For each of the following arguments, indicate (a.) whether the relationship is spurious, mediating (or intervening), an interaction effect, or a...

For each of the following arguments, indicate

(a.) whether the relationship is spurious, mediating (or intervening), an interaction effect, or a reciprocal effect and

(b.) draw a figure for each (this could be hand-drawn) including variable names, along with the convention of referring to variables "x," "y," "z" and "+" or "-" signs as needed.

1. One researcher studying neighborhoods finds that level of disorder (e.g., litter, graffiti) is correlated with an increase in the serious crime rate (e.g., robbery). However, another researcher believes that the socioeconomic status of the neighborhood (e.g., percent of high school graduates) causes both disorder and serious crime. 
2. A researcher argues that the reason why racial minorities (compared to whites) have lower levels of income is because racial minorities have a lower level of educational attainment and that education determines level of income. 
3. A researcher first finds that quality of resume is related to the number of call-backs for job interviews. Upon further analysis, he finds that the correlation between quality of resume and number of call backs is stronger for whites than it is for blacks.  
4.  A researcher studying neighborhoods over time finds that not only does cohesion among neighbors seems to reduce the crime rate, but that an increase in crime rates seems to reduce cohesion among neighbors.