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Hi, I need help with essay on Superstructure / Civil Engineering. Paper must be at least 2500 words. Please, no plagiarized work!Another aspect that makes bridges a key element is that it has the high

Hi, I need help with essay on Superstructure / Civil Engineering. Paper must be at least 2500 words. Please, no plagiarized work!

Another aspect that makes bridges a key element is that it has the highest cost per kilometer in the system, which makes its selection and length a detrimental part of the project and its cost. The next stage is the selection of the bridges, there are several types of bridges and they differ on many basis which can be material, span and inter-span relation, geometry of members and bridge, maximum loading and its patterns and lastly and most importantly the form of superstructures. Generally the first and the primary basis of differentiation is the superstructure, there are many types if bridges on that basis which include Truss, Beam/girder, Arch, Suspension, Swing, bascules and many others, some of which are shown in the figure below. For the time being we will consider only three most important as a part of our discussion, which are Beam bridges, Arch Bridges and Suspension Bridges. Beam Bridges The beam bridges are the most basic and ancient type of bridges they consist of just plank or beam that runs along the abutment/banks. The figure shows some of the components of the beam bridge, These beam bridges are normally used for smaller spans which are from 10-50m which is normally a short range for bridges. The primary reason for this is the force distribution pattern of the beam to the abutment. Then these beams are made of materials that must withstand high tension and compression forces and the rough diagram below shows the distribution of these forces in the beam. Because the materials used in the construction are normally heavy sections of RCC, Prestressed concrete and heavy weight steel beams which makes the span less. Then the material used for the construction of these types of bridges also determines the type of on site activities and requirements. In highways beam bridges are used for underpasses and other small intersectional roads. Whether its concrete bridge or it is a steel bridge in either case the beams are precasted or pre fabricated and they are transported to the site where they are connected through simple construction processes. As the construction of components are done in some fabrication facility far from the actual site that gives these type of bridges a green signal in environmental issues when compared to other types and do not need any plants onsite. Then there is rare use of heavy machinery in its construction so no major problems regarding technical aspects are encountered. As shown in the figure above as well these bridges are made with the several spans so no problem is faced with the expansion joints which are normally given in between the spans. The following picture shows during the construction of Beam Bridge and the next picture shows the completed state. Arch Bridges The second oldest type of bridges are the Arch Bridges, this type of assembly is seen in several roman bridges. As shown in the figure Arch bridges are curved structures which have very high resistance to bending moments, this is achieved when the material is compressed under load, as a result the columns become thin compression members and transfer these compression forces into the abutments and foundations. The force transfer and parts of Arch bridge is shown in the figure below. Arch types of bridges are good choice for crossing valleys and rivers since the arch doesn’t require piers in the center.

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