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Describe the differences between middle Pleistocene hominins and Neandertals.

Describe the differences between middle Pleistocene hominins and Neandertals. Last: what about "classic Neandertals'" environment is assumed to help explain their morphological differences to other species?  (Multiple answers)

  1. H. heidlebergensis has a mix of H. erectus and more dervied features which included a larger brain case, but it retained thicker browridges. 
  2. Neanderal morphology is most often explained as an adaptation to tropical climates which required larger brains and more muscles to escape fast predators
  3. The Neanderal face projects outward with very little chin and a sloping backward forehead.
  4. The robusticity of Neanderals is assumed to be an adaptation to cold climate (like the theories about robusticty found in most H. erectus.)
  5. While H. heidlebergensis is robust, post-cranially (compared to H. sapiens) it is not as robust as Neandertals.
  6. Neanderal post-crania are thick bones which suggest a high proportion of muscle.
  7. H. heidelbergensis did not improve upon the tools of Neanderals
  8. H. heidelbergensis had flattened nasal bones (in the Asian premoderns) which was similar to Asian H. erectus -- but crania are larager than  H. erectus
  9. Neanderal crania are larger than H. erectus and even larger than H. sapiens.
  10. H. heidlebergensis had a thinner crania, compared to H. erectus, but the crania base is more modern
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