothesis by

randomly sampling nine men and 10 women with comparable demographic

characteristics from various large cities across the United States to be in a study. Each

study participant is asked to keep a log beginning one month before Valentine's Day and

record all purchases made for Valentine's Day during that one-month period. The

resulting data are shown below. Use these data and a 1% level of significance to test to

determine if, on average, men actually do spend significantly more than women on

Valentine's Day. Assume that such spending is normally distributed in the population and

that the population variances are equal.

Men Women

$107.48 $125.98

143.61 45.53

90.19 56.35

125.53 80.62

70.79 46.37

83.00 44.34

129.63 75.21

154.22 68.48

93.80 85.84

126.11

a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are

e) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the critical t value(s)

f) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the tail boundaries bounding the p-value

tails.

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Problem 7

Also repeat the calculation using the Excel routine for NON-EQUAL population variances to

show any differences from above.

a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are

No diagrams needed - same as 6.

Note the equal-variances case is accepted as sufficiently accurate for nearly all t-tests mentioned in

Chapter 10. The equal-variances case always has an integer and easy-to-calculate degrees of freedom.

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Problem 8

10.64 As the prices of heating oil and natural gas increase, consumers become more careful

about heating their homes. Researchers want to know how warm homeowners keep their

houses in January and how the results from Wisconsin and Tennessee compare. The

researchers randomly call 23 Wisconsin households between 7 P.M. and 9 P.M. on January

15 and ask the respondent how warm the house is according to the thermostat. The

researchers then call 19 households in Tennessee the same night and ask the same

question. The results follow.

Wisconsin Tennessee

71 71 65 68 73 75 74 71

70 61 67 69 74 73 74 70

75 68 71 73 72 71 69 72

74 68 67 69 74 73 70 72

69 72 67 72 69 70 67

70 73 72

For , is the average temperature of a house in Tennessee significantly higher than

that of a house in Wisconsin on the evening of January 15? Assume the population

variances are equal and the house temperatures are normally distributed in each

population.

a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are

e) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the critical t value(s)

f) Copy and paste a little distribution diagram and label the tail boundaries bounding the p-value

tails.

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Problem 9

The sample data below were artificially generated by sampling with the Excel random number generator

in normal distribution mode. Variable X1 was deliberately made to have a much larger population

variance than variable X2, whereas in virtually all of the textbook examples and problems, the

assumption of equal population variances is made ("pooled variance").

Test whether the population mean of X1 larger than that of X2. When you compute the sample means

you will see that the sample mean for X1 is a little larger than for X2, but is this significant at the 0.05

level? What is its level of significance (p-value)?

Use the Excel tool for unequal variance.

81.89291652 68.32479

66.30485945 59.64873

58.55150807 61.55066

79.38375706 58.91033

69.94111022 55.63936

85.53003131 64.79779

99.00587788 60.14308

64.89543825 53.81751

44.01473593 59.75551

59.8413

66.57747

63.9125

a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are

Problem 10

Repeat problem 9 with the Excel tool for equal ("pooled") variance to see how different its answers are.

Of course, answers for the pooled method are suspect in this case.

a) Decision is:

b) Test t =

c) p-value for this test is =

d) Critical t value(s) is/are