Essay Topic: Sport, recreation, and play changed significantly over the course of the 19th century in the United States because work changed significantly over the course of the 19th century in the Un

Essay Topic: During the 19th century, Americans repeatedly used sport, recreation and play to signal their prowess and status to others.  However, the ways they did so changed over the course of the century.

Your answer must draw on primary source documents from no fewer than seven (7) modules.  Furthermore, at least one primary source document each from modules 14, 15, and 16 must be among the materials you draw upon.  These are minimum requirements.

Your paper must be typed and double-spaced, with one-inch margins on all four sides of the page.  Please use 12-point Times or Times New Roman font.  Papers must contain proper citation of all material taken from written sources and be free of errors in grammar, usage, spelling, and punctuation. You must properly credit all material taken from written sources; please use either MLA (parenthetical) or Chicago (footnote) citation style.

Module 1: 

• “The King's Majesty's Declaration to His Subjects Concerning Lawful Sports to Be Used,” 1633.  Gee, Henry, and William John Hardy, ed., Documents Illustrative of English Church History (New York: Macmillan, 1896), 528-32. From Hanover Historical Texts Project  (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

• Virginia Gazette, 10/7/1737, p. 3, notice of horse race and festival
• Stanard, William G., “Racing in Colonial Virginia,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2(January 1895), pp. 293-305

Module 3: 

• “An Act Concerning Horse Racing,” excerpt, Laws of New Jersey, passed 3/3/1797
• “An Act to Prevent Horse-Racing, and for other Purposes therein mentioned,” excerpt, Laws of New York, passed 3/19/1802 
• “An Act to Prevent Horse Racing,” excerpt, Laws of New Jersey, passed 2/15/1811
• “The Great Match Race Between Eclipse and Sir Henry,” American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine, vol, 2 no.1 (September 1830)
• “Boston And Fashion: The Best Race Of Four Mile Heats Ever Run!” Spirit of the Times, 5/21/1842
• “The Great Match on the Beacon Course,” Spirit of the Times 7/31/1841

Module 4:

• “The Horrible Death of McCoy,” NY Tribune, 9/19/1842 and 9/20/1842
• “The Fight For the Championship,” NY Times 10/22/1858
• “The Fight For the Championship,” NY Times 10/23/1858
• The American Fistiana (New York: H. Johnson, 1849)

Module 5:

• Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy In America, v. 2 (New York: J. & H.G. Langley, 1840), pp. 102-120.
• “Out Door Amusements,” NY Times 9/24/1856
• “New York City Base Ball,” NY Times 9/27/1856
• “The Yacht Excitement,” The Spirit of the Times 10/4/1851

Module 6: 

• “The New York Base Ball Clubs,” Spirit of the Times 12/23/1854
• “The Great Base Ball Match on the Fashion Race Course, Long Island,” NYT 8/18/1858
• “The Great Base Ball Match,” Spirit of the Times 7/24/1858
•  “Our National Sports,” Spirit of the Times 1/31/1857
• “Base Ball Match,” Chicago Tribune 7/8/1858
• “Base Ball Clubs,” Chicago Tribune 9/14/1858
• “The Base Ball Match,” Chicago Tribune 6/13/1859
• Beadle's Dime Base Ball Guide 1860 (external link)
• Knickerbocker Base Ball Rules 1845 (external link)
• Massachusetts Game Rules, 1858 (external link)

Module 7: 

• Pages from The American Phrenological Journal, vol. XI (New York: Fowlers And Wells, 1849)
• Pages from The Graham Journal of Health and Longevity vol. III no. 8 (Boston: 1839)
• Pages from The Water Cure Journal vol. XIII no. 6 New York: Fowlers and Wells, 1852)
• Pages from The Journal of Health, vol. 2 no. 1 (Philadelphia: 1831)
• Beecher, Catherine, A Treatise on Domestic Economy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1849) (external link)
• Jahn, F.L., A Treatise on Gymnastics (Northampton: Simeon Butler, 1828) (external link)

Module 8: 

• Spalding’s Base Ball Guide (Chicago: A.G. Spalding, 1880)
• Spalding’s Official Foot Ball Guide (Chicago: A.G. Spalding, 1891)
• Spalding’s Handbook of Sporting Rules And Training (Chicago: A.G. Spalding, 1886)

Module 9: 

• Constitution and Playing Rules of the National League of Base Ball Clubs (Chicago: A.G. Spalding, 1886)
• Chadwick, Henry, How To Play Base Ball (Chicago: A.G. Spalding, 1889)

Module 10: 

• “Sullivan Knocked Out,” National Police Gazette, 6/12/1884
•  “The Question,” National Police Gazette, 10/6/1888
• “They Will Fight,” National Police Gazette, 1/19/1889
• “The Champion Here,” National Police Gazette, 6/15/1889
• “Giant Gladiators,” National Police Gazette, 7/13/1889
•  “John L. Wins,’ National Police Gazette, 6/20/1889

Module 11:

• “A Colored Martyr,” New York Times, 10/30/1871
• “A Democratic Murderer Escapes,” New York Times, 7/11/1877
• “Referee: Sullivan’s Mistake in Refusing to Accept Godfrey’s Challenge,” National Police Gazette, 6/9/1888
• “Fleet Walker Was Catcher on Toledo Mudhen’s Nine,” Baltimore Afro-American, 2/6/1932
• “Bud Fowler Thought First of Pro Baseball Players,” Baltimore Afro-American, 12/26/1931
• “Cuban Giants Team of 1886 First Pro Baseball Outfit,” Baltimore Afro-American, 3/26/1932
• “First Negro Entered Majors in 1884,” Amsterdam News, 4/28/1951
• Lewis, W.H., A Primer of College Football, (New York: Harper & Bros., 1896)

Module 12:

• History of American Amateur Athletics (New York: Charles R. Bourne, 1885)
• New York Athletic Club Journal, vol. 1 no. 7 (October 1892)

Mouel 13: 

• Foot Ball Rules and Referee’s Book (Boston: Wright and Ditson, 1888)
• Stagg, A.A., and Williams, H.L., Football (Hartford: Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co., 1893)
• Walter Camp, American Football (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1896)

Module 14:

• Prial, F.P., “Cycling in the United States,” Harper’s Weekly, 8/30/1890
• Smith, Minna Caroline, “Women As Cyclers,” Outing June 1885
•  “Females On Bicycles,” Washington Post, 6/21/1891
•  “Girls Who Ride Bicycles,” Washington Post, 6/25/1891
• “Thinks It Looks Very Vicious,” Chicago Tribune, 6/25/1891
• “Women and Bicycles,” Chicago Tribune, 7/7/1891
• Clay, Charles, “Fair Riders on Modern Wheels,” Outing January 1891
• Denison, Grace, “How We Ride Our Wheels,” Outing October 1891
• “Grand Parade of Cyclers,” New York Times, 6/21/1891
• “The Bicycle Races,” Harper’s Weekly, 12/8/1894
• “The Bicycle Tournament At The Madison Square Garden,” Harper’s Weekly, 12/8/1894
• Gideon, George, “A Defence Of The Two-Class System In Bicycle-Racing,” Harper’s Weekly, 3/23/1895

Module 15:

• Spalding, Albert, America’s National Game (New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1911), pp. 250-266
• Ward, John Montgomery, “Is The Base Ball Player a Chattel?” Lippincott’s Magazine 40(August 1887), pp. 310-19
• Chadwick, Henry, “Editor’s Open Window: Baseball,” Outing April 1889
• “Baseball At Delmonico’s,” New York Times, 4/9/1889
• “That Baseball Combine,” Chicago Tribune, 9/10/1889
• “The Ball Players Meet,” New York Times, 12/17/1889
• “End of the Baseball War,” New York Times, 11/13/1890

Module 16:

• Naismith, James, Rules For Basket Ball (Springfield: Press of Springfield Printing and Binding, 1892)
• Basket Ball For Women (New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1905)
• Spalding’s Official Basket Ball Guide 1898-99 (New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1898)