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Critical Thinking - WK1D
PostanAPAformatpaperthatexplains
· Selecttwooftherulesthateitheryouoroneofyourassociateshavebrokeninthepast.
· Illustrateanexampleofanincorrectandacorrectuseofeachofthesetworules.
· Discusswhytherulesareimportantinformulatingstrongarguments.
TheNatureofArgumentRule 1 –Identifypremises&conclusion: Theveryfirststepinmakinganargumentistoaskyourselfwhatyouareconclusion?Rememberthattheconclusiontryingtoprove. Whatisyouristhestatementforwhichyouaregivingreasons.Thestatementsthatgiveyourreasonsareyourpremises.
Rule 2 –Developyourideasinanaturalorder: Shortargumentsareusuallydevelopedinoneortwoparagraphs. Putthe
conclusionfirst,followedbyanddrawtheconclusionattheend. Inanycase,setoutyourideasinanorderthatunfoldsyourlineofthoughtmostclearlyforthereader.
Rule 3 - Startfromreliablepremises: Nomatterhowwellyouarguefrompremisestoconclusion,yourconclusionwillbeweakifyourifyourpremisesareweak.
Rule 4 –Beconcreteandconcise: Avoidabstract,vague,andgeneralterms. “Wehikedforhoursinthesun”
isahundredtimesbetterthan“Itwasanextendedperiodoflaboriousexertion.”Beconcisetoo. Airyelaborationjustloseseveryoneinafogofwords.
Rule 5 –BuildonSubstancenotOvertone: Offeractualreasons;don’tjustplayontheovertonesofwords.
Rule 6 – Useconsistentterms: Shortargumentsnormallyhaveasinglethemeorthread. Theycarryoneideathroughseveralsteps. Thereforecouchthatideainclearandcare- fullychosenterms,andmarkeachnewstepbyusingthoseverysametermsagain.
LearningResources
· Kirby,G.,&Goodpaster,J. (2007). Thinking (4th ed.). UpperSaddleRiver,NJ: PearsonEducation,Inc.
· Weston,A. (2009). Arulebookforarguments (4thed.). Indianapolis,IN: HackettPublishingCompany.
