Hi, need to submit a 2000 words essay on the topic Review of 6(six) articles and meta-analysis on: Use of Ultrasonography for predicting fetal outcome in pregnant women who perce.Download file to see

Hi, need to submit a 2000 words essay on the topic Review of 6(six) articles and meta-analysis on: Use of Ultrasonography for predicting fetal outcome in pregnant women who perce.

Stillbirth or any other kind of fetal injury is sought to be prevented through antenatal surveillance. [2] Some women who have given stillbirths were not considered as having risk factors and thus, did not undergo any antepartum examination. It is therefore recommended that pregnant women look for signs of decreased fetal movement (DFM hereafter) using the several strategies available such as the Cardiff “count to ten” model. Upon a DFM presentation by a pregnant woman, she should be immediately subjected to further examination to determine the health condition of the baby. A symphysio fundal height (SFH hereafter) test measures the growth of the baby and a test to measure the volume of amniotic fluid are conducted. Electronic type of examination may also be conducted such as: cardiotocography. vibro-acoustic simulation. Doppler, and. ultrasound [3]. Ultrasonography or ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to bounce off tissues so that its echoes are converted into a picture of the organ or tissues examined. Relative to DFM, Ultrasonography is employed to determine growth of the fetus, the volume of amniotic fluid as well as anatomy, organ blood flow and umbilical artery resistance [4]. The aim of this paper is to summarize the available clinical evidence from the data extracted from five selected articles from various sources such as BM Pregnancy and Childbirth, Seminars in Perinatalogy, Journal in Obstetrics and Gynaecology and American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology relative to the use of Ultrasonography in determining fetal outcome of pregnant women who presented a decreased fetal movement. These articles are dated 1991 up to 2009. 2.0 Data Synthesis Data were combined from five studies involving a total of 69,751 pregnant women, with 49,631 serving as the test group and the remaining 20, 120 as the control group. Studies in these cases took as long as 5 years and as short as 7 months. In the combined test group, 6,996 pregnant women were presented with DFM and 1370 in the control group. An estimated 5976 pregnant women presenting DFM were made to undergo ultrasound examination in the study group and 1040 in the control group indicated retrospectively. Fig. 1 is a representation of the patients involved in the study, although the Tveit et al cohorts was reduced from 46,143 test group to 5,000 for convenience in graphic presentation. 3.0 Quality Assessment These five studies did not actually focus on the usefulness of ultrasonography as an investigation tool in DFM cases. Their treatment of it was mostly incidental to the study of DFM either in comparison with cohorts that have not reported DFM or are untested. Only in the study of Froen was ultrasonography investigated, in comparison with other tools such as SFH measurement and cardiotocography, as a useful DFM assessment tool. Moreover, in many of these studies figures in percentage are given and not the actual numbers so sometimes there is impreciseness in the figures where actual numbers have to be cited. Fig. 1 Data Synthesis of Five Studies 4.0 Evaluation Studies In the study conducted by Whitty et al (1991) Ultrasonography was used as a tool for initial examination, along with NST, on pregnant women who presented DFM. Of the 292 pregnant women who were with the test group, only 27 or 9.2% showed incidental ultrasonographic findings. The outcome characteristics show that 3% of the control group had IUGR [5].