Do the results justify the conclusions? Why or why not?

Do the results justify the conclusions? Why or why not?

Children who come further down in the birth order have, on average, lower IQs than those born earlier in the birth order (e.g. First born children vs. 5th born children). Therefore birth order determines intelligence.

Studies find that students who drink more tend to have lower grades. Therefore, drinking leads to poor student performance.

In the NFL, teams win more often when they score 13 points than when they score 14. Thus, scoring points is bad.